John Joseph Merlin invents the first Roller skates.

Tags: Transportation, Recreation, Sport

Mikhail Lomonosov: discovery of the atmosphere of Venus.

Tags: Astronomy, Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution, Planetary Science, Venus

The problem of longitude was finally resolved by the fourth chronometer of John Harrison

Tags: Navigation, Maritime History, Scientific Innovation, Exploration, Age of Exploration, Measurement

Marine chronometer invented.

Tags: Navigation, Maritime History, Scientific Revolution, Exploration, Clockmaking, Age of Discovery, Precision Engineering

Thomas Bayes publishes first version of Bayes' theorem, paving the way for Bayesian probability

Tags: Statistics, Mathematics, Scientific Revolution, Epistemology, Data Analysis

James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Textile Industry, Manufacturing, Mechanization

James Watt enhances Newcomen's steam engine, allowing new steel technologies

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steam Engine, James Watt, Steel Production, Manufacturing

James Watt invents the improved steam engine utilizing a separate condenser.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steam Engine, James Watt, Manufacturing, Energy

Joseph Priestley invents a method for the production of carbonated water.

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Joseph Priestley

1779: James Cook mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many Pacific Islands

Tags: Exploration, Cartography, Age of Exploration, British Empire, Scientific Revolution, James Cook

1770: James Cook explores and maps New Zealand and Australia.

Tags: Exploration, Mapping, Age of Exploration, British Empire, Maritime History, Colonialism, James Cook, Cartography

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot invents the first steam-powered vehicle capable of carrying passengers, an early car.

Tags: Steam Engine, Automobile, Transportation, Industrial Revolution

James Cook stops at Onrust Island in the Bay of Batavia for repairs to his ship Endeavour on his voyage around the world.

Tags: Exploration, Voyages of Discovery, Maritime History, James Cook, Colonialism, Scientific Expedition

Richard Salter invents the earliest known design for a weighing scale.

Tags: Measurement, Industrial Revolution, Trade

Charles Messier: publishes catalogue of astronomical objects (Messier Objects) now known to include galaxies, star clusters, and nebulae.

Tags: Astronomy, Scientific Revolution, Galaxies, Cosmology, Observation

Richard Arkwright and his partners build the world's first water-powered mill at Cromford.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Textile Industry, Manufacturing

Joseph Priestley discovers "dephlogisticated air", oxygen

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Joseph Priestley

John Wilkinson invents his boring machine, considered by some to be the first machine tool.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Machine Tools, Manufacturing, Mechanical Engineering

Joseph Priestley's first synthesis of "phlogisticated nitrous air", nitrous oxide, "laughing gas"

Tags: Chemistry, Experimentation, Joseph Priestley, Enlightenment, Medical History

John Harrison H4 and Larcum Kendall K1 marine chronometers are used to measure longitude by James Cook on his second voyage (1772–1775).

Tags: Exploration, Navigation, Maritime History, Scientific Instruments, James Cook, Age of Exploration

Jesse Ramsden invents the modern screw-cutting lathe.

Tags: Manufacturing, Industrial Revolution, Precision, Machine Tools, Mechanization

First improved steam engines installed by James Watt

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steam Engine, James Watt, Manufacturing, Energy

Steamboat invented by Claude de Jouffroy

Tags: Transportation, Steam Power

John Wilkinson invents a mechanical air compressor that would become the prototype for all later mechanical compressors.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Mechanical Engineering, Inventions, Mining, Manufacturing

Circular saw invented by Samuel Miller

Tags: Woodworking, Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, American History

24 April, the Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences is established by a group of Dutch intellectuals; this institution is a pioneer of scientifi...

Tags: Enlightenment, Cultural Exchange, Exploration, Knowledge

Antoine Lavoisier (and Joseph Priestley): discovery of oxygen leading to end of Phlogiston theory.

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Antoine Lavoisier, Joseph Priestley, Enlightenment

Robert Barron invents the first lever tumbler lock.

Tags: Security, Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Revolution

Photosynthesis was first discovered by Jan Ingenhousz

Tags: Biology, Botany, Enlightenment

William Herschel announces discovery of Uranus, expanding the known boundaries of the Solar System for the first time in modern history.

Tags: Astronomy, Scientific Revolution, Planetary Science, Solar System, Discovery, Enlightenment, Telescope, Cosmology

Claude de Jouffroy builds the first steamboat.

Tags: Steam Power, Transportation, French Revolution

Joseph-Ralf and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier build the first manned hot air balloon.

Tags: Aeronautics, Flight, Transportation

Louis-Sébastien Lenormand invents and uses the first modern parachute.

Tags: Flight

Bifocals invented by Benjamin Franklin

Tags: Inventions, Optics, Benjamin Franklin, Medicine, American History

Argand lamp invented by Aimé Argand

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Lighting

Martinus van Marum is the first to use the electrolysis technique.

Tags: Chemistry, Electricity, Experimental Physics, Scientific Revolution

William Withering: publishes the first definitive account of the use of foxglove (digitalis) for treating dropsy.

Tags: Medicine, Botany, Scientific Publication

Power loom invented by Edmund Cartwright

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Textile Industry, Mechanization, Manufacturing, Economic History

Automatic flour mill invented by Oliver Evans

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, Agriculture, Automation, American History

Threshing machine invented by Andrew Meikle

Tags: Agriculture, Industrial Revolution

Jacques Charles discovers Charles's law

Tags: Physics, Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Temperature

Antoine Lavoisier: law of conservation of mass, basis for chemistry, and the beginning of modern chemistry.

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Antoine Lavoisier, Modern Science, Enlightenment, Scientific Method, Experimentation

Thomas Saint invents the sewing machine.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Inventions, Textiles, Manufacturing, Patents

1795: George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition.

Tags: Exploration, Mapping, Royal Navy, Pacific Northwest, Cartography

Claude Chappe invents the modern semaphore telegraph.

Tags: Communication, Telegraphy, French Revolution

Eli Whitney invents the modern cotton gin.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Slavery, Textile Industry, Economy, Agriculture, United States History

Joseph Bramah invents the hydraulic press.

Tags: Manufacturing, Industrial Revolution, Mechanical Engineering

Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination; smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century, including ...

Tags: Medicine, Vaccination, Public Health, Infectious Diseases, Edward Jenner, Global Impact

Mungo Park, backed by the African Association, is the first European to set eyes on the Niger River in Africa.

Tags: Exploration, Geography, Colonialism, Imperialism

Georges Cuvier: Establishes extinction as a fact.

Tags: Paleontology, Biology, Extinction, Natural History, Scientific Revolution

Edward Jenner: smallpox historical accounting.

Tags: Medicine, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, Public Health, Edward Jenner, Scientific Revolution, Smallpox

Hanaoka Seishū: develops general anaesthesia.

Tags: Medicine, Surgery, Anesthesia, Edo Period, Japanese History, Scientific Breakthrough, Medical History

Alois Senefelder invents the lithography printing technique.

Tags: Printing, Communication, Art, Mass Production

Samuel Bentham invents plywood.

Tags: Woodworking, Manufacturing, Industrial Revolution

Edward Jenner publishes a treatise about smallpox vaccination

Tags: Medicine, Vaccination, Smallpox, Public Health, Edward Jenner, Medical Breakthrough, Global Impact

The Lithographic printing process invented by Alois Senefelder

Tags: Printing, Communication, Industrial Revolution, Mass Production, Art

Rosetta Stone discovered by Napoleon's troops

Tags: Archaeology, Napoleon Bonaparte, Enlightenment

George Medhurst invents the first motorized air compressor.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing

The first paper machine is invented by Louis-Nicolas Robert.

Tags: Paper, Printing, Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, Communication, Mass Production

Alessandro Volta: discovers electrochemical series and invents the battery.

Tags: Physics, Electricity, Electrochemistry, Energy

Alessandro Volta invents the voltaic pile, an early form of battery in Italy, based on previous works by Luigi Galvani.

Tags: Electricity, Battery, Physics

Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi discovers the dwarf planet Ceres.

Tags: Astronomy, Planetary Science, Solar System

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: teleological evolution.

Tags: Evolution, Biology, Scientific Theory, Ideas

Humphry Davy invents the arc lamp (exact date unclear; not practical as a light source until the invention of efficient electric generators).

Tags: Electricity, Lighting, Experimentation, Industrial Revolution

William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the "first practical steamboat".

Tags: Transportation, Industrial Revolution

Lewis and Clark Expedition in western U.S.

Tags: Exploration, United States History, Mapping, Indigenous Peoples, Territorial Expansion

Morphine first isolated.

Tags: Chemistry, Medicine, Pharmaceuticals, Pharmacology

Friedrich Sertürner discovers morphine as the first active alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy plant.

Tags: Chemistry, Medicine, Pharmacology

Hanaoka Seishū creates tsūsensan, the first modern general anesthetic.

Tags: Medicine, Anesthesia, Surgery, Japanese History, Medical History

First steam locomotive begins operation.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Transportation, Steam Power

Joseph Marie Jacquard develops his automated Jacquard loom.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Textile Industry, Automation, Manufacturing, Mechanical Engineering

Richard Trevithick invents the steam locomotive.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steam Power, Transportation

John Dalton: Atomic Theory in (chemistry).

Tags: Chemistry, Atomic Theory, Scientific Revolution, Elements, Scientific Advancement, Theory

Potassium and Sodium are individually isolated by Humphry Davy.

Tags: Chemistry, Elements, Experimentation

Nicéphore Niépce invents an early internal combustion engine capable of doing useful work.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Engine, Mechanization, Energy

François Isaac de Rivaz designs the first automobile powered by an internal combustion engine fuelled by hydrogen.

Tags: Transportation, Automobile, Internal Combustion Engine

Robert Fulton expands water transportation and trade with the workable steamboat.

Tags: Transportation, Steam Power, Trade, Industrial Revolution

Herman Willem Daendels the Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies (1808–1811) begin the construction of Java Great Post Road.

Tags: Infrastructure, Dutch East Indies, Colonialism, Transportation

Nicolas Appert invents the canning process for food.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Logistics

Abraham-Louis Breguet creates the first wristwatch.

Tags: Luxury Goods

Friedrich Koenig invents the first powered printing press, which was also the first to use a cylinder.

Tags: Printing, Industrial Revolution, Mass Production, Communication

William Reid Clanny pioneered the invention of the safety lamp which he improved in later years. Safety lamps based on Clanny's improved design were u...

Tags: Mining, Safety, Industrial Revolution

William Hedley's Puffing Billy demonstrates power of steam locomotives.

Tags: Steam Engine, Transportation, Industrial Revolution, Mining

James Fox invents the modern planing machine, though Matthew Murray of Leeds and Richard Roberts of Manchester have also been credited at times with i...

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing

Dandy horse/velocipede bicycle invented.

Tags: Transportation, Mechanical Engineering

René Laennec invents the first Stethoscope.

Tags: Medicine, Medical Technology, Scientific Innovation, French History, Healthcare

Francis Ronalds builds the first working electric telegraph using electrostatic means.

Tags: Telegraphy, Communication, Electricity, Scientific Revolution, Information Technology

Robert Stirling invents the Stirling engine.

Tags: Engine, Thermodynamics, Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Revolution

Baron Karl von Drais invents the dandy horse, an early velocipede and precursor to the modern bicycle.

Tags: Transportation, Mechanical Engineering

Marc Isambard Brunel invents the tunnelling shield.

Tags: Construction, Infrastructure, Transportation, Industrial Revolution

Hans Christian Ørsted discovers that a current passed through a wire will deflect the needle of a compass, establishing the deep relationship between ...

Tags: Physics, Electromagnetism, Electricity, Magnetism, Experimentation, Scientific Revolution, Discovery

Michael Faraday and James Stoddart discover alloying iron with chromium produces a stainless steel resistant to oxidising elements (rust).

Tags: Metallurgy, Chemistry, Materials Science, Industrial Revolution, Michael Faraday, Steel

Thomas Johann Seebeck is the first to observe a property of semiconductors.

Tags: Physics, Semiconductors, Electricity, Energy, Experimentation

Thomas Blanchard invents the pattern-tracing lathe (actually more like a shaper). The lathe can copy symmetrical shapes and is used for making gun sto...

Tags: Manufacturing, Industrial Revolution, Automation

Nicéphore Niépce invents Heliography, the first photographic process.

Tags: Photography, Visual Arts

Charles Babbage, considered the "father of the computer", begins building the first programmable mechanical computer.

Tags: Computer Science, Mechanical Computer, Industrial Revolution, Algorithms

Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner invents the first lighter.

Tags: Chemistry, Lighting

Carnot: described the Carnot cycle, the idealized heat engine.

Tags: Thermodynamics, Physics, Industrial Revolution, Energy

Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse invents the bolt-action rifle.

Tags: Weaponry, Military Technology, Industrial Revolution, Warfare

William Sturgeon invents the electromagnet.

Tags: Electricity, Magnetism, Physics, Industrial Revolution

Joseph Aspdin develops Portland cement (concrete), by heating ground limestone, clay and gypsum, in a kiln.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Construction, Materials Science, Concrete

First isolation of aluminum.

Tags: Chemistry, Material Science

The Stockton and Darlington Railway, the first public railway in the world, opens in England.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Transportation, Railways, Economic Development

American Samuel Morey patents the internal combustion engine.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Patents

John Walker invents the friction match.

Tags: Inventions, Industrial Revolution, Chemistry, Lighting, Consumer Goods

James Sharp invents and goes on to manufacture the first practical gas stove.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Domestic Life

Évariste Galois development of group theory.

Tags: Mathematics, French Revolution, Algebra, Mathematical Innovation

Georg Ohm: Ohm's law (Electricity).

Tags: Physics, Electricity, Scientific Revolution, Mathematics, Energy, Electronics

Amedeo Avogadro: Avogadro's law (Gas law).

Tags: Chemistry, Physics, Scientific Revolution

Nicéphore Niépce invents photography.

Tags: Photography, Visual Arts

Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea, refuting vitalism.

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Modern Science

James Beaumont Neilson develops the hot blast process.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Metallurgy

Patrick Bell invents the reaping machine.

Tags: Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Revolution, Agriculture

Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik invents the first commutated rotary electromechanical machine with electromagnets.

Tags: Electricity, Electromagnetism, Physics, Mechanical Engineering

First electric motor built.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Electricity, Michael Faraday

Louis Braille invents the Braille reading system for the blind.

Tags: Literacy, Education, Social Impact

William Mann invents the compound air compressor.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing, Steam Power

Henry Robinson Palmer is awarded a patent for corrugated galvanised iron.

Tags: Patent, Industrial Revolution, Metalworking

Nikolai Lobachevsky created Non-Euclidean geometry.

Tags: Mathematics, Geometry, Russian Empire, Scientific Revolution

Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Transportation, Railways, Economic Development

Edwin Budding invents the lawn mower.

Tags: Inventions, Industrial Revolution, Mechanical Engineering, Agriculture

1831–1836: Charles Darwin's journey aboard HMS Beagle.

Tags: Biology, Evolution, Natural History, Exploration, Voyages of Discovery, Charles Darwin, Scientific Revolution

Michael Faraday invents a method of electromagnetic induction. It would be independently invented by Joseph Henry the following year. Faraday is credi...

Tags: Physics, Electricity, Magnetism, Electromagnetism, Michael Faraday

Évariste Galois invents Group theory in mathematics.

Tags: Mathematics, French Revolution, Algebra, Theory

Anselme Payen isolates first enzyme, diastase.

Tags: Chemistry, Biology, Biochemistry

Moritz von Jacobi invents the first practical electric motor.

Tags: Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Revolution, Physics

Joseph Henry invents the electromechanical relay.

Tags: Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetism, Communication, Telegraphy, American History

Samuel Colt popularizes the revolver and sets up a firearms company to manufacture his invention of the Colt Paterson revolver a six bullets firearm s...

Tags: American History, Firearms, Weapons, Manufacturing

Telegraphy patented.

Tags: Communication, Samuel Morse, Telegraph, Industrial Revolution

Samuel Morse invents Morse code.

Tags: Communication, Telegraph, Samuel Morse, Electrical Engineering

Charles Babbage proposes a design for the construction of a Turing complete, general purpose Computer, to be called the Analytical Engine.

Tags: Computer Science, Algorithm, Mechanical Computer

Matthias Schleiden: all plants are made of cells.

Tags: Biology, Cell Theory, Botany, Scientific Revolution, Microscopy

Friedrich Bessel: first successful measure of stellar parallax (to star 61 Cygni).

Tags: Astronomy, Physics, Scientific Revolution, Observational Astronomy, Stars, Measurement

Moritz von Jacobi invents electrotyping.

Tags: Electrochemistry, Printing, Communication, Materials Science

William Otis invents the steam shovel.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Construction, Transportation, Mining

James Nasmyth invents the steam hammer.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steam Power, Manufacturing, Mechanization

Edmond Becquerel invents a method for the photovoltaic effect, effectively producing the first solar cell.

Tags: Physics, Energy

Charles Goodyear invents vulcanized rubber.

Tags: Rubber, Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, Materials Science, Transportation

Louis Daguerre invents daguerreotype photography.

Tags: Photography, Visual Arts, Communication

John Herschel invents the blueprint.

Tags: Photography, Printing, Communication

The word "dinosaur" is coined by Richard Owen.

Tags: Paleontology, Zoology, Fossil Discovery, Natural History

Alexander Bain devises a printing telegraph.

Tags: Telegraph, Communication, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Revolution

Anaesthesia used for the first time.

Tags: Medicine, Surgery, Anesthesia, Massachusetts, Medical History

Christian Doppler: Doppler effect.

Tags: Physics, Astronomy, Sound, Light

William Robert Grove invents the first fuel cell.

Tags: Electricity, Electrochemistry

John Bennet Lawes invents superphosphate, the first man-made fertilizer.

Tags: Agriculture, Industrial Revolution, Scientific Advancement, Farming

James Prescott Joule: Law of Conservation of energy (First law of thermodynamics), also 1847 – Helmholtz, Conservation of energy.

Tags: Physics, Thermodynamics, Energy, Scientific Revolution

The great auk is rendered extinct.

Tags: Extinction, Wildlife, Natural History, Conservation, Biodiversity

First publicly funded telegraph line in the world—between Baltimore and Washington—sends demonstration message on 24 May, ushering in the age of the t...

Tags: Telegraph, Communication, American History, Samuel Morse, Transportation

Friedrich Gottlob Keller and, independently, Charles Fenerty come up with the wood pulp method of paper production.

Tags: Paper, Printing, Communication, Industrial Revolution

Francis Rynd invents the hypodermic needle.

Tags: Medicine, Medical Technology, Health, Surgery, Healthcare

Isaac Charles Johnson invents modern Portland cement.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Construction, Materials Science, Infrastructure

Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest: discovery of Neptune.

Tags: Astronomy, Planets, Solar System

Henri-Joseph Maus invents the tunnel boring machine.

Tags: Infrastructure, Industrial Revolution, Transportation, Construction, Mining

Ignaz Semmelweis proposes hand washing as a way to stop the spread of diseases.

Tags: Medicine, Public Health, Hygiene, Germ Theory, Medical History

George Boole: publishes The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, defining Boolean algebra; refined in his 1854 The Laws of Thought.

Tags: Logic, Mathematics, Computer Science, Intellectual History

Ascanio Sobrero invents Nitroglycerin, the first explosive made that was stronger than black powder.

Tags: Chemistry, Explosives, Industrial Revolution, Warfare, Mining

Lord Kelvin: absolute zero.

Tags: Physics, Thermodynamics, Temperature

Jonathan J. Couch invents the pneumatic drill.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Construction, Mining, Tools

Linus Yale Sr. invents the first modern pin tumbler lock.

Tags: Security, Industrial Revolution, Mechanical Engineering

The safety pin and the gas mask are invented.

Tags: Inventions, Industrial Revolution, Safety, Public Health, Military Technology

Walter Hunt invents the first repeating rifle to use metallic cartridges (of his own design) and a spring-fed magazine.

Tags: Firearms, Weaponry, American History, Military Technology

James B. Francis invents the Francis turbine.

Tags: Hydropower, Industrial Revolution, Energy

Walter Hunt invents the Safety pin.

Tags: Patent, Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing

The Little Ice Age ends around this time.

Tags: Climate Change, Environmental History, Weather, Global Warming, Temperature, Ecology

William Armstrong invents the hydraulic accumulator.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing

George Jennings offers the first public flush toilets, accessible for a penny per visit, and in 1852 receives a UK patent for the single piece, free s...

Tags: Public Health, Urbanization, Infrastructure

Robert Bunsen is the first to use a chemical vapor deposition technique.

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Innovation, Research, Materials Science

Elisha Otis invents the safety brake elevator.

Tags: Safety, Industrial Revolution, Urbanization, Transportation, Modernization

Henri Giffard becomes the first person to make a manned, controlled and powered flight using a dirigible.

Tags: Aviation, Early Aviation, Transportation

François Coignet invents reinforced concrete.

Tags: Construction, Materials Science, Industrial Revolution

Cocaine is isolated by Friedrich Gaedcke.

Tags: Chemistry, Pharmaceuticals, Extraction

Bessemer process enables steel to be mass-produced.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steel, Metallurgy, Manufacturing, Mass Production, Economic Development

James Clerk Maxwell invents the first practical method for color photography, whether chemical or electronic.

Tags: Photography, Optics, James Clerk Maxwell

Henry Bessemer patents the Bessemer process for making steel, with improvements made by others over the following years.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steel Production, Metallurgy, Manufacturing, Economy

Neanderthal man first identified. Age still unknown.

Tags: Paleontology, Anthropology, Human Evolution, Fossil Discovery, 19th Century Science, Scientific Revolution

World's first oil refinery in Romania.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Oil Industry, Petroleum, Energy, Romania, Economic Development

Alexander Parkes invents parkesine, also known as celluloid, the first man-made plastic.

Tags: Plastic, Materials Science, Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, Chemical Engineering

James Harrison produces the world's first practical ice making machine and refrigerator using the principle of vapour compression in Geelong, Australi...

Tags: Industrial Revolution

William Henry Perkin invents mauveine, the first synthetic dye.

Tags: Chemistry, Textiles, Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing

Robert Forester Mushet develops a process for the decarbonisation, and re-carbonisation of iron, through the addition of a calculated quantity of spie...

Tags: Steel, Industrial Revolution, Metallurgy, Manufacturing, Economy

Heinrich Geissler invents the Geissler tube.

Tags: Physics, Electricity, Experimentation

The phonautograph, the earliest known device for recording sound, is patented and invented by Frenchman Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.

Tags: Sound Recording, Communication, Audio Technology

Rudolf Virchow: cells can only arise from pre-existing cells.

Tags: Cell Theory, Biology, Scientific Revolution, Microscopy, Medicine

Invention of the phonautograph, the first true device for recording sound.

Tags: Sound Recording, Communication, Audio

Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species.

Tags: Evolution, Biology, Charles Darwin, Scientific Revolution, Heredity, Ideas

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace: Theory of evolution by natural selection.

Tags: Biology, Evolution, Charles Darwin, Scientific Revolution, Theory, Global Impact

1859–1869: Suez Canal is constructed.

Tags: Canals, Infrastructure, Transportation, Trade, Colonialism, Globalization, Ottoman Empire

Construction of Big Ben is completed.

Tags: Architecture, Clockmaking, Public Works, Infrastructure, Timekeeping

Gaston Planté invents the lead acid battery, the first rechargeable battery.

Tags: Battery, Electricity, Energy, Industrial Revolution

The Pony Express started.

Tags: Transportation, Communication, Westward Expansion, American West, Infrastructure

Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville creates the first audio recording of the human voice.

Tags: Sound, Communication

Joseph Swan produces carbon fibers.

Tags: Materials Science

James Clerk Maxwell publishes On Physical Lines of Force, formulating the four Maxwell's Equations.

Tags: Physics, Electromagnetism, Scientific Revolution, Theoretical Physics, James Clerk Maxwell, Global Impact

Louis Pasteur: Germ theory.

Tags: Biology, Medicine, Germ Theory, Louis Pasteur, Infectious Diseases, Scientific Revolution, Public Health, Microbiology

John Tyndall: Experiments in Radiant Energy that reinforced the Greenhouse effect.

Tags: Physics, Atmospheric Science, Global Warming

First section of the London Underground opens.

Tags: Transportation, Urbanization, Infrastructure, Industrial Revolution

James Clerk Maxwell: Theory of electromagnetism.

Tags: Physics, Electromagnetism, Scientific Theory, Theoretical Physics, Global Impact

June: The first railway track in Indonesia was laid between Semarang and Tanggung, Central Java by the Dutch colonial government.

Tags: Railroad, Transportation, Colonialism, Dutch East Indies, Infrastructure, Economy

Louis Pasteur invents the pasteurization process.

Tags: Public Health, Louis Pasteur, Microbiology, Hygiene, Industrial Revolution, Medical Advancement

Gregor Mendel: Mendel's laws of inheritance, basis for genetics.

Tags: Genetics, Biology, Heredity, Scientific Revolution, Experimentation, Evolution, Austro-Hungarian Empire

Rudolf Clausius: Definition of entropy.

Tags: Thermodynamics, Physics, Energy, Scientific Revolution

Carl Wilhelm Siemens and Pierre-Émile Martin invented the Siemens-Martin process for making steel.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steel, Manufacturing, Metallurgy

Successful transatlantic telegraph cable follows an earlier attempt in 1858.

Tags: Communication, Telegraph, Globalization, Infrastructure

Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, the first safely manageable explosive stronger than black powder.

Tags: Explosives, Mining, Construction, Warfare, Alfred Nobel, Industrial Revolution, Safety

Lucien B. Smith invents barbed wire, which Joseph F. Glidden will modify in 1874, leading to the taming of the West and the end of the cowboys.

Tags: American West, Agriculture, Industrial Revolution, Frontier

Cro-Magnon man first identified.

Tags: Paleontology, Anthropology, Human Evolution, Archaeology, Fossil Discovery

Safety bicycle invented.

Tags: Transportation, Industrial Revolution, Cycling, Social Change

Robert Forester Mushet discovers that alloying steel with tungsten produces a harder, more durable alloy.

Tags: Steel, Metallurgy, Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, Materials Science

Dmitri Mendeleev created the Periodic table.

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Elements, Periodic Table, Classification, Global Impact

First transcontinental railroad completed in United States on 10 May. – United States

Tags: Railroad, Transportation, Infrastructure, Westward Expansion, American Civil War, Economic Development, Manifest Destiny

Rasmus Malling-Hansen's invention, the Hansen Writing Ball, becomes the first commercially sold typewriter.

Tags: Communication, Industrial Revolution, Denmark

Lord Rayleigh: Diffuse sky radiation (Rayleigh scattering) explains why sky appears blue.

Tags: Physics, Optics, Atmospheric Science, Light, 19th Century Science, Scientific Theory

1914: Second Industrial Revolution.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Mass Production, Globalization, Electricity, Steel Production, Transportation, Urbanization, Capitalism

Polyvinyl chloride, more commonly known as vinyl, is synthesized by German chemist Eugen Baumann

Tags: Chemistry, Material Science, Industrial Revolution

J.E.T. Woods and J. Clark invented stainless steel. Harry Brearley was the first to commercialize it.

Tags: Metallurgy, Material Science, Industrial Revolution, Steel, Manufacturing

Maxwell's A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism published.

Tags: Physics, Electromagnetism, Scientific Revolution, James Clerk Maxwell, Theory, Mathematics, Global Impact

William Crookes, a chemist, invents the Crookes radiometer as the by-product of some chemical research.

Tags: Physics, Chemistry, Scientific Instruments, Experimentation

Johannes Diderik van der Waals: was one of the first to postulate an intermolecular force: the van der Waals force.

Tags: Physics, Chemistry, Physical Chemistry

Frederick Guthrie discovers thermionic emission.

Tags: Physics, Electricity, Experimentation

Willoughby Smith discovers photoconductivity.

Tags: Physics, Electricity, Semiconductors, Materials Science, Telecommunications

Blue jeans and barbed wire are invented.

Tags: Inventions, Industrial Revolution, Westward Expansion, Agriculture, Material Culture

Frederick Ransome invents the rotary kiln.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, Construction, Materials Science

Zénobe Gramme invents the first commercial electrical generator, the Gramme machine.

Tags: Electricity, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Revolution, Power Generation

Gustave Trouvé invents the first metal detector.

Tags: Electronics, Metalworking

HMS Challenger surveys the deepest point in the Earth's oceans, the Challenger Deep.

Tags: Oceanography, Exploration, Scientific Expedition, Mapping, Geography, British Empire

William Crookes invented the Crookes tube and studied cathode rays.

Tags: Physics, Experimentation

Fyodor Pirotsky invents the first electric tram near Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Tags: Transportation, Urban Development, Industrial Revolution, Public Transit

Josiah Willard Gibbs founded chemical thermodynamics, the phase rule.

Tags: Thermodynamics, Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Global Impact, Physics

Nicolaus August Otto invents the four-stroke cycle.

Tags: Internal Combustion Engine, Industrial Revolution, Transportation, Manufacturing

Alexander Graham Bell has a patent granted for the telephone. However, other inventors before Bell had worked on the development of the telephone and ...

Tags: Communication, Patent, Telecommunications, Industrial Revolution, Global Impact

Asaph Hall discovers the moons of Mars.

Tags: Astronomy, Space Exploration, Planetary Science, Mars

Ludwig Boltzmann: Statistical definition of entropy.

Tags: Physics, Thermodynamics, Scientific Revolution, Energy, Theoretical Physics

Thomas Edison invents the phonograph.

Tags: Sound Recording, Communication, Entertainment, Industrial Revolution, Global Impact

First commercial telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut.A barricade in the Paris Commune, 18 March 1871. Around 30,000 Parisians were killed, an...

Tags: Communication, Infrastructure

Henry Fleuss is granted a patent for the first practical rebreather.

Lester Allan Pelton invents the Pelton wheel.

Tags: Inventions, Hydropower, Industrial Revolution, Energy, Mechanics

Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison independently patented functional incandescent light bulbs, ending decades of unsuccessful experimentation. Edison's hig...

Tags: Electricity, Lighting, Industrial Revolution, Thomas Edison, Global Impact

Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie: Piezoelectricity.

Tags: Physics, Electricity, Materials Science

First electrical power plant and grid in Godalming, Britain.

Tags: Electricity, Power Generation, Industrial Revolution

Nikolay Benardos presents carbon arc welding, the first practical arc welding method.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Metalworking, Manufacturing

The quagga is rendered extinct.

Tags: Extinction, Zoology, Conservation, Wildlife, Natural History, Environmental Impact

Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff: discovered the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions (in his work "Études de dynamique chimique").

Tags: Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Thermodynamics, Scientific Publication

First electric car produced by Thomas Parker in Wolverhampton.

Tags: Automobile, Transportation, Industrial Revolution

Paul Vieille invents Poudre B, the first smokeless powder for firearms.

Tags: Military Technology, Firearms, Weapons, Industrial Revolution, Defense, Warfare

Sir Charles Parsons invents the modern steam turbine.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steam Power, Energy, Manufacturing, Transportation

Hungarian engineers Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri invent the closed core high efficiency transformer and the AC parallel power distri...

Tags: Electrical Engineering, Industrial Revolution, Scientific Innovation

Louis Pasteur creates the first successful vaccine against rabies for a young boy who had been bitten 14 times by a rabid dog.

Tags: Medicine, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, Public Health, Louis Pasteur, Biology, Scientific Breakthrough

Karl Benz produced first car with internal combustion engine.

Tags: Automobile, Transportation, Internal Combustion Engine, Industrial Revolution

Singer begins production of the 'Vibrating Shuttle'. which would become the most popular model of sewing machine.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, Consumer Goods, Textiles, Mass Production

John Kemp Starley invents the modern safety bicycle.

Tags: Transportation, Industrial Revolution, Urbanization

Karl Benz sells the first commercial automobile.

Tags: Automobile, Transportation, Industrial Revolution

Carl Gassner invents the zinc–carbon battery, the first dry cell battery, making portable electronics practical.

Tags: Battery, Electricity, Industrial Revolution

Charles Martin Hall and independently Paul Héroult invent the Hall–Héroult process for economically producing aluminum in 1886.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Metallurgy, Chemical Engineering, Materials Science, Global Trade

Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley: Michelson–Morley experiment which showed a lack of evidence for the aether.

Tags: Physics, Relativity, Global Impact, Scientific Revolution

Carl Josef Bayer invents the Bayer process for the production of alumina.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Chemistry, Metallurgy, Mining, Materials Science

James Blyth invents the first wind turbine used for generating electricity.

Tags: Renewable Energy, Wind Power, Industrial Revolution, Energy

John Stewart MacArthur, working in collaboration with brothers Dr. Robert and Dr. William Forrest, develops the process of gold cyanidation.

Tags: Mining, Gold Rush, Metallurgy, Industrial Revolution, Extraction

Heinrich Hertz publishes a conclusive proof of James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in experiments that also demonstrate the existence of radi...

Tags: Physics, Electromagnetism, Scientific Revolution, Communication, Global Impact

Friedrich Reinitzer discovers liquid crystals.

Tags: Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science

Louis Le Prince records the Roundhay Garden Scene, the earliest surviving film.

Tags: Film, Cinema, Motion Pictures, Entertainment

John J. Loud invents the ballpoint pen.

Tags: Inventions, Writing, Patents, Industrial Revolution

Thomas Edison and William Kennedy Dickson invent the Kinetoscope.

Tags: Film, Motion Pictures, Cinema, Thomas Edison, Entertainment, Mass Media

The first practical pneumatic tire was made by Scotsman John Boyd Dunlop, the patent was from 1847 by Robert William Thomson

Tags: Transportation, Automobile, Rubber, Industrial Revolution, Patent

Gottlieb Daimler founds his manufacturing company in Germany, ancestor of Mercedes-Benz.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Automobile Industry, Transportation, German Empire, Manufacturing

Robert Gair would invent the pre-cut cardboard box.

Tags: Packaging, Manufacturing, Industrial Revolution, Commerce, Business

Whitcomb Judson invents the zipper.

Tags: Manufacturing, Textiles, Fashion, Industrial Revolution, Patent

Fingerprinting is officially adopted for the first time.

Tags: Forensics, Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement

Dmitri Ivanovsky discovers viruses.

Tags: Biology, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Medicine, Research

John Froelich develops and constructs the first gasoline/petrol-powered tractor.

Tags: Agriculture, Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Revolution

Léon Bouly invents the cinematograph.

Tags: Early Cinema, Photography, Motion Pictures, Technology History

Thomas Ahearn invents the electric oven.

Tags: Domestic Life, Electricity

Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel engine (although Herbert Akroyd Stuart had experimented with compression ignition before Diesel).

Tags: Internal Combustion Engine, Transportation, Industrial Revolution, Energy

William Stewart Halsted, invents the rubber glove for his wife Caroline Hampton as he noticed her hands were affected by the daily surgeries she had p...

Tags: Medicine, Surgery, Medical Technology, Hygiene, Health

First gramophone record.

Tags: Sound Recording, Communication, Music, Entertainment, Industrial Revolution, Mass Media

Karl Elsener invents the Swiss Army knife.

Tags: Manufacturing

Wilhelm Röntgen identifies x-rays.

Tags: Physics, Medical Imaging, Experimentation, Electromagnetism

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen invented the first radiograph (X-ray).

Tags: Medical Imaging, Physics, Discovery

Guglielmo Marconi invents a system of wireless communication using radio waves.

Tags: Radio, Wireless Communication, Guglielmo Marconi, Communication, Electrical Engineering, Global Impact

Henri Becquerel and Marie Curie discover radioactivity; J. J. Thomson identifies the electron, though not by name.

Tags: Physics, Radioactivity, Atomic Theory, Marie Curie, J.J. Thomson, Modern Science

Svante Arrhenius derives the basic principles of the greenhouse effect

Tags: Climate Change, Atmospheric Science, Physics, Environmental Science, Global Warming

Surgical masks made of cloth were developed in Europe by physicians Jan Mikulicz-Radecki at the University of Breslau and Paul Berger in Paris, as a r...

Tags: Medicine, Hygiene, Germ Theory, Surgery, Medical Technology

J.J. Thomson discovers the electron in cathode rays

Tags: Physics, Particle Physics, Atomic Theory, J.J. Thomson, Scientific Revolution, Modern Science, Discovery

First electric bicycle produced by Hosea Libbey.

Tags: Transportation, Electric Vehicles, Technology History

Martinus Beijerinck: concluded that a virus is infectious—replicating in the host—and thus not a mere toxin, and gave it the name "virus"

Tags: Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, Germ Theory, Medical History, 19th Century Science

J.J. Thomson proposed the plum pudding model of an atom

Tags: Atomic Theory, Physics, Scientific Revolution, J.J. Thomson

Marie Curie discovered radium and polonium

Tags: Physics, Chemistry, Radioactivity, Marie Curie, Nobel Prize, Elements

J. J. O'Donnell discovers and documents the order-of-sequence for the sound of an approaching tornado

Tags: Meteorology, Natural Disaster, Weather, Observation, United States History

1900: Zeppelin LZ 1 airship first produced.

Tags: Aviation, Industrial Revolution

Hans von Pechmann synthesizes polyethylene, now the most common plastic in the world.

Tags: Chemistry, Materials Science, Industrial Revolution

Waldemar Jungner invents the rechargeable nickel-cadmium battery (NiCd) as well as the nickel-iron electric storage battery (NiFe) and the rechargeabl...

Tags: Battery, Electricity, Energy, Industrial Revolution

Max Planck: explains the emission spectrum of a black body

Tags: Physics, Quantum Mechanics, Theoretical Physics, Scientific Revolution, Energy, Electromagnetism

First section of the Paris Metro opens.

Tags: Urbanization, Public Transportation, Infrastructure, Industrial Revolution, Modernization

The first Zeppelin is designed by Theodor Kober.

Tags: Aviation, Transportation, Industrial Revolution