1968 ⟶ Macsyma: Symbolic Reasoning for Integration

Joel Moses (PhD work at MIT) demonstrated the power of symbo...

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1961

1963

1966

1968

🧮 SAINT: First Symbolic Integration Program

James Slagle (PhD dissertation, MIT) wrote (in Lisp) the first symbolic integration program, SAINT, which solved Calculus problems at the college freshman level.⟶

Symbolic ComputationLispJames SlagleEarly AICalculusAutomation

United States

💡 ANALOGY Program Solves IQ Test Analogies

Thomas Evans' program, Analogy, written as part of his PhD work at MIT, demonstrated that computers can solve the same Analogy problems as are given on IQ tests.⟶

IQ TestsProblem SolvingThomas EvansMITEarly AI Applications

United States

🔬 Dendral Program Interprets Mass Spectra

Dendral program (Edward Feigenbaum, Joshua Lederberg, Bruce Buchanan, Georgia Sutherland at Stanford University) demonstrated to interpret mass spectra on organic chemical compounds. First successful knowledge-based program for scientific reasoning.⟶

Expert SystemsKnowledge-Based SystemsStanford UniversityScientific ReasoningChemistryFeigenbaumDendral

United States

➕ Macsyma: Symbolic Reasoning for Integration

Joel Moses (PhD work at MIT) demonstrated the power of symbolic reasoning for integration problems in the Macsyma program. First successful knowledge-based program in Mathematics.⟶

Symbolic ReasoningMathematicsKnowledge-Based SystemsMITMacsymaMoses

United States

♟️ Mac Hack: Knowledge-Based Chess Program

Richard Greenblatt (programmer) at MIT built a knowledge-based chess-playing program, Mac Hack, that was good enough to achieve a class-C rating in tournament play.⟶

ChessGame PlayingKnowledge-Based SystemsMITGreenblattAI and Games

United States