Antoine Lavoisier: law of conservation of mass, basis for chemistry, and the beginning of modern chemistry.

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Antoine Lavoisier, Modern Science, Enlightenment, Scientific Method, Experimentation

George Washington is elected the first President of the United States; he serves until 1797.

Tags: American Revolution, Presidency, George Washington, Founding Fathers, Federalism, Early Republic, Political Leadership, Constitution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen adopted.

Tags: French Revolution, Human Rights, Enlightenment, Natural Rights, Liberty, Equality

Songs of Innocence by William Blake

Tags: Poetry, Literature, Romanticism, Art, Enlightenment, Symbolism, Social Commentary

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano

Tags: Slavery, Transatlantic Slave Trade, Abolitionism, British Empire, African Diaspora, Human Rights

The United States Bill of Rights is ratified.

Tags: Bill of Rights, Constitution, Civil Liberties, Human Rights, Political History, American Revolution, Founding Fathers, Legal History, Federalism

Claude Chappe invents the modern semaphore telegraph.

Tags: Communication, Telegraphy, French Revolution

Eli Whitney invents the modern cotton gin.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Slavery, Textile Industry, Economy, Agriculture, United States History

Former King Louis XVI of France and his wife Marie Antoinette are guillotined. Louis is executed in January, Marie Antoinette in October.

Tags: French Revolution, Regicide, Monarchy, Republic, Radicalism

Jay's Treaty is concluded between Great Britain and the United States, by which the Western outposts in the Great Lakes are returned to the U.S. and c...

Tags: Treaty, Diplomacy, International Relations, Commerce, Territorial Disputes, Early Republic, George Washington

Songs of Experience by William Blake

Tags: Romanticism, Poetry, Literature, Social Commentary, Visual Arts, Symbolism

Joseph Bramah invents the hydraulic press.

Tags: Manufacturing, Industrial Revolution, Mechanical Engineering

Pinckney's Treaty between the United States and Spain grants the Mississippi Territory to the U.S.

Tags: Treaty, Diplomacy, Territorial Expansion, Foreign Policy

Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination; smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century, including ...

Tags: Medicine, Vaccination, Public Health, Infectious Diseases, Edward Jenner, Global Impact

Georges Cuvier: Establishes extinction as a fact.

Tags: Paleontology, Biology, Extinction, Natural History, Scientific Revolution

Edward Jenner: smallpox historical accounting.

Tags: Medicine, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, Public Health, Edward Jenner, Scientific Revolution, Smallpox

Alois Senefelder invents the lithography printing technique.

Tags: Printing, Communication, Art, Mass Production

John Adams is inaugurated on March 4 as President of the United States following the 1796 United States presidential election. The peaceful transfer o...

Tags: Presidency, Inauguration, Political Transition, Federal Government, George Washington, Early Republic

Napoleon's invasion and partition of the Republic of Venice ends over 1,000 years of independence for the Serene Republic.

Tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, French Revolution, Republic, Annexation, Political Transition, European History

Edward Jenner publishes a treatise about smallpox vaccination

Tags: Medicine, Vaccination, Smallpox, Public Health, Edward Jenner, Medical Breakthrough, Global Impact

The Lithographic printing process invented by Alois Senefelder

Tags: Printing, Communication, Industrial Revolution, Mass Production, Art

Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Tags: Romanticism, Poetry, Literature, English Literature

The first paper machine is invented by Louis-Nicolas Robert.

Tags: Paper, Printing, Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, Communication, Mass Production

Coup of 18 Brumaire - Napoleon's coup d'etat brings the end of the French Revolution.

Tags: Coup d'état, French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte, Military, Dictatorship, Consulate

Napoleon stages a coup d'état and becomes First Consul of France.

Tags: French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte, Coup d'état, Consulate, Dictatorship

Alessandro Volta: discovers electrochemical series and invents the battery.

Tags: Physics, Electricity, Electrochemistry, Energy

Alessandro Volta invents the voltaic pile, an early form of battery in Italy, based on previous works by Luigi Galvani.

Tags: Electricity, Battery, Physics

On 1 January, the bankrupt VOC is formally dissolved and the nationalized Dutch East Indies are established.

Tags: Colonialism, Dutch Empire, VOC, East Indies, Nationalization, Political Transition, Global Trade, Imperialism

American politician Alexander Hamilton begins publishing the New York Evening Post as the Federalist "Vehicle" for their news.

Tags: Media, Early Republic, Freedom of the Press

Thomas Jefferson elected President of the United States by the House of Representatives, following a tie in the Electoral College.

Tags: Presidential Election, Thomas Jefferson, Early Republic, Legislative Branch

The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom.

Tags: British Empire, Nationalism, Political Consolidation, Irish History, Legislation

Alexander I of Russia becomes tsar after the assassination of his father.

Tags: Russian Empire, Tsar, Monarchy, Succession, Imperialism, Political Instability

William Cobbett begins weekly Political Register

Tags: Journalism, Radicalism, Freedom of the Press

William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the "first practical steamboat".

Tags: Transportation, Industrial Revolution

The United States almost doubles in size when it buys out France's territorial claims in North America in the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the Amer...

Tags: Westward Expansion, Territorial Acquisition, Manifest Destiny, American History, Diplomacy, Geopolitics, Thomas Jefferson

Lewis and Clark Expedition in western U.S.

Tags: Exploration, United States History, Mapping, Indigenous Peoples, Territorial Expansion

Morphine first isolated.

Tags: Chemistry, Medicine, Pharmaceuticals, Pharmacology

Friedrich Sertürner discovers morphine as the first active alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy plant.

Tags: Chemistry, Medicine, Pharmacology

First steam locomotive begins operation.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Transportation, Steam Power

Joseph Marie Jacquard develops his automated Jacquard loom.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Textile Industry, Automation, Manufacturing, Mechanical Engineering

Richard Trevithick invents the steam locomotive.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steam Power, Transportation

Haiti gains independence from France and becomes the first black republic.

Tags: Independence, Revolution, Colonialism, French Revolution, Toussaint Louverture, Self-determination

Austrian Empire founded by Francis I.

Tags: Austrian Empire, Francis I, Holy Roman Empire, Monarchy, Political Consolidation, Habsburgs, Empire

Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French.

Tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, French Empire, Coronation, French Revolution, Monarchy, European History, Imperialism

John Dalton: Atomic Theory in (chemistry).

Tags: Chemistry, Atomic Theory, Scientific Revolution, Elements, Scientific Advancement, Theory

Holy Roman Empire dissolved as a consequence of the Treaty of Pressburg.

Tags: Holy Roman Empire, Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon Bonaparte, German Confederation, Political Transformation, European History, Sovereignty

Napoleon makes brother Joseph Bonaparte king of Naples & brother Louis Bonaparte king of Holland.

Tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleonic Wars, French Empire, Monarchy, European Politics, Political Restructuring, Imperialism

Potassium and Sodium are individually isolated by Humphry Davy.

Tags: Chemistry, Elements, Experimentation

Robert Fulton expands water transportation and trade with the workable steamboat.

Tags: Transportation, Steam Power, Trade, Industrial Revolution

Britain and the United States separately make the Slave Trade a criminal act.

Tags: Slavery, Abolition, Transatlantic Slave Trade, Legislation, Human Rights

First treaty of Tilsit: Russia allies with France against Britain in the War of the Fourth Coalition

Tags: Napoleonic Wars, Treaty, Alliance, Diplomacy, Napoleon Bonaparte

Second treaty of Tilsit: Napoleon reorganizes Eastern Europe; rump Prussia becomes ally.

Tags: Napoleonic Wars, Treaty, Diplomacy, Napoleon Bonaparte, Geopolitics, Alliances

Napoleon invades the Papal States and adds it to French Empire, making his young son the King of Rome.

Tags: Napoleonic Wars, French Empire, Catholicism, Annexation, Political Intrigue, European History, Expansionism, Continental System

Nicolas Appert invents the canning process for food.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Logistics

Friedrich Koenig invents the first powered printing press, which was also the first to use a cylinder.

Tags: Printing, Industrial Revolution, Mass Production, Communication

William Hedley's Puffing Billy demonstrates power of steam locomotives.

Tags: Steam Engine, Transportation, Industrial Revolution, Mining

Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice.

Tags: Literature, Novel, Romanticism, British Literature, Social Commentary, Gender Roles

Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba.

Tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, French Empire, Abdication, Exile, Monarchy, Coalition Wars, European History, Political Transition

The Congress of Vienna redraws the European map. Reaction and conservatism dominate all of Europe. The Concert of Europe attempts to preserve this set...

Tags: Restoration, Conservatism, Nationalism, Liberalism, Geopolitics, European History

Jane Austen publishes Emma in December.

Tags: Literature, Novel, British Literature, Social Commentary, Fiction, Social Class

René Laennec invents the first Stethoscope.

Tags: Medicine, Medical Technology, Scientific Innovation, French History, Healthcare

Francis Ronalds builds the first working electric telegraph using electrostatic means.

Tags: Telegraphy, Communication, Electricity, Scientific Revolution, Information Technology

Independence of Argentina.

Tags: Independence, Revolution, Colonialism, Spanish Empire, Nationalism

Marc Isambard Brunel invents the tunnelling shield.

Tags: Construction, Infrastructure, Transportation, Industrial Revolution

Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus.

Tags: Literature, Novel, Romanticism, Science Fiction

Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward.

Tags: Supreme Court, Constitutional Law, Corporations, Judicial Review, John Marshall, Federalism

Peterloo Massacre in England.

Tags: Political Protest, Social Reform, Cavalry, Violence, Human Rights, British History, Radicalism

John Keats writes his odes of 1819.

Tags: Poetry, Romanticism, British Literature, English Literature, Literature

Hans Christian Ørsted discovers that a current passed through a wire will deflect the needle of a compass, establishing the deep relationship between ...

Tags: Physics, Electromagnetism, Electricity, Magnetism, Experimentation, Scientific Revolution, Discovery

Missouri Compromise on the slavery issue in U.S.

Tags: Slavery, Political Crisis, Expansionism, Sectionalism, Legislative Action

Napoleon Bonaparte dies in exile on the island of Saint Helena.

Tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, Exile, French Empire, European History, Leadership, Legacy

Mexico gains independence from Spain with the Treaty of Córdoba.

Tags: Independence, Colonialism, Nationalism, Political Change, Revolution

Nicéphore Niépce invents Heliography, the first photographic process.

Tags: Photography, Visual Arts

Charles Babbage, considered the "father of the computer", begins building the first programmable mechanical computer.

Tags: Computer Science, Mechanical Computer, Industrial Revolution, Algorithms

Prince Pedro of Brazil proclaimed the Brazilian independence on 7 September. On 1 December, he was crowned as Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil.

Tags: Independence, Monarchy, Brazilian Empire, Colonialism, Political Transition

Denmark Vesey is arrested and executed for attempting to incite a slave insurrection in South Carolina.

Tags: Slavery, South Carolina, Antebellum Era, African American History, Resistance, Social Justice, Conspiracy

Monroe Doctrine declared by US President James Monroe in cooperation with Britain.

Tags: US Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Imperialism, American Expansionism

Carnot: described the Carnot cycle, the idealized heat engine.

Tags: Thermodynamics, Physics, Industrial Revolution, Energy

Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse invents the bolt-action rifle.

Tags: Weaponry, Military Technology, Industrial Revolution, Warfare

William Sturgeon invents the electromagnet.

Tags: Electricity, Magnetism, Physics, Industrial Revolution

Joseph Aspdin develops Portland cement (concrete), by heating ground limestone, clay and gypsum, in a kiln.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Construction, Materials Science, Concrete

Gibbons v. Ogden, a landmark decision in which the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the power to regulate interstate commerce encompassed the power to re...

Tags: Supreme Court, Judicial Review, Federalism, Navigation, Constitutional Law, John Marshall, Early Republic

The Stockton and Darlington Railway, the first public railway in the world, opens in England.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Transportation, Railways, Economic Development

Independence of Bolivia.

Tags: Independence, Colonialism, Spanish Empire, Nationalism

The Decembrist revolt in Russia is suppressed.

Tags: Russian Empire, Rebellion, Political Repression, Autocracy, Tsarist Russia, Secret Societies, Liberalism

Évariste Galois development of group theory.

Tags: Mathematics, French Revolution, Algebra, Mathematical Innovation

Georg Ohm: Ohm's law (Electricity).

Tags: Physics, Electricity, Scientific Revolution, Mathematics, Energy, Electronics

Amedeo Avogadro: Avogadro's law (Gas law).

Tags: Chemistry, Physics, Scientific Revolution

Nicéphore Niépce invents photography.

Tags: Photography, Visual Arts

Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea, refuting vitalism.

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Modern Science

James Beaumont Neilson develops the hot blast process.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Metallurgy

Patrick Bell invents the reaping machine.

Tags: Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Revolution, Agriculture

Prime Minister Robert Peel secures repeal of Test & Corporation Acts, This gives religious liberty to Nonconformists in Britain but deeply splits Tory...

Tags: Religious Freedom, Robert Peel, British Politics, Political Reform, Civil Liberties

First electric motor built.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Electricity, Michael Faraday

Louis Braille invents the Braille reading system for the blind.

Tags: Literacy, Education, Social Impact

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust premieres.

Tags: Literature, German Literature, Drama, Poetry, Romanticism, Playwright, Philosophy, Cultural Impact

Nikolai Lobachevsky created Non-Euclidean geometry.

Tags: Mathematics, Geometry, Russian Empire, Scientific Revolution

Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Transportation, Railways, Economic Development

U.S. Congress passes the Indian Removal Act which authorized the President to negotiate removal treaties with many native tribes living east of the Mi...

Tags: Indigenous Peoples, Forced Migration, Manifest Destiny, Andrew Jackson, Treaties, American Expansion, Sovereignty

July Revolution in France.

Tags: Revolution, Monarchy, Constitutionalism, Liberalism

Greater Colombia dissolved and the nations of Colombia (including modern-day Panama), Ecuador, and Venezuela took its place.

Tags: Independence Movements, South American History, Political Fragmentation, Post-Colonialism, Nationalism, Political Divisions

1831–1836: Charles Darwin's journey aboard HMS Beagle.

Tags: Biology, Evolution, Natural History, Exploration, Voyages of Discovery, Charles Darwin, Scientific Revolution

Michael Faraday invents a method of electromagnetic induction. It would be independently invented by Joseph Henry the following year. Faraday is credi...

Tags: Physics, Electricity, Magnetism, Electromagnetism, Michael Faraday

Ioannis Kapodistrias, the First Governor of Greece is murdered at Nauplion.

Tags: Assassination, Civil War, Monarchy, Diplomacy

The Belgian constitution is ratified and Leopold I is crowned as first "King of the Belgians".

Tags: Monarchy, Constitutionalism, Independence, Nationalism, Political History, European History

Chief John Ross of the Cherokee Nation defends Cherokee rights and sovereignty in the U.S. Supreme Court case The Cherokee Nation v. The State of Geor...

Tags: Indigenous Rights, Supreme Court, Legal History, Immigration, Irish History, Manifest Destiny

Évariste Galois invents Group theory in mathematics.

Tags: Mathematics, French Revolution, Algebra, Theory

The British Parliament passes the Great Reform Act.

Tags: Political Reform, Parliament, Suffrage, Voting Rights, Democracy

Slavery Abolition Act 1833 bans slavery throughout the British Empire; owners are reimbursed.

Tags: Abolitionism, Slavery, British Empire, Colonialism, Human Rights, Legislation, Social Reform, Economic Impact

Moritz von Jacobi invents the first practical electric motor.

Tags: Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Revolution, Physics

Joseph Henry invents the electromechanical relay.

Tags: Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetism, Communication, Telegraphy, American History

Samuel Colt popularizes the revolver and sets up a firearms company to manufacture his invention of the Colt Paterson revolver a six bullets firearm s...

Tags: American History, Firearms, Weapons, Manufacturing

Telegraphy patented.

Tags: Communication, Samuel Morse, Telegraph, Industrial Revolution

Samuel Morse invents Morse code.

Tags: Communication, Telegraph, Samuel Morse, Electrical Engineering

Charles Babbage proposes a design for the construction of a Turing complete, general purpose Computer, to be called the Analytical Engine.

Tags: Computer Science, Algorithm, Mechanical Computer

1837–1901: Queen Victoria reigns during the apex of the British Empire; this is the Victorian era.

Tags: British Empire, Monarchy, Queen Victoria, Imperialism, Colonialism, Global Power

Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist.

Tags: Novel, Literature, Social Commentary, Poverty, Childhood, Fiction

Death of Alexander Pushkin.

Tags: Literature, Russian Literature, Poetry, Romanticism, Authors, Cultural Impact, Imperial Russia

Matthias Schleiden: all plants are made of cells.

Tags: Biology, Cell Theory, Botany, Scientific Revolution, Microscopy

Friedrich Bessel: first successful measure of stellar parallax (to star 61 Cygni).

Tags: Astronomy, Physics, Scientific Revolution, Observational Astronomy, Stars, Measurement

Moritz von Jacobi invents electrotyping.

Tags: Electrochemistry, Printing, Communication, Materials Science

1838–1857: Chartism a working-class reform movement in Britain.

Tags: Working Class, Political Reform, Suffrage, Social Reform, Political Activism

William Otis invents the steam shovel.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Construction, Transportation, Mining

James Nasmyth invents the steam hammer.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steam Power, Manufacturing, Mechanization

Edmond Becquerel invents a method for the photovoltaic effect, effectively producing the first solar cell.

Tags: Physics, Energy

Charles Goodyear invents vulcanized rubber.

Tags: Rubber, Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, Materials Science, Transportation

Louis Daguerre invents daguerreotype photography.

Tags: Photography, Visual Arts, Communication

Kingdom of Belgium declared.

Tags: Kingdom, Independence, Nationalism, European History, Monarchy

The word "dinosaur" is coined by Richard Owen.

Tags: Paleontology, Zoology, Fossil Discovery, Natural History

Anaesthesia used for the first time.

Tags: Medicine, Surgery, Anesthesia, Massachusetts, Medical History

Christian Doppler: Doppler effect.

Tags: Physics, Astronomy, Sound, Light

William Robert Grove invents the first fuel cell.

Tags: Electricity, Electrochemistry

John Bennet Lawes invents superphosphate, the first man-made fertilizer.

Tags: Agriculture, Industrial Revolution, Scientific Advancement, Farming

James Prescott Joule: Law of Conservation of energy (First law of thermodynamics), also 1847 – Helmholtz, Conservation of energy.

Tags: Physics, Thermodynamics, Energy, Scientific Revolution

First publicly funded telegraph line in the world—between Baltimore and Washington—sends demonstration message on 24 May, ushering in the age of the t...

Tags: Telegraph, Communication, American History, Samuel Morse, Transportation

Friedrich Gottlob Keller and, independently, Charles Fenerty come up with the wood pulp method of paper production.

Tags: Paper, Printing, Communication, Industrial Revolution

Francis Rynd invents the hypodermic needle.

Tags: Medicine, Medical Technology, Health, Surgery, Healthcare

Treaty of Wanghia was signed by the United States and China.

Tags: Diplomacy, Treaty, Trade, Foreign Relations, Imperialism, Qing Dynasty

Isaac Charles Johnson invents modern Portland cement.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Construction, Materials Science, Infrastructure

Texas annexed by the United States and becomes the 28th state.

Tags: United States History, Manifest Destiny, Expansionism, Territorial Expansion, Slavery, Mexican-American War, Texas Revolution, Statehood

Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest: discovery of Neptune.

Tags: Astronomy, Planets, Solar System

The Wilmot Proviso unsuccessfully attempts to ban slavery in western territories acquired after the Mexican-American War.

Tags: Slavery, United States History, Antebellum Era, Mexican-American War, Territorial Expansion, Sectionalism, Political Divisions, Westward Expansion

The Oregon Treaty is signed between the United Kingdom and the United States, ceding the modern states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, as well as pa...

Tags: Treaty, Border Dispute, Territorial Expansion, Manifest Destiny, Diplomacy, Pacific Northwest

Ignaz Semmelweis proposes hand washing as a way to stop the spread of diseases.

Tags: Medicine, Public Health, Hygiene, Germ Theory, Medical History

George Boole: publishes The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, defining Boolean algebra; refined in his 1854 The Laws of Thought.

Tags: Logic, Mathematics, Computer Science, Intellectual History

Ascanio Sobrero invents Nitroglycerin, the first explosive made that was stronger than black powder.

Tags: Chemistry, Explosives, Industrial Revolution, Warfare, Mining

The Brontë sisters publish Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey.

Tags: Novel, Literature, Social Commentary

Lord Kelvin: absolute zero.

Tags: Physics, Thermodynamics, Temperature

Linus Yale Sr. invents the first modern pin tumbler lock.

Tags: Security, Industrial Revolution, Mechanical Engineering

Revolutions of 1848 across Europe; crushed by conservatives.

Tags: Revolution, Liberalism, Conservatism, Nationalism, Unification, Monarchy, Social Reform, Working Class

Walter Hunt invents the first repeating rifle to use metallic cartridges (of his own design) and a spring-fed magazine.

Tags: Firearms, Weaponry, American History, Military Technology

James B. Francis invents the Francis turbine.

Tags: Hydropower, Industrial Revolution, Energy

Louis Napoleon assumes power in France in a coup.

Tags: Coup d'état, French History, Authoritarianism, European History, Imperialism

Herman Melville publishes Moby-Dick.

Tags: American Literature, Novel, Romanticism, Literature, Global Impact

Elisha Otis invents the safety brake elevator.

Tags: Safety, Industrial Revolution, Urbanization, Transportation, Modernization

King Victor Emmanuel the Second names Count Camillo di Cavour prime minister of Piedmont, thus kickstarting the push for Italian unification.

Tags: Italian Unification, Nationalism, Monarchy, Diplomacy

François Coignet invents reinforced concrete.

Tags: Construction, Materials Science, Industrial Revolution

William Wells Brown (1814–1884) wrote first novel published by an African American, Clotel.

Tags: Literature, African American History, Novel, Slavery, American Literature, Civil Rights

Twelve Years a Slave is a memoir and slave narrative by American Solomon Northup as told to and edited by David Wilson.

Tags: Slavery, American History, Civil War, Literature, Social Commentary, Abolitionism

Bessemer process enables steel to be mass-produced.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steel, Metallurgy, Manufacturing, Mass Production, Economic Development

James Clerk Maxwell invents the first practical method for color photography, whether chemical or electronic.

Tags: Photography, Optics, James Clerk Maxwell

Henry Bessemer patents the Bessemer process for making steel, with improvements made by others over the following years.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steel Production, Metallurgy, Manufacturing, Economy

Walt Whitman publishes Leaves of Grass.

Tags: Poetry, American Literature, Modernism

Neanderthal man first identified. Age still unknown.

Tags: Paleontology, Anthropology, Human Evolution, Fossil Discovery, 19th Century Science, Scientific Revolution

World's first oil refinery in Romania.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Oil Industry, Petroleum, Energy, Romania, Economic Development

Alexander Parkes invents parkesine, also known as celluloid, the first man-made plastic.

Tags: Plastic, Materials Science, Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, Chemical Engineering

William Henry Perkin invents mauveine, the first synthetic dye.

Tags: Chemistry, Textiles, Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing

Robert Forester Mushet develops a process for the decarbonisation, and re-carbonisation of iron, through the addition of a calculated quantity of spie...

Tags: Steel, Industrial Revolution, Metallurgy, Manufacturing, Economy

Rudolf Virchow: cells can only arise from pre-existing cells.

Tags: Cell Theory, Biology, Scientific Revolution, Microscopy, Medicine

Invention of the phonautograph, the first true device for recording sound.

Tags: Sound Recording, Communication, Audio

Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species.

Tags: Evolution, Biology, Charles Darwin, Scientific Revolution, Heredity, Ideas

1859–1869: Suez Canal is constructed.

Tags: Canals, Infrastructure, Transportation, Trade, Colonialism, Globalization, Ottoman Empire

Gaston Planté invents the lead acid battery, the first rechargeable battery.

Tags: Battery, Electricity, Energy, Industrial Revolution

Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville creates the first audio recording of the human voice.

Tags: Sound, Communication

James Clerk Maxwell publishes On Physical Lines of Force, formulating the four Maxwell's Equations.

Tags: Physics, Electromagnetism, Scientific Revolution, Theoretical Physics, James Clerk Maxwell, Global Impact

Louis Pasteur: Germ theory.

Tags: Biology, Medicine, Germ Theory, Louis Pasteur, Infectious Diseases, Scientific Revolution, Public Health, Microbiology

John Tyndall: Experiments in Radiant Energy that reinforced the Greenhouse effect.

Tags: Physics, Atmospheric Science, Global Warming

1861–1867: French intervention in Mexico and the creation of the Second Mexican Empire, ruled by Maximilian I of Mexico and his consort Carlota of Mex...

Tags: Imperialism, Colonialism, French Empire, Mexican History, Maximilian I, Intervention, Warfare

Victor Hugo publishes Les Misérables.

Tags: French Literature, Novel, Social Commentary, Romanticism, Class Struggle, Humanitarianism, Literary Influence

First section of the London Underground opens.

Tags: Transportation, Urbanization, Infrastructure, Industrial Revolution

President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, declaring slaves in Confederate territories free, a pivotal step to...

Tags: American Civil War, Slavery, Emancipation, Abolitionism, Abraham Lincoln, Civil Rights

James Clerk Maxwell: Theory of electromagnetism.

Tags: Physics, Electromagnetism, Scientific Theory, Theoretical Physics, Global Impact

Louis Pasteur invents the pasteurization process.

Tags: Public Health, Louis Pasteur, Microbiology, Hygiene, Industrial Revolution, Medical Advancement

Gregor Mendel: Mendel's laws of inheritance, basis for genetics.

Tags: Genetics, Biology, Heredity, Scientific Revolution, Experimentation, Evolution, Austro-Hungarian Empire

Rudolf Clausius: Definition of entropy.

Tags: Thermodynamics, Physics, Energy, Scientific Revolution

Carl Wilhelm Siemens and Pierre-Émile Martin invented the Siemens-Martin process for making steel.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steel, Manufacturing, Metallurgy

1865–1877: Reconstruction in the United States; Slavery is banned in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Tags: Reconstruction, Civil Rights, Slavery, Abolition, Civil War, Post-War, Legislation

April 14: United States President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by actor and Confederate sympathiser John Wilkes Booth, while attending a performanc...

Tags: Assassination, American Civil War, Reconstruction Era, Abraham Lincoln, Political Violence

Lewis Carroll publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

Tags: Literature, Children's Literature, Fantasy, Novel, Storytelling, Cultural Impact

Successful transatlantic telegraph cable follows an earlier attempt in 1858.

Tags: Communication, Telegraph, Globalization, Infrastructure

Austro-Prussian War results in the dissolution of the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation and the Austrian-Hungari...

Tags: Warfare, Nationalism, Unification, German Confederation, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Realpolitik, Otto von Bismarck, European History

Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, the first safely manageable explosive stronger than black powder.

Tags: Explosives, Mining, Construction, Warfare, Alfred Nobel, Industrial Revolution, Safety

Lucien B. Smith invents barbed wire, which Joseph F. Glidden will modify in 1874, leading to the taming of the West and the end of the cowboys.

Tags: American West, Agriculture, Industrial Revolution, Frontier

The United States purchases Alaska from Russia.

Tags: Expansionism, Territorial Acquisition, Diplomacy, United States History, Russian Empire, Manifest Destiny, Geopolitics, Alaska

Canadian Confederation formed.

Tags: Confederation, British Empire, Political Development, Self-Government, Canadian History, Federalism

Safety bicycle invented.

Tags: Transportation, Industrial Revolution, Cycling, Social Change

Robert Forester Mushet discovers that alloying steel with tungsten produces a harder, more durable alloy.

Tags: Steel, Metallurgy, Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, Materials Science

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is approved.

Tags: Civil Rights, Constitutional Law, Reconstruction Era, Equality, Citizenship, American Politics, Legal History

Dmitri Mendeleev created the Periodic table.

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Elements, Periodic Table, Classification, Global Impact

First transcontinental railroad completed in United States on 10 May. – United States

Tags: Railroad, Transportation, Infrastructure, Westward Expansion, American Civil War, Economic Development, Manifest Destiny

Leo Tolstoy publishes War and Peace.

Tags: Literature, Russian Literature, Novel, Realism, Warfare, Peace, Russian Empire, Social Commentary

Lord Rayleigh: Diffuse sky radiation (Rayleigh scattering) explains why sky appears blue.

Tags: Physics, Optics, Atmospheric Science, Light, 19th Century Science, Scientific Theory

The Paris Commune briefly rules the French capital.

Tags: Revolution, Socialism, Communism, Political Ideology, Workers' Rights, Civil War

J.E.T. Woods and J. Clark invented stainless steel. Harry Brearley was the first to commercialize it.

Tags: Metallurgy, Material Science, Industrial Revolution, Steel, Manufacturing

Willoughby Smith discovers photoconductivity.

Tags: Physics, Electricity, Semiconductors, Materials Science, Telecommunications

Blue jeans and barbed wire are invented.

Tags: Inventions, Industrial Revolution, Westward Expansion, Agriculture, Material Culture

Zénobe Gramme invents the first commercial electrical generator, the Gramme machine.

Tags: Electricity, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Revolution, Power Generation

William Crookes invented the Crookes tube and studied cathode rays.

Tags: Physics, Experimentation

Josiah Willard Gibbs founded chemical thermodynamics, the phase rule.

Tags: Thermodynamics, Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Global Impact, Physics

Nicolaus August Otto invents the four-stroke cycle.

Tags: Internal Combustion Engine, Industrial Revolution, Transportation, Manufacturing

Alexander Graham Bell has a patent granted for the telephone. However, other inventors before Bell had worked on the development of the telephone and ...

Tags: Communication, Patent, Telecommunications, Industrial Revolution, Global Impact

Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India.

Tags: British Empire, Imperialism, Colonialism, Queen Victoria, Governance, Political Power, Monarchy

Ludwig Boltzmann: Statistical definition of entropy.

Tags: Physics, Thermodynamics, Scientific Revolution, Energy, Theoretical Physics

Thomas Edison invents the phonograph.

Tags: Sound Recording, Communication, Entertainment, Industrial Revolution, Global Impact

1877–1878: Following the Russo-Turkish War, the Treaty of Berlin recognizes formal independence of the Principality of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania....

Tags: Treaty, Independence, Autonomy, Nationalism, Russo-Turkish War, Geopolitics, Diplomacy, Eastern Question

Lester Allan Pelton invents the Pelton wheel.

Tags: Inventions, Hydropower, Industrial Revolution, Energy, Mechanics

Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie: Piezoelectricity.

Tags: Physics, Electricity, Materials Science

First electrical power plant and grid in Godalming, Britain.

Tags: Electricity, Power Generation, Industrial Revolution

Nikolay Benardos presents carbon arc welding, the first practical arc welding method.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Metalworking, Manufacturing

Tsar Alexander II is assassinated.

Tags: Assassination, Tsar, Political Violence, Autocracy, Populism, Imperialism

President James A. Garfield is assassinated.

Tags: Assassination, Gilded Age, American History

Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island is published.

Tags: Novel, Children's Literature, Adventure, Piracy, Fiction

Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff: discovered the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions (in his work "Études de dynamique chimique").

Tags: Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Thermodynamics, Scientific Publication

Paul Vieille invents Poudre B, the first smokeless powder for firearms.

Tags: Military Technology, Firearms, Weapons, Industrial Revolution, Defense, Warfare

Hungarian engineers Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri invent the closed core high efficiency transformer and the AC parallel power distri...

Tags: Electrical Engineering, Industrial Revolution, Scientific Innovation

1884–1885: The Berlin Conference signals the start of the European "scramble for Africa".

Tags: Imperialism, Colonialism, Scramble for Africa, European Expansion, Diplomacy, International Relations, Otto von Bismarck

Mark Twain publishes Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Tags: Literature, American Literature, Novel, Satire, Slavery, Social Commentary

Louis Pasteur creates the first successful vaccine against rabies for a young boy who had been bitten 14 times by a rabid dog.

Tags: Medicine, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, Public Health, Louis Pasteur, Biology, Scientific Breakthrough

Karl Benz produced first car with internal combustion engine.

Tags: Automobile, Transportation, Internal Combustion Engine, Industrial Revolution

Singer begins production of the 'Vibrating Shuttle'. which would become the most popular model of sewing machine.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, Consumer Goods, Textiles, Mass Production

John Kemp Starley invents the modern safety bicycle.

Tags: Transportation, Industrial Revolution, Urbanization

King Leopold II of Belgium establishes the Congo Free State as a personal fiefdom.

Tags: Colonialism, Imperialism, Scramble for Africa, Exploitation, Human Rights

Karl Benz sells the first commercial automobile.

Tags: Automobile, Transportation, Industrial Revolution

Carl Gassner invents the zinc–carbon battery, the first dry cell battery, making portable electronics practical.

Tags: Battery, Electricity, Industrial Revolution

Charles Martin Hall and independently Paul Héroult invent the Hall–Héroult process for economically producing aluminum in 1886.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Metallurgy, Chemical Engineering, Materials Science, Global Trade

Burma is presented to Queen Victoria as a birthday gift.

Tags: British Empire, Colonialism, Imperialism, Queen Victoria, Annexation, Expansionism, Political History

Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson is published.

Tags: Novel, British Literature, Human Nature, Popular Culture, Literary Influence

Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley: Michelson–Morley experiment which showed a lack of evidence for the aether.

Tags: Physics, Relativity, Global Impact, Scientific Revolution

Carl Josef Bayer invents the Bayer process for the production of alumina.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Chemistry, Metallurgy, Mining, Materials Science

Arthur Conan Doyle publishes his first Sherlock Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet.

Tags: Literature, British Literature, Novel

Heinrich Hertz publishes a conclusive proof of James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in experiments that also demonstrate the existence of radi...

Tags: Physics, Electromagnetism, Scientific Revolution, Communication, Global Impact

Friedrich Reinitzer discovers liquid crystals.

Tags: Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science

Louis Le Prince records the Roundhay Garden Scene, the earliest surviving film.

Tags: Film, Cinema, Motion Pictures, Entertainment

Thomas Edison and William Kennedy Dickson invent the Kinetoscope.

Tags: Film, Motion Pictures, Cinema, Thomas Edison, Entertainment, Mass Media

The first practical pneumatic tire was made by Scotsman John Boyd Dunlop, the patent was from 1847 by Robert William Thomson

Tags: Transportation, Automobile, Rubber, Industrial Revolution, Patent

Year of the Three Emperors in Germany marks the beginning of Kaiser Wilhelm II's 30-year reign.

Tags: German Empire, Monarchy, Succession, Imperialism, Weltpolitik, European History, World War I

End of the Brazilian Empire and the beginning of the Brazilian Republic.

Tags: Republic, Monarchy, Political Transition, Coup d'état, Getúlio Vargas, Brazilian History, Military, Independence

Gottlieb Daimler founds his manufacturing company in Germany, ancestor of Mercedes-Benz.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Automobile Industry, Transportation, German Empire, Manufacturing

Robert Gair would invent the pre-cut cardboard box.

Tags: Packaging, Manufacturing, Industrial Revolution, Commerce, Business

Kaiser Wilhelm II dismisses Germany's longtime chancellor Otto von Bismarck, thereafter embarking on the foreign policy of Weltpolitik, as opposed to ...

Tags: Imperialism, German Empire, Weltpolitik, Realpolitik, Otto von Bismarck, Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, European History

Whitcomb Judson invents the zipper.

Tags: Manufacturing, Textiles, Fashion, Industrial Revolution, Patent

Dmitri Ivanovsky discovers viruses.

Tags: Biology, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Medicine, Research

John Froelich develops and constructs the first gasoline/petrol-powered tractor.

Tags: Agriculture, Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Revolution

Léon Bouly invents the cinematograph.

Tags: Early Cinema, Photography, Motion Pictures, Technology History

Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel engine (although Herbert Akroyd Stuart had experimented with compression ignition before Diesel).

Tags: Internal Combustion Engine, Transportation, Industrial Revolution, Energy

William Stewart Halsted, invents the rubber glove for his wife Caroline Hampton as he noticed her hands were affected by the daily surgeries she had p...

Tags: Medicine, Surgery, Medical Technology, Hygiene, Health

Business coalition overthrows the royal government of the Hawaiian Kingdom.

Tags: Imperialism, Colonialism, Annexation, Monarchy, Republic, Political Transition

The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation is formed.

Tags: Nationalism, Revolution, Ottoman Empire, Insurgency, Political Organization

First gramophone record.

Tags: Sound Recording, Communication, Music, Entertainment, Industrial Revolution, Mass Media

Wilhelm Röntgen identifies x-rays.

Tags: Physics, Medical Imaging, Experimentation, Electromagnetism

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen invented the first radiograph (X-ray).

Tags: Medical Imaging, Physics, Discovery

Guglielmo Marconi invents a system of wireless communication using radio waves.

Tags: Radio, Wireless Communication, Guglielmo Marconi, Communication, Electrical Engineering, Global Impact

Trial of Oscar Wilde and premiere of his play The Importance of Being Earnest.

Tags: Literature, Playwright, Trial, Comedy, Social Commentary

Henri Becquerel and Marie Curie discover radioactivity; J. J. Thomson identifies the electron, though not by name.

Tags: Physics, Radioactivity, Atomic Theory, Marie Curie, J.J. Thomson, Modern Science

Svante Arrhenius derives the basic principles of the greenhouse effect

Tags: Climate Change, Atmospheric Science, Physics, Environmental Science, Global Warming

Surgical masks made of cloth were developed in Europe by physicians Jan Mikulicz-Radecki at the University of Breslau and Paul Berger in Paris, as a r...

Tags: Medicine, Hygiene, Germ Theory, Surgery, Medical Technology

Bram Stoker writes Dracula.

Tags: Literature, Novel, Cultural Impact, Popular Culture

Martinus Beijerinck: concluded that a virus is infectious—replicating in the host—and thus not a mere toxin, and gave it the name "virus"

Tags: Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, Germ Theory, Medical History, 19th Century Science

J.J. Thomson proposed the plum pudding model of an atom

Tags: Atomic Theory, Physics, Scientific Revolution, J.J. Thomson

Marie Curie discovered radium and polonium

Tags: Physics, Chemistry, Radioactivity, Marie Curie, Nobel Prize, Elements

Hans von Pechmann synthesizes polyethylene, now the most common plastic in the world.

Tags: Chemistry, Materials Science, Industrial Revolution

United States annexes the Republic of Hawaii

Tags: Imperialism, Expansionism, Hawaii, Political History, Territorial Acquisition, Foreign Policy, Manifest Destiny

Waldemar Jungner invents the rechargeable nickel-cadmium battery (NiCd) as well as the nickel-iron electric storage battery (NiFe) and the rechargeabl...

Tags: Battery, Electricity, Energy, Industrial Revolution

Max Planck: explains the emission spectrum of a black body

Tags: Physics, Quantum Mechanics, Theoretical Physics, Scientific Revolution, Energy, Electromagnetism

First section of the Paris Metro opens.

Tags: Urbanization, Public Transportation, Infrastructure, Industrial Revolution, Modernization

Hawaii becomes an official U.S. territory.

Tags: Imperialism, Colonialism, Annexation, Territorial Acquisition, American Expansionism

L. Frank Baum publishes The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

Tags: Children's Literature, Fantasy, American Literature, Novel, Cultural Impact, Symbolism

December 10: First Nobel Prizes awarded.

Tags: Awards, Philanthropy, Alfred Nobel, Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Peace

December 12: Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic radio signal.

Tags: Radio, Communication, Guglielmo Marconi, Scientific Breakthrough

January 22: Edward VII became King of England and India after Queen Victoria's death.

Tags: Monarchy, British Empire, Succession, Imperialism, Governance

March 2: The Platt Amendment provides for Cuban independence in exchange for the withdrawal of American troops.

Tags: Imperialism, US Foreign Policy, Spanish-American War, Treaty, Sovereignty, Political Influence

September 6: The assassination of William McKinley ushered in office Vice President Theodore Roosevelt after McKinley's death on September 14.

Tags: Presidency, Assassination, Progressive Era, Political Violence, Executive Branch

July 17: Willis Carrier invents the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.

Tags: Industrial Revolution

May 20: Cuba given independence by the United States.

Tags: Independence, Cuban History, United States History, Imperialism, Colonialism, Diplomacy, Treaty of Paris, Spanish-American War, Sovereignty

July 12: Arthur Balfour becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Tags: Prime Minister, Edwardian Era, British Empire, Political Leadership

The first successful gas turbine is invented by Ægidius Elling.

Tags: Energy, Industrial Revolution, Power Generation

Édouard Bénédictus invents laminated glass.

Tags: Materials Science, Automotive Industry, Construction

First sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight achieved by an airplane flown at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina by Orville and Wilbur Wrigh...

Tags: Aviation, Flight, Transportation

July – August: In Russia the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks form from the breakup of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.

Tags: Socialism, Marxism, Russian Revolution, Bolsheviks, Vladimir Lenin, Political Parties, Ideology, Political Division

November 18: Independence of Panama, the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty is signed by the United States and Panama.

Tags: Imperialism, Treaty, Independence, Panama Canal, Geopolitics

May: U.S. begins construction of the Panama Canal and eradication of yellow fever.

Tags: Panama Canal, Public Health, Disease Eradication, United States History, Infrastructure

The Fleming valve, the first vacuum tube and diode, is invented by John Ambrose Fleming.

Tags: Electronics, Radio, Telecommunications

April 8: Entente Cordiale signed between Britain and France.

Tags: Diplomacy, Alliance, Imperialism, Great Powers, International Relations

September 26: Albert Einstein's formulation of special relativity.

Tags: Physics, Relativity, Albert Einstein, Theoretical Physics, Scientific Revolution, Modern Physics, Global Impact

January 22: The Revolution of 1905 in Russia erupts.

Tags: Revolution, Tsar Nicholas II, Protest, Political Unrest, Autocracy, Social Reform

March 31: The First Moroccan Crisis begins, going until April 1906.

Tags: Imperialism, Colonialism, Diplomacy, International Relations, Pre-World War I, Entente Cordiale, Scramble for Africa

June 7: The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence.

Tags: Independence, Nationalism, Political Union, Monarchy, Diplomacy, Sovereignty, Parliament

December 5: Liberal Henry Campbell-Bannerman becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Tags: Prime Minister, Liberal Party, Government, Edwardian Era, Political Leadership

October 23: Brazilian inventor Alberto Santos-Dumont takes off and flies his 14-bis to a crowd in Paris.

Tags: Aviation, Flight

July 13: Alfred Dreyfus is exonerated and reinstated as a major in the French Army; the Dreyfus affair ends.

Tags: Justice, Anti-Semitism, Military

Alfred Bertheim: Arsphenamine, the first modern chemotherapeutic agent

Tags: Medicine, Pharmacology

Leo Baekeland invents bakelite, the first plastic made from synthetic components.

Tags: Plastic, Synthetic Materials, Chemistry, Industrial Revolution, Material Science, Manufacturing

March 15 – 16: Elections to the new Parliament of Finland are the first in the world with woman candidates, as well as the first elections in Europe w...

Tags: Suffrage, Women's Rights, Elections, Political Reform, Gender Equality, Political History

August 31: The Anglo-Russian Convention bring an end to the Great Game in Central Asia.

Tags: Imperialism, Great Game, Geopolitics, British Empire, Russian Empire, Diplomacy, Colonialism

October 1: The Ford Motor Company invents the Model T.

Tags: Automobile, Industrial Revolution, Mass Production, Assembly Line, Transportation, Consumerism

First commercial radio transmissions.

Tags: Radio, Communication, Broadcasting, Guglielmo Marconi, Entertainment, Media

April 8: Liberal H. H. Asquith becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Tags: Prime Minister, Liberal Party, Edwardian Era, British Empire, Government

July: Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire.

Tags: Ottoman Empire, Revolution, Constitutionalism, Modernization, Balkan Wars, Nationalism

July 26: Founding of the Bureau of Investigation (BOI)

Tags: Law Enforcement, Federal Government, Justice, Crime, FBI

early October: Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, triggering the Bosnian Crisis.

Tags: Imperialism, Annexation, Nationalism, Austria-Hungary, Diplomacy, Great Powers, Pre-World War I, Geopolitics

October 5: Bulgarian Declaration of Independence.

Tags: Independence, Ottoman Empire, Nationalism, Sovereignty

April 6: Robert Peary claims to have reached the North Pole though the claim is subsequently heavily contested.

Tags: Exploration, Polar Exploration, Controversy, Arctic, Geography

Fritz Haber invents the Haber process.

Tags: Chemistry, Industrial Revolution, Agriculture, Scientific Breakthrough, World War I, Chemical Warfare

Robert Andrews Millikan: conducts the oil drop experiment and determines the charge on an electron

Tags: Physics, Atomic Theory, Experimental Physics, Scientific Method, Modern Physics, Quantum Mechanics

The first instantaneous transmission of images, or television broadcast, is carried out by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier.

Tags: Television, Communication

May 6: George V becomes King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India upon the death of Edward VII.

Tags: British Empire, Monarchy, Succession, Imperialism, World War I

The cloud chamber, the first particle detector, is invented by Charles Thomson Rees Wilson.

Tags: Physics, Particle Physics, Experimentation, Discovery, Scientific Revolution

Ernest Rutherford: Atomic nucleus

Tags: Physics, Atomic Theory, Nuclear Physics, Ernest Rutherford, Modern Science, Scientific Revolution

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes: Superconductivity

Tags: Physics, Discovery, Scientific Breakthrough, Material Science, Nobel Prize

January 18: Eugene Burton Ely lands on the deck of the USS Pennsylvania stationed in San Francisco harbor, marking the first time an aircraft lands on...

Tags: Aviation, Naval Technology, Military Technology, United States Navy, Transportation

November 3: Swiss race car driver and automotive engineer Louis Chevrolet co-founds the Chevrolet Motor Company in Detroit with his brother Arthur Che...

Tags: Automotive Industry, Automobile, Entrepreneurship, Manufacturing, Business, Industrial Revolution, Transportation

April – November: Agadir Crisis.

Tags: Imperialism, Colonialism, Diplomacy, Weltpolitik, Entente Cordiale, Arms Race, Pre-World War I

Max von Laue: x-ray diffraction

Tags: Physics, Quantum Mechanics, Scientific Revolution

Henrietta Swan Leavitt: Cepheid variable period-luminosity relation

Tags: Astronomy, Cosmology, Astrophysics, Edwin Hubble

Niels Bohr formulates the first cohesive model of the atomic nucleus, and in the process paves the way to quantum mechanics.

Tags: Physics, Atomic Theory, Quantum Mechanics, Scientific Revolution, Modern Physics, Theoretical Physics

Niels Bohr: Model of the atom

Tags: Physics, Atomic Theory, Quantum Mechanics, Scientific Revolution

October 7: Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Assembly Line, Mass Production, Manufacturing, Automobile Industry

The Kaplan turbine is invented by Viktor Kaplan.

Tags: Renewable Energy, Industrial Revolution

March 4: Woodrow Wilson is inaugurated as President of the United States.

Tags: Presidency, Progressive Era, Woodrow Wilson, Inauguration, Government

September 1: Martha, last known passenger pigeon, dies.

Tags: Extinction, Environmentalism, Conservation, Wildlife, Zoology