Porphyry wrote Isagogê which categorized knowledge and logic, including a drawing of what would later be called a "semantic net".

Tags: Logic, Knowledge Representation, Semantic Networks, Philosophy, Ancient Greece, Categorization, Concepts

Ismail al-Jazari created a programmable orchestra of mechanical human beings.

Tags: Automata, Robotics, Mechanical Engineering, Early AI, Engineering, Programmable Machines

Ramon Llull, Mallorcan theologian, invents the Ars Magna, a tool for combining concepts mechanically based on an Arabic astrological tool, the Zairja....

Tags: Logic, Mechanical Reasoning, Knowledge Representation, Ars Magna, Philosophy, Combinatorial Systems, Early AI Concepts

Francis Bacon developed empirical theory of knowledge and introduced inductive logic in his work Novum Organum, a play on Aristotle's title Organon.

Tags: Logic, Inductive Reasoning, Empiricism, Philosophy, Knowledge Acquisition, Scientific Method, Foundations of AI

Wilhelm Schickard drew a calculating clock on a letter to Kepler. This will be the first of five unsuccessful attempts at designing a direct entry cal...

Tags: Calculating Machines, Mechanical Computation, Early Computing, Technology, Hardware, Precursors to Computers

Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan and presented a mechanical, combinatorial theory of cognition. He wrote "...for reason is nothing but reckoning".

Tags: Cognitive Science, Philosophy, Mechanical Cognition, Reasoning, Leviathan, Mind-Body Problem, Computation

Blaise Pascal invented a mechanical calculator, the first digital calculating machine.

Tags: Calculating Machines, Mechanical Computation, Technology, Hardware, Early Computers, Pascaline

René Descartes proposed that bodies of animals are nothing more than complex machines (but that mental phenomena are of a different "substance").

Tags: Philosophy, Mind-Body Problem, Dualism, Cognitive Science, Mechanism, Animals, Artificial Intelligence

Blaise Pascal described how to find expected values in probability, in 1662 Antoine Arnauld published a formula to find the maximum expected value, an...

Tags: Probability Theory, Mathematics, Machine Learning, Statistics, Decision Making, Expected Value, Bayesian Methods

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved the earlier machines, making the Stepped Reckoner to do multiplication and division.

Tags: Calculating Machines, Mechanical Computation, Technology, Hardware, Early Computers, Stepped Reckoner

Leibniz derived the chain rule. The rule is used by AI to train neural networks, for example the backpropagation algorithm uses the chain rule.

Tags: Calculus, Mathematics, Chain Rule, Neural Networks, Backpropagation, Machine Learning, Optimization

Leibniz developed a universal calculus of reasoning (alphabet of human thought) by which arguments could be decided mechanically. It assigned a specif...

Tags: Logic, Universal Language, Reasoning, Formal Systems, Symbolic AI, Philosophy, Calculus

Jonathan Swift published Gulliver's Travels, which includes this description of the Engine, a machine on the island of Laputa: "a Project for improvin...

Tags: Literature, Satire, Ars Magna, Philosophy, Machine Learning, Knowledge Representation, Early AI Criticism

Daniel Bernoulli introduces the concept of "utility", a generalization of probability, the basis of economics and decision theory, and the mathematica...

Tags: Decision Theory, Economics, Utility, Game Theory, AI Goals, Reinforcement Learning, Optimization

David Hume described induction, the logical method of learning generalities from examples.

Tags: Induction, Philosophy, Learning, Reasoning, Generalization, Machine Learning, Empirical Methods

Julien Offray de La Mettrie published L'Homme Machine, which argued that human thought is strictly mechanical.

Tags: Philosophy, Materialism, Mechanism, Mind-body problem, 18th Century, Enlightenment, Cognitive Science, Foundations

Thomas Bayes's work An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances, published two years after his death, laid the foundations of Bayes'...

Tags: Probability, Statistics, Bayesian inference, Bayesian networks, Mathematics, Machine Learning, Algorithms, Foundations

Wolfgang von Kempelen built and toured with his chess-playing automaton, The Turk, which Kempelen claimed could defeat human players. The Turk was lat...

Tags: Chess, Automata, Deception, Early AI, Mechanical Turk, Entertainment, Hoax, Human-computer interaction

Joseph Marie Jacquard created a programmable loom, based on earlier inventions by Basile Bouchon (1725), Jean-Baptiste Falcon (1728) and Jacques Vauca...

Tags: Automation, Textiles, Programmable machines, Punch cards, Industrial Revolution, Software, Manufacturing, Early Computing

Mary Shelley published the story of Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus, a fictional consideration of the ethics of creating sentient beings.

Tags: Science fiction, Ethics, Sentience, Artificial life, Frankenstein, Creativity, Human-computer interaction, Moral dilemmas

The mathematician Bernard Bolzano made the first modern attempt to formalize semantics.

Tags: Semantics, Logic, Formalization, Meaning, Language, Philosophical logic, Foundations, Representation

George Boole set out to "investigate the fundamental laws of those operations of the mind by which reasoning is performed, to give expression to them ...

Tags: Boolean algebra, Logic, Mathematics, Symbolic logic, Computation, Foundations, Computer science, Reasoning

Samuel Butler suggested that Darwinian evolution also applies to machines, and speculates that they will one day become conscious and eventually suppl...

Tags: Evolution, Machines, Consciousness, Humanity, Speculation, Future of AI, Science fiction, Transhumanism

Karel Čapek's play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) opened in London. This is the first use of the word "robot" in English.

Tags: Robots, Science fiction, Czech Republic, Terminology, Automation, Popular culture, Impact, Theater

Kurt Gödel encoded mathematical statements and proofs as integers, and showed that there are true theorems that are unprovable by any consistent theor...

Tags: Gödel's incompleteness theorems, Mathematics, Logic, Computability, Theorem proving, Limits of computation, Theoretical computer science, Foundations

Alonzo Church extended Gödel's proof and showed that the decision problem of computer science does not have a general solution. He developed the Lambd...

Tags: Undecidability, Decision problem, Lambda calculus, Computability, Theoretical computer science, Programming languages, Algorithms, Church-Turing thesis

Konrad Zuse filed his patent application for a program-controlled computer.

Tags: Computer architecture, Program control, Early computers, Zuse, Patent, Technology, Hardware, Pioneers

Alan Turing published "On Computable Numbers", which laid the foundations of the modern theory of computation by introducing the Turing machine, a phy...

Tags: Turing machine, Halting problem, Computability, Theoretical computer science, Algorithms, Foundations, Alan Turing, Computation

Edward Condon displayed Nimatron, a digital machine that played Nim perfectly.

Tags: Nim, Game playing, Early AI, Digital machine, Automation, Demonstration, Technology, Games

Konrad Zuse built the first working program-controlled general-purpose computer.

Tags: Computer architecture, Program control, Early computers, Zuse, Technology, Hardware, Pioneers, Practical AI

Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts publish "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity", the first mathematical description o...

Arturo Rosenblueth, Norbert Wiener and Julian Bigelow coin the term "cybernetics". Wiener's popular book by that name published in 1948.

Game theory which would prove invaluable in the progress of AI was introduced with the 1944 paper "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior" by mathemati...

Vannevar Bush published "As We May Think" (The Atlantic Monthly, July 1945) a prescient vision of the future in which computers assist humans in many ...

Alan Turing produces "Intelligent Machinery" report, regarded as the first manifesto of Artificial Intelligence. It introduces many concepts including...

John von Neumann (quoted by Edwin Thompson Jaynes) in response to a comment at a lecture that it was impossible for a machine (at least ones created b...

Donald O. Hebb develops Hebbian theory, a possible algorithm for learning in neural networks.

Alan Turing published "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", which proposes the Turing test as a measure of machine intelligence and answered all of ...

Claude Shannon published a detailed analysis of chess playing as search.

Isaac Asimov published his Three Laws of Robotics.

The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run on the Ferranti Mark 1 machine of the University of Manchester: A checkers-playing program w...

The Dartmouth College summer AI conference is organized by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathan Rochester of IBM and Claude Shannon. McCarthy coins th...

The first demonstration of the Logic Theorist (LT) written by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw and Herbert A. Simon (Carnegie Institute of Technology, now Car...

Herbert Gelernter and Nathan Rochester (IBM) described a theorem prover in geometry. It exploited a semantic model of the domain in the form of diagra...

Teddington Conference on the Mechanization of Thought Processes was held in the UK and among the papers presented were John McCarthy's "Programs with ...

Tags: Conference, Early AI, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Oliver Selfridge, Advice Taker, Heuristic Programming

John McCarthy (Massachusetts Institute of Technology or MIT) invented the Lisp programming language.

The General Problem Solver (GPS) was created by Newell, Shaw and Simon while at CMU.

Tags: Problem Solving, Search Algorithms, Early AI, Newell, Shaw, Simon, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)

John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky founded the MIT AI Lab.

Tags: Research Lab, Early AI, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, MIT, Artificial Intelligence

"Man-Computer Symbiosis" by J.C.R. Licklider.

Tags: Human-Computer Interaction, Licklider, Early AI, Conceptual Framework, Symbiosis, Computer Science

In Minds, Machines and Gödel, John Lucas denied the possibility of machine intelligence on logical or philosophical grounds. He referred to Kurt Gödel...

Tags: Philosophy of AI, Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems, John Lucas, Machine Intelligence, Theoretical Limitations

James Slagle (PhD dissertation, MIT) wrote (in Lisp) the first symbolic integration program, SAINT, which solved calculus problems at the college fres...

Tags: Symbolic Computation, Lisp, James Slagle, Early AI, Calculus, Automation

Unimation's industrial robot Unimate worked on a General Motors automobile assembly line.

Tags: Robotics, Industrial Automation, Unimation, General Motors, Early AI Applications

Edward Feigenbaum and Julian Feldman published Computers and Thought, the first collection of articles about artificial intelligence.

Tags: Artificial Intelligence, Edited Volume, Edward Feigenbaum, Julian Feldman, AI History, Academic Publication

Leonard Uhr and Charles Vossler published "A Pattern Recognition Program That Generates, Evaluates, and Adjusts Its Own Operators", which described on...

Tags: Machine Learning, Pattern Recognition, Adaptive Systems, Leonard Uhr, Charles Vossler, Perceptrons

Thomas Evans' program, ANALOGY, written as part of his PhD work at MIT, demonstrated that computers can solve the same analogy problems as are given o...

Tags: IQ Tests, Problem Solving, Thomas Evans, MIT, Early AI Applications

Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT (technical report #1 from MIT's AI group, Project MAC), shows that computers can understand natural language well e...

Tags: Natural Language Processing, Language Understanding, Danny Bobrow, MIT, AI research, Computational Linguistics

Bertram Raphael's MIT dissertation on the SIR program demonstrates the power of a logical representation of knowledge for question-answering systems.

Tags: Question Answering, Knowledge Representation, SIR, Bertram Raphael, MIT, Logical Representation

Lotfi A. Zadeh at U.C. Berkeley publishes his first paper introducing fuzzy logic, "Fuzzy Sets" (Information and Control 8: 338–353).

Tags: Fuzzy Logic, Lotfi A. Zadeh, Uncertainty, Set Theory, U.C. Berkeley, Information and Control

Alexey Ivakhnenko and Valentin Lapa developed the first deep learning algorithm for multilayer perceptrons in Soviet Union.

Tags: Deep Learning, Alexey Ivakhnenko, Valentin Lapa, Multilayer Perceptrons, Neural Networks, Early Deep Learning

J. Alan Robinson invented a mechanical proof procedure, the Resolution Method, which allowed programs to work efficiently with formal logic as a repre...

Tags: Theorem Proving, Resolution Method, J. Alan Robinson, Formal Logic, Logic Programming, Representation

Joseph Weizenbaum (MIT) built ELIZA, an interactive program that carries on a dialogue in English language on any topic. It was a popular toy at AI ce...

Tags: Natural Language Processing, Dialogue Systems, Chatbot, Psychotherapy, MIT, Weizenbaum, ARPANET, Early AI

Edward Feigenbaum initiated Dendral, a ten-year effort to develop software to deduce the molecular structure of organic compounds using scientific ins...

Tags: Expert Systems, Knowledge-Based Systems, Stanford University, Feigenbaum, Molecular Structure, Scientific Reasoning, Early AI, Dendral

Ross Quillian (PhD dissertation, Carnegie Inst. of Technology, now CMU) demonstrated semantic nets.

Tags: Semantic Networks, Knowledge Representation, AI, Carnegie Mellon University, Quillian, Conceptual Modeling

Machine Intelligence workshop at Edinburgh – the first of an influential annual series organized by Donald Michie and others.

Tags: Workshop, Machine Intelligence, Donald Michie, Edinburgh, AI Conferences

Dendral program (Edward Feigenbaum, Joshua Lederberg, Bruce Buchanan, Georgia Sutherland at Stanford University) demonstrated to interpret mass spectr...

Tags: Expert Systems, Knowledge-Based Systems, Stanford University, Scientific Reasoning, Chemistry, Feigenbaum, Dendral

Negative report on machine translation kills much work in natural language processing (NLP) for many years.

Tags: Machine Translation, Natural Language Processing, Funding, AI Winter, NLP, Research Setback

Shun'ichi Amari was the first to use stochastic gradient descent for deep learning in multilayer perceptrons. In computer experiments conducted by his...

Tags: Deep Learning, Stochastic Gradient Descent, Multilayer Perceptrons, Amari, Neural Networks, Pattern Recognition

Wallace and Boulton's program, Snob (Comp.J. 11(2) 1968), for unsupervised classification (clustering) uses the Bayesian minimum message length criter...

Tags: Unsupervised Learning, Clustering, Bayesian Methods, Occam's Razor, Statistical Learning

Joel Moses (PhD work at MIT) demonstrated the power of symbolic reasoning for integration problems in the Macsyma program. First successful knowledge-...

Tags: Symbolic Reasoning, Mathematics, Knowledge-Based Systems, MIT, Macsyma, Moses

Richard Greenblatt (programmer) at MIT built a knowledge-based chess-playing program, Mac Hack, that was good enough to achieve a class-C rating in to...

Tags: Chess, Game Playing, Knowledge-Based Systems, MIT, Greenblatt, AI and Games

Roger Schank (Stanford) defined conceptual dependency model for natural language understanding. Later developed (in PhD dissertations at Yale Universi...

Tags: Natural Language Understanding, Conceptual Dependency, Language Modeling, Schank, Knowledge Representation

Yorick Wilks (Stanford) developed the semantic coherence view of language called Preference Semantics, embodied in the first semantics-driven machine ...

Tags: Machine Translation, Preference Semantics, Wilks, Natural Language Processing, Semantic Analysis

McCarthy and Hayes started the discussion about the frame problem with their essay, "Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Int...

Tags: Frame Problem, Knowledge Representation, Philosophy of AI, Cognitive Science, McCarthy, Hayes, Early AI, Foundational Concepts

Stanford Research Institute (SRI): Shakey the robot, demonstrated combining animal locomotion, perception and problem solving.

Tags: Robotics, Perception, Problem Solving, SRI, Shakey, Artificial Intelligence

First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) held at Stanford.

Tags: IJCAI, AI Conference, Stanford, AI Community, Conferences

Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert publish Perceptrons, demonstrating previously unrecognized limits of this feed-forward two-layered structure. This bo...

Tags: Perceptrons, Minsky, Papert, AI Winter, Neural Networks, Funding, Limitations of Perceptrons

Seppo Linnainmaa publishes the reverse mode of automatic differentiation. This method became later known as backpropagation, and is heavily used to tr...

Tags: Backpropagation, Automatic Differentiation, Neural Networks, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Optimization, Training Algorithms, Seppo Linnainmaa

Bill Woods described Augmented Transition Networks (ATN's) as a representation for natural language understanding.

Tags: Natural Language Processing, Augmented Transition Networks, Syntax, Parsing, Language Understanding, Bill Woods, Computational Linguistics

Jaime Carbonell (Sr.) developed SCHOLAR, an interactive program for computer assisted instruction based on semantic nets as the representation of know...

Tags: Computer-Assisted Instruction, Education, Semantic Nets, Knowledge Representation, Jaime Carbonell Sr., Early Applications, AI in Education

Patrick Winston's PhD program, ARCH, at MIT learned concepts from examples in the world of children's blocks.

Tags: Machine Learning, Concept Learning, Blocks World, Patrick Winston, Early AI, MIT, Knowledge Representation

Work on the Boyer-Moore theorem prover started in Edinburgh.

Tags: Theorem Proving, Formal Methods, Logic, Boyer-Moore, Automated Reasoning, Edinburgh

Terry Winograd's PhD thesis (MIT) demonstrated the ability of computers to understand English sentences in a restricted world of children's blocks, in...

Tags: Natural Language Processing, Blocks World, SHRDLU, Language Understanding, Robotics, Terry Winograd, MIT, Early Demonstrations

Earl Sacerdoti developed one of the first hierarchical planning programs, ABSTRIPS.

Tags: Planning, Hierarchical Planning, ABSTRIPS, Earl Sacerdoti, AI Planning, Search

Prolog programming language developed by Alain Colmerauer.

Tags: Prolog, Logic Programming, Programming Languages, Artificial Intelligence, Alain Colmerauer, Symbolic AI

The Assembly Robotics Group at University of Edinburgh builds Freddy Robot, capable of using visual perception to locate and assemble models. (See Edi...

Tags: Robotics, Computer Vision, Assembly, Freddy Robot, Edinburgh, Early Robotics

The Lighthill report gives a largely negative verdict on AI research in Great Britain and forms the basis for the decision by the British government t...

Tags: Lighthill Report, AI Winter, Government Funding, Research Policy, UK, Impact, History of AI

Ted Shortliffe's PhD dissertation on the MYCIN program (Stanford) demonstrated a very practical rule-based approach to medical diagnoses, even in the ...

Tags: Expert Systems, MYCIN, Medical Diagnosis, Rule-Based Systems, Ted Shortliffe, Stanford, AI in Healthcare

Earl Sacerdoti developed techniques of partial-order planning in his NOAH system, replacing the previous paradigm of search among state space descript...

Tags: Planning, Partial-Order Planning, NOAH, Earl Sacerdoti, AI Planning, SRI International

Austin Tate developed the Nonlin hierarchical planning system able to search a space of partial plans characterised as alternative approaches to the u...

Tags: Planning, Hierarchical Planning, Nonlin, Austin Tate, AI Planning, Edinburgh

Marvin Minsky published his widely read and influential article on Frames as a representation of knowledge, in which many ideas about schemas and sema...

Tags: Knowledge Representation, Frames, Marvin Minsky, Schemas, Semantic Networks, Cognitive Science

The Meta-Dendral learning program produced new results in chemistry (some rules of mass spectrometry) the first scientific discoveries by a computer t...

Tags: Expert Systems, Chemistry, Scientific Discovery, Machine Learning, Rule-based Systems, Meta-Dendral, Stanford University

Douglas Lenat's AM program (Stanford PhD dissertation) demonstrated the discovery model (loosely guided search for interesting conjectures).

Tags: Discovery, Heuristics, Concept Formation, Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, AM program, Douglas Lenat, Stanford University

Randall Davis demonstrated the power of meta-level reasoning in his PhD dissertation at Stanford.

Tags: Reasoning, Meta-reasoning, Knowledge Representation, Artificial Intelligence, PhD Dissertation, Randall Davis, Stanford University

Stevo Bozinovski and Ante Fulgosi introduced transfer learning method in artificial intelligence, based on the psychology of learning.

Tags: Transfer Learning, Learning, Psychology, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Stevo Bozinovski, Ante Fulgosi

Tom Mitchell, at Stanford, invented the concept of Version spaces for describing the search space of a concept formation program.

Tags: Concept Learning, Version Spaces, Machine Learning, Search, Tom Mitchell, Stanford University

The MOLGEN program, written at Stanford by Mark Stefik and Peter Friedland, demonstrated that an object-oriented programming representation of knowled...

Tags: Object-Oriented Programming, Knowledge Representation, Gene Cloning, Molecular Biology, Mark Stefik, Peter Friedland, Stanford University

Herbert A. Simon wins the Nobel Prize in Economics for his theory of bounded rationality, one of the cornerstones of AI known as "satisficing".

Tags: Bounded Rationality, Economics, Nobel Prize, Satisficing, Herbert A. Simon, Cognitive Science

Drew McDermott and Jon Doyle at MIT, and John McCarthy at Stanford begin publishing work on non-monotonic logics and formal aspects of truth maintenan...

Tags: Non-Monotonic Logic, Reasoning, Knowledge Representation, Truth Maintenance, Drew McDermott, Jon Doyle, John McCarthy, MIT, Stanford University

Cordell Green, David Barstow, Elaine Kant and others at Stanford demonstrated the CHI system for automatic programming.

Tags: Automatic Programming, Software Engineering, CHI, Cordell Green, David Barstow, Stanford University

Bill VanMelle's PhD dissertation at Stanford demonstrated the generality of MYCIN's representation of knowledge and style of reasoning in his EMYCIN p...

Tags: Expert Systems, EMYCIN, Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, MYCIN, Bill VanMelle, Stanford University

Jack Myers and Harry Pople at University of Pittsburgh developed INTERNIST, a knowledge-based medical diagnosis program based on Dr. Myers' clinical k...

Tags: Medical Diagnosis, Expert Systems, Knowledge Representation, INTERNIST, Harry Pople, Jack Myers, University of Pittsburgh

The Stanford Cart, built by Hans Moravec, becomes the first computer-controlled, autonomous vehicle when it successfully traverses a chair-filled room...

Tags: Autonomous Vehicles, Robotics, Computer Vision, Stanford Cart, Hans Moravec, Stanford University

BKG, a backgammon program written by Hans Berliner at CMU, defeats the reigning world champion (in part via luck).

Tags: Game Playing, Backgammon, Artificial Intelligence, BKG, Hans Berliner, CMU

First National Conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) held at Stanford.

Tags: AAAI, Conference, Artificial Intelligence, Society, Stanford University

Danny Hillis designs the connection machine, which utilizes parallel computing to bring new power to AI, and to computation in general. (Later founds ...

Tags: Parallel Computing, Connection Machine, Computer Architecture, Danny Hillis, Thinking Machines Corporation

Stevo Bozinovski and Charles Anderson carry out first concurrent programming (task parallelism) in neural network research. A program, "CAA Controller...

Tags: Neural Networks, Parallel Processing, Concurrent Programming, Task Parallelism, VAX/VMS, Machine Learning, Early AI, Bozinovski, Anderson

The Fifth Generation Computer Systems project (FGCS), an initiative by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create ...

Tags: Fifth Generation, Parallel Computing, Logic Programming, Knowledge Representation, AI Research, Japanese AI, FGCS, MITI

John Laird and Paul Rosenbloom, working with Allen Newell, complete CMU dissertations on Soar (program).

Tags: Soar, Cognitive Architecture, Symbolic AI, Problem Solving, Machine Learning, Newell, Laird, Rosenbloom, CMU

James F. Allen invents the Interval Calculus, the first widely used formalization of temporal events.

Tags: Temporal Reasoning, Interval Calculus, Time Representation, Knowledge Representation, AI Planning, Allen

The autonomous drawing program, AARON, created by Harold Cohen, is demonstrated at the AAAI National Conference (based on more than a decade of work, ...

Tags: Generative Art, Autonomous Agents, Art and AI, Computational Creativity, Harold Cohen, AAAI, Early Applications

Barbara Grosz and Candace Sidner create the first computation model of discourse, establishing the field of research.

Tags: Natural Language Processing, Discourse Understanding, Computational Linguistics, Dialogue Systems, Grosz, Sidner

The team of Ernst Dickmanns at Bundeswehr University of Munich builds the first robot cars, driving up to 55 mph on empty streets.

Tags: Autonomous Vehicles, Robotics, Self-Driving Cars, Computer Vision, Ernst Dickmanns, Bundeswehr University, Early Robotics

Marvin Minsky published The Society of Mind, a theoretical description of the mind as a collection of cooperating agents. He had been lecturing on th...

Tags: Society of Mind, Cognitive Science, Artificial General Intelligence, Agent-based Systems, Minsky, Cognitive Architecture, Theory of Mind

Around the same time, Rodney Brooks introduced the subsumption architecture and behavior-based robotics as a more minimalist modular model of natural ...

Tags: Behavior-Based Robotics, Subsumption Architecture, Nouvelle AI, Rodney Brooks, Robotics, AI Architecture

Commercial launch of generation 2.0 of Alacrity by Alacritous Inc./Allstar Advice Inc. Toronto, the first commercial strategic and managerial advisory...

Tags: Expert Systems, Business Intelligence, Strategic Planning, Managerial Advisory, Alacrity, Commercial AI, Early Applications

The development of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) Very-large-scale integration (VLSI), in the form of complementary MOS (CMOS) technology, enabled th...

Tags: Neural Networks, VLSI, CMOS, Hardware Acceleration, Analog Circuits, Mead, Ismail

Dean Pomerleau at CMU creates ALVINN (An Autonomous Land Vehicle in a Neural Network), which was used in the Navlab program.

Tags: Autonomous Vehicles, Neural Networks, ALVINN, Navlab, Machine Learning, Pomerleau, Self-Driving Cars

DART scheduling application deployed in the first Gulf War paid back DARPA's investment of 30 years in AI research.

Tags: AI in Warfare, Logistics, DART, DARPA, Military Applications, Impact

Carol Stoker and NASA Ames robotics team explore marine life in Antarctica with an undersea robot Telepresence ROV operated from the ice near McMurdo ...

Tags: Robotics, Remote Operation, Underwater Robotics, Telepresence, NASA, Stoker

Ian Horswill extended behavior-based robotics by creating Polly, the first robot to navigate using vision and operate at animal-like speeds (1 meter/s...

Tags: Behavior-Based Robotics, Vision-Based Navigation, Polly, Robotics, Horswill, Early Robotics

Rodney Brooks, Lynn Andrea Stein and Cynthia Breazeal started the widely publicized MIT Cog project with numerous collaborators, in an attempt to buil...

Tags: Robotics, Humanoid Robots, MIT, Cognitive Science, 1990s, Rodney Brooks

ISX corporation wins "DARPA contractor of the year" for the Dynamic Analysis and Replanning Tool (DART) which reportedly repaid the US government's en...

Tags: DARPA, Logistics, Optimization, 1990s, Government Funding, ISX Corporation

Lotfi A. Zadeh at U.C. Berkeley creates "soft computing" and builds a world network of research with a fusion of neural science and neural net systems...

Tags: Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks, Soft Computing, Theoretical Frameworks, Lotfi Zadeh, 1990s

With passengers on board, the twin robot cars VaMP and VITA-2 of Ernst Dickmanns and Daimler-Benz drive more than one thousand kilometers on a Paris t...

Tags: Autonomous Driving, Self-Driving Cars, Computer Vision, Daimler-Benz, 1990s, Ernst Dickmanns

English draughts (checkers) world champion Tinsley resigned a match against computer program Chinook. Chinook defeated 2nd highest rated player, Laffe...

Tags: Game Playing, Checkers, Chinook, Artificial Intelligence, 1990s

Cindy Mason at NASA organizes the First AAAI Workshop on AI and the Environment.

Tags: AI and Environment, AAAI, Workshop, Environmental Applications, 1990s, Cindy Mason

Cindy Mason at NASA organizes the First International IJCAI Workshop on AI and the Environment.

Tags: AI and Environment, IJCAI, Workshop, Environmental Applications, 1990s, Cindy Mason

"No Hands Across America": A semi-autonomous car drove coast-to-coast across the United States with computer-controlled steering for 2,797 miles (4,50...

Tags: Autonomous Driving, Self-Driving Cars, Cross-Country Drive, 1990s, Carnegie Mellon University

One of Ernst Dickmanns' robot cars (with robot-controlled throttle and brakes) drove more than 1000 miles from Munich to Copenhagen and back, in traff...

Tags: Autonomous Driving, Self-Driving Cars, Computer Vision, Ernst Dickmanns, 1990s

Steve Grand, roboticist and computer scientist, develops and releases Creatures, a popular simulation of artificial life-forms with simulated biochemi...

Tags: Artificial Life, Simulation, Creatures, Steve Grand, 1990s, Genetic Algorithms

Long short-term memory (LSTM) was published in Neural Computation by Sepp Hochreiter and Juergen Schmidhuber.

Tags: LSTM, Neural Networks, Recurrent Neural Networks, Deep Learning, Sepp Hochreiter, Juergen Schmidhuber, 1990s

The Deep Blue chess machine (IBM) defeats the (then) world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.

Tags: Chess, Deep Blue, Garry Kasparov, IBM, Game Playing, 1990s

First official RoboCup football (soccer) match featuring table-top matches with 40 teams of interacting robots and over 5000 spectators.

Tags: Robotics, RoboCup, Soccer, Autonomous Robots, Competition, 1990s

Computer Othello program Logistello defeated the world champion Takeshi Murakami with a score of 6–0.

Tags: Game Playing, Othello, Logistello, Artificial Intelligence, 1990s

Tim Berners-Lee published his Semantic Web Road map paper.

Tags: Semantic Web, Web Technologies, Tim Berners-Lee, Knowledge Representation, Ontology, Linked Data, Information Retrieval, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

Leslie P. Kaelbling, Michael L. Littman, and Anthony Cassandra introduce POMDPs and a scalable method for solving them to the AI community, jumpstarti...

Tags: POMDPs, Robotics, Automated Planning, Scheduling, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Algorithms, Decision Making

Tiger Electronics' Furby is released, and becomes the first successful attempt at producing a type of A.I to reach a domestic environment.

Tags: Toys, Furby, Artificial Life, Consumer Products, 1990s, Tiger Electronics

Ulises Cortés and Miquel Sànchez-Marrè organize the first Environment and AI Workshop in Europe ECAI, "Binding Environmental Sciences and Artificial I...

Tags: Environmental Science, Artificial Intelligence, ECAI, Workshop, AI Applications, Robotics, Automation

Sony introduces an improved domestic robot similar to a Furby, the AIBO becomes one of the first artificially intelligent "pets" that is also autonomo...

Tags: Robotics, AIBO, Artificial Intelligence, Autonomous Systems, Entertainment, Consumer Electronics, Human-Robot Interaction, Sony

Interactive robopets ("smart toys") become commercially available, realizing the vision of the 18th century novelty toy makers.

Tags: Robotics, Smart Toys, Artificial Intelligence, Consumer Products, Human-Robot Interaction, Entertainment

Cynthia Breazeal at MIT publishes her dissertation on Sociable machines, describing Kismet (robot), with a face that expresses emotions.

Tags: Robotics, Human-Robot Interaction, Kismet, Cynthia Breazeal, Sociable Robots, MIT, Artificial Intelligence, Emotion Recognition

The Nomad robot explores remote regions of Antarctica looking for meteorite samples.

Tags: Robotics, Exploration, Antarctica, Meteorite Hunting, Autonomous Systems, NASA

iRobot's Roomba autonomously vacuums the floor while navigating and avoiding obstacles.

Tags: Robotics, Roomba, Autonomous Systems, Consumer Robotics, iRobot, Artificial Intelligence, Home Automation

OWL Web Ontology Language W3C Recommendation (10 February 2004).

Tags: Semantic Web, OWL, Web Ontology Language, W3C, Knowledge Representation, Ontology, Linked Data

DARPA introduces the DARPA Grand Challenge requiring competitors to produce autonomous vehicles for prize money.

Tags: Autonomous Vehicles, DARPA, Grand Challenge, Robotics, Competition, Self-Driving Cars, Artificial Intelligence

NASA's robotic exploration rovers Spirit and Opportunity autonomously navigate the surface of Mars.

Tags: Robotics, Space Exploration, Mars, NASA, Spirit, Opportunity, Autonomous Systems, Planetary Science

Blue Brain is born, a project to simulate the brain at molecular detail.

Tags: Brain Simulation, Blue Brain Project, Computational Neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence, Neuroscience, Molecular Simulation, Modeling

Honda's ASIMO robot, an artificially intelligent humanoid robot, is able to walk as fast as a human, delivering trays to customers in restaurant setti...

Tags: Robotics, ASIMO, Humanoid Robot, Honda, Artificial Intelligence, Human-Robot Interaction, Service Robotics

Recommendation technology based on tracking web activity or media usage brings AI to marketing. See TiVo Suggestions.

Tags: Recommendation Systems, Marketing, TiVo, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Personalization, Consumer Behavior

The Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference: The Next 50 Years (AI@50) AI@50 (14–16 July 2006)

Tags: Artificial Intelligence, Dartmouth Workshop, History of AI, Conference, AI@50, AI Research, Future of AI

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B – Biology, one of the world's oldest scientific journals, puts out a special issue on using AI to u...

Tags: Computational Biology, Biological Intelligence, Cognitive Science, AI Research, Models of Natural Action Selection, Journal Publication

Checkers is solved by a team of researchers at the University of Alberta.

Tags: Game Playing, Checkers, Algorithm, Search, Solved Game, University of Alberta

DARPA launches the Urban Challenge for autonomous cars to obey traffic rules and operate in an urban environment.

Tags: Autonomous Vehicles, DARPA, Robotics, Urban Environment, Self-Driving Cars, Computer Vision

Cynthia Mason at Stanford presents her idea on Artificial Compassionate Intelligence, in her paper on "Giving Robots Compassion".

Tags: Affective Computing, Compassion, Robotics, Human-Computer Interaction, Stanford University

An LSTM trained by connectionist temporal classification was the first recurrent neural network to win pattern recognition contests, winning three com...

Tags: Recurrent Neural Networks, LSTM, Handwriting Recognition, Deep Learning, Connectionist Temporal Classification, Pattern Recognition

Google builds an autonomous car.

Tags: Autonomous Vehicles, Google, Self-Driving Cars, Computer Vision, Robotics, Machine Learning

Microsoft launched Kinect for Xbox 360, the first gaming device to track human body movement, using just a 3D camera and infra-red detection, enabling...

Tags: Human-Computer Interaction, Machine Learning, Computer Vision, Motion Capture, Gaming, Microsoft, Kinect

IBM's Watson computer defeated television game show Jeopardy! champions Rutter and Jennings.

Tags: Question Answering, Natural Language Processing, IBM, Jeopardy!, Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), Watson

Mary Lou Maher and Doug Fisher organize the First AAAI Workshop on AI and Sustainability.

Tags: Sustainability, Ethics, AAAI, AI and Society, Environment, Workshop

AlexNet, a deep learning model developed by Alex Krizhevsky, wins the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge with half as many errors as th...

Tags: Deep Learning, Image Recognition, AlexNet, ImageNet, GPU, Krizhevsky, Convolutional Neural Networks

NEIL, the Never Ending Image Learner, is released at Carnegie Mellon University to constantly compare and analyze relationships between different imag...

Tags: Computer Vision, Machine Learning, Image Analysis, Carnegie Mellon University, NEIL, Unsupervised Learning

Robot HRP-2 built by SCHAFT Inc of Japan, a subsidiary of Google, defeats 15 teams to win DARPA’s Robotics Challenge Trials. HRP-2 scored 27 out of 32...

Tags: Robotics, DARPA Robotics Challenge, HRP-2, Disaster Response, SCHAFT Inc., Robotics

Two techniques were developed concurrently to train very deep networks: highway network, and the residual neural network (ResNet). They allowed over 1...

Tags: Deep Learning, Neural Networks, Highway Networks, Residual Networks, ResNet, Training Techniques

Google DeepMind's AlphaGo (version: Fan) defeated three-time European Go champion 2 dan professional Fan Hui by 5 games to 0.

Tags: DeepMind, AlphaGo, Go, Game Playing, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Computer Games, Fan Hui

In January 2015, Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, and dozens of artificial intelligence experts signed an open letter on artificial intelligence calling fo...

Tags: AI Ethics, Societal Impact, Open Letter, Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, Artificial Intelligence

In July 2015, an open letter to ban development and use of autonomous weapons was signed by Hawking, Musk, Wozniak and 3,000 researchers in AI and rob...

Tags: Autonomous Weapons, Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), AI Ethics, Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, AI and Society

Google DeepMind's AlphaGo (version: Lee) defeated Lee Sedol 4–1. Lee Sedol is a 9 dan professional Korean Go champion who won 27 major tournaments fro...

Tags: DeepMind, AlphaGo, Go, Game Playing, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Lee Sedol, Computer Games

Transformer architecture was invented, which led to new kinds of large language models such as BERT by Google, followed by the generative pre-trained ...

Tags: Transformer, Natural Language Processing, BERT, Large Language Models, Deep Learning, Generative Models, Machine Translation, OpenAI

A propositional logic boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) solver proves a long-standing mathematical conjecture on Pythagorean triples over the set o...

Tags: SAT Solver, Mathematics, Proof Verification, Boolean Satisfiability, Algorithm, Mathematical Proof

Deepstack is the first published algorithm to beat human players in imperfect information games, as shown with statistical significance on heads-up no...

Tags: Poker, Imperfect Information Games, Game Playing, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, DeepStack, Libratus

In May 2017, Google DeepMind's AlphaGo (version: Master) beat Ke Jie, who at the time continuously held the world No. 1 ranking for two years, winning...

Tags: DeepMind, AlphaGo, Go, Game Playing, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Ke Jie, Computer Games

An OpenAI bot using machine learning played at The International 2017 Dota 2 tournament in August 2017. It won during a 1v1 demonstration game against...

Tags: OpenAI, Dota 2, Game Playing, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Computer Games, Esports

Google Lens image analysis and comparison tool released in October 2017, associates millions of landscapes, artworks, products and species to their te...

Tags: Google, Image Recognition, Computer Vision, Machine Learning, Object Recognition, Google Lens, AI Applications

Google DeepMind revealed that AlphaGo Zero—an improved version of AlphaGo—displayed significant performance gains while using far fewer tensor process...

Tags: DeepMind, AlphaGo, AlphaGo Zero, Go, Self-Play, Reinforcement Learning, Game Playing, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Unsupervised Learning

Asilomar Conference on Beneficial AI was held, to discuss AI ethics and how to bring about beneficial AI while avoiding the existential risk from arti...

Tags: AI Ethics, Beneficial AI, Artificial General Intelligence, Conference, AI Safety, Asilomar, Future of AI, Governance

Alibaba language processing AI outscores top humans at a Stanford University reading and comprehension test, scoring 82.44 against 82.304 on a set of ...

Tags: Alibaba, Reading Comprehension, Natural Language Processing, AI Benchmark, Machine Learning, Stanford University, Language Understanding

Announcement of Google Duplex, a service to allow an AI assistant to book appointments over the phone. The Los Angeles Times judges the AI's voice to ...

Tags: Google, Duplex, AI Assistant, Natural Language Processing, Speech Synthesis, Conversation AI, AI Applications

The European Lab for Learning and Intelligent Systems (aka Ellis) proposed as a pan-European competitor to American AI efforts, with the aim of stavin...

Tags: Ellis, European AI, AI Research, Brain Drain, International Collaboration, Policy

DeepMind's AlphaStar reaches Grandmaster level at StarCraft II, outperforming 99.8 percent of human players.

Tags: DeepMind, AlphaStar, StarCraft II, Game Playing, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Reinforcement Learning, Computer Games, Esports

In February 2020, Microsoft introduces its Turing Natural Language Generation (T-NLG), which is the "largest language model ever published at 17 billi...

Tags: Microsoft, Turing-NLG, Language Model, Natural Language Generation, Large Language Model, Deep Learning

OpenAI introduces GPT-3, a state-of-the-art autoregressive language model that uses deep learning to produce a variety of computer codes, poetry and o...

Tags: GPT-3, OpenAI, Large language model, Deep learning, Natural language processing, Generative AI

In November 2020, AlphaFold 2 by DeepMind, a model that performs predictions of protein structure, wins the CASP competition.

Tags: Protein folding, DeepMind, CASP, Prediction, Computational biology, Artificial intelligence

ChatGPT, an AI chatbot developed by OpenAI, debuts in November 2022. It is initially built on top of the GPT-3.5 large language model. While it gains ...

Tags: ChatGPT, OpenAI, Large language model, Generative AI, Public discourse, Societal impact, Hallucinations

A November 2022 class action lawsuit against Microsoft, GitHub and OpenAI alleges that GitHub Copilot, an AI-powered code editing tool trained on publ...

Tags: Copyright, GitHub Copilot, Microsoft, GitHub, OpenAI, Code generation, Legal challenges

OpenAI's GPT-4 model is released in March 2023 and is regarded as an impressive improvement over GPT-3.5, with the caveat that GPT-4 retains many of t...

Tags: GPT-4, OpenAI, Large language model, Multimodal, Generative AI, SAT, LSAT, Uniform Bar Exam

In May 2023, Google makes an announcement regarding Bard's transition from LaMDA to PaLM2, a significantly more advanced language model.

Tags: Google, Bard, PaLM 2, Large language model, Technological advancement

In response to ChatGPT, Google releases in a limited capacity its chatbot Google Bard, based on the LaMDA and PaLM large language models, in March 202...

Tags: Google, Bard, LaMDA, PaLM, Large language model, Chatbot

Google releases Gemini 1.0 Ultra.

Tags: Large Language Model, Generative AI, Google, AI Development, AI research, AI Applications

By January 2023, ChatGPT has more than 100 million users, making it the fastest-growing consumer application to date.

Tags: ChatGPT, OpenAI, User adoption, Generative AI, Rapid growth, Consumer application

On January 16, 2023, three artists, Sarah Andersen, Kelly McKernan, and Karla Ortiz, file a class-action copyright infringement lawsuit against Stabil...

Tags: Copyright infringement, Stability AI, Midjourney, DeviantArt, AI art, Generative AI, Legal challenges

On January 17, 2023, Stability AI is sued in London by Getty Images for using its images in their training data without purchasing a license.

Tags: Getty Images, Stability AI, Copyright infringement, Legal challenges, Image licensing, AI art

Getty files another suit against Stability AI in a US district court in Delaware on February 6, 2023. In the suit, Getty again alleges copyright infri...

Tags: Getty Images, Stability AI, Copyright infringement, Trademark, Legal challenges, AI art

On March 7, 2023, Nature Biomedical Engineering writes that "it is no longer possible to accurately distinguish" human-written text from text created ...

Tags: Large language models, Text generation, Natural language processing, Biomedical Engineering, Generative AI, Impact

On March 29, 2023, a petition of over 1,000 signatures is signed by Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak and other tech leaders, calling for a 6-month halt to wha...

Tags: AI safety, Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak, AI regulation, Ethical concerns, AI control

In the last week of May 2023, a Statement on AI Risk is signed by Geoffrey Hinton, Sam Altman, Bill Gates, and many other prominent AI researchers and...

Tags: AI risk, Extinction risk, Geoffrey Hinton, Sam Altman, Bill Gates, AI safety, Ethical concerns

On July 9, 2023, Sarah Silverman files a class action lawsuit against Meta and OpenAI for copyright infringement for training their large language mod...

Tags: Copyright infringement, Sarah Silverman, Meta, OpenAI, Large language models, Legal challenges

In August, 2023, the New York Times, CNN, Reuters, the Chicago Tribune, Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and other news companies block OpenA...

Tags: Content Licensing, Web Crawlers, GPTBot, Copyright, Generative AI, News Media, OpenAI, Data Privacy

On September 13, 2023, in a serious response to growing anxiety about the dangers of AI, the US Senate holds the inaugural bipartisan "AI Insight Foru...

Tags: Government Regulation, AI Ethics, Policy, US Senate, AI Safety, Stakeholders, Risk Assessment, Bipartisan, Legislation

On October 30, 2023, US President Biden signed the Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence...

Tags: Executive Order, AI Policy, Government Regulation, AI Safety, Trustworthy AI, Biden Administration, AI Governance

In November 2023, the first global AI Safety Summit was held in Bletchley Park in the UK to discuss the near and far term risks of AI and the possibil...

Tags: AI Safety, International Cooperation, Regulatory Frameworks, AI Risks, Bletchley Park, Global Summit, AI Governance, Ethics

On February 15, 2024, Google releases Gemini 1.5 in limited beta, capable of context length up to 1 million tokens.

Tags: Large Language Model, Generative AI, Google, AI Development, Context Length, AI research

Also, on February 15, 2024, OpenAI publicly announces Sora, a text-to-video model for generating videos up to a minute long.

Tags: Text-to-Video, Generative AI, OpenAI, AI Video Generation, AI Art, Sora

Google DeepMind unveils DNA prediction software AlphaFold which helps to identify cancer and genetic diseases.

Tags: AI in Healthcare, Protein Folding, Google DeepMind, Medical Diagnosis, AlphaFold, Genetic Diseases, Cancer

On 22 February, StabilityAI announces Stable Diffusion 3, using a similar architecture to Sora.

Tags: Image Generation, AI Art, Stable Diffusion, StabilityAI, Generative AI, AI Image Models

On June 10, Apple announced "Apple Intelligence" which incorporates ChatGPT into new iPhones and Siri.

Tags: Apple, AI Assistant, ChatGPT, Siri, Mobile AI, AI Integration, Generative AI

On October 9, Co-founder and CEO of Google DeepMind and Isomorphic Labs Sir Demis Hassabis, and Google DeepMind Director Dr. John Jumper were co-award...

Tags: Nobel Prize, AlphaFold, Google DeepMind, Protein Structure Prediction, AI in Chemistry, Demis Hassabis, John Jumper

On February 6, Mistral AI releases Le Chat, an AI assistant able to answer up to 1,000 words per second.

Tags: AI Assistant, Large Language Model, Generative AI, Mistral AI, French AI, Le Chat

On February 10 and 11, France hosts the Artificial Intelligence Action Summit. 61 countries, including China, India, Japan, France and Canada, sign a ...

Tags: AI Policy, International Cooperation, AI Summit, Inclusive AI, Sustainable AI, Global AI Governance, France