Kingdom of Prussia declared under King Frederick I.

Tags: Kingdom, Monarchy, Frederick I, Holy Roman Empire, German History, Political Transformation

Ashanti Empire is formed under Osei Kofi Tutu I.

Tags: Empire, Kingdom, Political Formation, Centralization

Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great; it is the Russian capital until 1918.

Tags: Peter the Great, Capital City, Imperial Russia, Modernization, Tsardom, Empire Building, Urban Planning

The Love Suicides at Sonezaki by Chikamatsu first performed

Tags: Edo Period, Kabuki, Drama, Literature, Theater

1717: One Thousand and One Nights translated into French by Antoine Galland. The work becomes immensely popular throughout Europe.

Tags: Literature, Translation, French Literature, Cultural Exchange, Folklore, Storytelling

A Tale of a Tub by Jonathan Swift first published

Tags: Satire, Enlightenment, British Literature, Jonathan Swift, Literary Criticism, Prose

George Frideric Handel's first opera, Almira, premieres.

Tags: Opera, Baroque, Music, Handel, Theatre, German Culture, Musical Composition

The first English-language edition of the Arabian Nights is published.

Tags: Literature, Translation, Enlightenment, Folklore, Cultural Exchange, Fiction, Storytelling

The Act of Union is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments, thus establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Tags: Union, Political History, British Isles, Parliament, Monarchy, Governance

After Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Empire enters a long decline and the Maratha Empire slowly replaces it.

Tags: Mughal Empire, Maratha Empire, Aurangzeb, Decline of Empires, Political Transition, Indian History, Empire Building

The first piano was built by Bartolomeo Cristofori

Tags: Music, Musical Instruments, Italian Renaissance, Development, Cultural Impact

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the alcohol thermometer.

Tags: Measurement, Temperature, Scientific Revolution, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, Instrumentation

Foundation of the Hotak Empire.

Tags: Empire, Political History, Iranian History, Regional Power

Tuning fork was invented by John Shore

Tags: Inventions, Music, Sound, Instrumentation

Bukhara Khanate dissolves as local begs seize power.

Tags: Khanate, Decentralization, Political Fragmentation, Regional Power

Rinaldo, Handel's first opera for the London stage, premiered

Tags: Opera, Music, Baroque, Handel, Theatre, Performance Arts

Steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steam Power, Mining, Energy

Thomas Newcomen builds the first commercial steam engine to pump water out of mines. Newcomen's engine, unlike Thomas Savery's, uses a piston.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steam Engine, Mining, Energy

The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope (publication of first version)

Tags: Literature, Poetry, Satire, English Literature, Social Commentary

The Treaty of Utrecht until War of the Spanish Succession ended after treaties of Rastatt and Baden were established in 1913 after a new British Gover...

Tags: Treaty, Warfare, Succession, Diplomacy, European History, Balance of Power, Spanish Empire

1714: Tarabai establishes the rival Maratha Empire government in Kolhapur against Chattrapati Shahu.

Tags: Maratha Empire, Succession, Political Division, Indian History, Regional Power

In Amsterdam, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the mercury-in-glass thermometer, which remains the most reliable and accurate thermometer until the e...

Tags: Scientific Revolution, Measurement, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

Mercury thermometer by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

Tags: Scientific Revolution, Measurement, Temperature, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, Physics

Accession of George I, Elector of Hanover, to the throne of Great Britain.

Tags: Monarchy, Succession, British History, Constitutional Monarchy, Political Transition

Louis XIV dies, leaving France greatly enlarged but deep in debt; The Regency takes power under Philippe d'Orleans.

Tags: French Monarchy, Regency, Louis XIV, Succession, European History

Establishment of the Sikh Confederacy along the present-day India-Pakistan border.

Tags: Sikhism, Political Fragmentation, Indian History, Mughal Empire, Regional Power

Diving bell was successfully tested by Edmond Halley, sustainable to a depth of 55 ft

Tags: Scientific Revolution, Oceanography

The Netherlands, Britain and France sign the Triple Alliance.

Tags: Alliance, Diplomacy, International Relations, European History, Political Alliances, War of the Quadruple Alliance

Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe

Tags: Novel, English Literature, Colonialism

Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (de facto).

Tags: Prime Minister, British Politics, Constitutional Monarchy, Political Development

Brandenburg Concertos by J.S. Bach

Tags: Baroque Music, Classical Music, Composition, Music History, Johann Sebastian Bach, Orchestral Music

Kangxi Emperor of China dies.

Tags: Qing Dynasty, Emperor, Imperialism, Succession, Governance

The Four Seasons, violin concertos by Antonio Vivaldi, composed

Tags: Baroque, Music, Classical Music, Composition, Cultural Heritage, Orchestral Music

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit proposes the Fahrenheit temperature scale.

Tags: Measurement, Temperature, Physics, Scientific Revolution, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

The Treaty of Constantinople is signed, partitioning Persia between the Ottoman Empire and Russia.

Tags: Treaty, Imperialism, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, Geopolitics, Partition, Territorial Disputes

St John Passion by J.S. Bach

Tags: Baroque Music, Classical Music, Johann Sebastian Bach, Religious Music, Musical Composition, Christianity, Art History

Austro-Spanish alliance revived. Russia joins in 1726.

Tags: Alliance, Diplomacy, Great Powers, European Politics, Balance of Power, Treaty, Habsburgs

The Fulani nomads take complete control of Futa Jallon and set up the first of many Fulani jihad states to come.

Tags: Fulani, Jihad, State Formation, Political Islam, Religious Conflict, Nomadic Peoples

The enormous Chinese encyclopedia Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China of over 100 million written Chinese characters in over 800,000 pages i...

Tags: Printing, Movable Type, Encyclopedia, Chinese History, Qing Dynasty, Information Dissemination

Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift

Tags: Satire, Novel, Jonathan Swift, Literature, Social Commentary, British Literature, Enlightenment

St Matthew Passion composed by J.S. Bach

Tags: Baroque Music, Classical Music, Religious Music, Oratorio, Christianity, Music Composition

Zadok the Priest is composed by Handel for the coronation of George II of Great Britain. It has been performed at every subsequent British coronation.

Tags: Music, Classical Music, Baroque Period, Coronation, Handel

The Dunciad by Alexander Pope (publication of first version)

Tags: Poetry, Satire, English Literature, Literary Criticism, Cultural Impact

Thomas Godfrey and John Hadley independently develop the octant

Tags: Navigation, Astronomy, Scientific Revolution, Maritime History, Exploration

Mahmud I takes over Ottoman Empire after the Patrona Halil revolt, ending the Tulip period.

Tags: Ottoman Empire, Succession, Regime Change, Imperial History

Flying shuttle invented by John Kay

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Textile Industry, Manufacturing

Hippolyte et Aricie, first opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau

Tags: Opera, Baroque, Music, Theatre, Performance Arts

Letters Concerning the English Nation by Voltaire published in French.

Tags: Enlightenment, Literature, Philosophy, Voltaire, Satire, Freedom of Speech

Carl Linnaeus described a new system for classifying plants in Systema Naturae.

Tags: Botany, Classification, Scientific Revolution, Biology, Natural History, Global Impact

1799: The Qianlong Emperor of China oversees a huge expansion in territory.

Tags: Qing Dynasty, Emperor, Governance, Expansion, Imperialism, Political History

Governor-General Dirck van Cloon dies, one of many victims of malaria in Batavia.

Tags: Colonialism, Dutch East India Company, VOC, Batavia, Governance, Public Health, Dutch Empire

Europeans encountered rubber – the discovery was made by Charles Marie de La Condamine while on expedition in South America. It was named in 1770 by J...

Tags: Exploration, Natural History, Rubber, Discovery

Nader Shah assumes the title of Shah of Persia and founds the Afsharid dynasty; he rules until his death in 1747.

Tags: Monarchy, Dynasty, Shah, Political Transition, Nader Shah, Iranian History

Qing dynasty Chinese court painters recreate Zhang Zeduan's classic panoramic painting, Along the River During Qingming Festival.

Tags: Qing Dynasty, Art History, Imperial China, Cultural Heritage

Lewis Paul and John Wyatt invent the first mechanized cotton spinning machine.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Textile Industry, Manufacturing

Turlough O'Carolan, famous Irish harper, dies.

Tags: Music, Folk Music

Frederick the Great comes to power in Prussia.

Tags: Monarchy, Enlightened Absolutism, Frederick the Great, Kingdom, European History, Habsburgs, Military Reform

Vitus Bering discovers Alaska

Tags: Exploration, Russian Empire, Alaska, Geography, Discovery, Imperialism, Maritime History

Goldberg Variations for harpsichord published by Bach

Tags: Music, Baroque Period, Classical Music, Johann Sebastian Bach, Composition, Cultural Heritage

Anders Celsius proposes an inverted form of the centigrade temperature, which is later renamed Celsius in his honor.

Tags: Measurement, Temperature, Physics, Scientific Revolution, Standardization

Marvel's Mill, the first water-powered cotton mill, begins operation in England.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Textile Industry, Manufacturing, Economy

Benjamin Franklin invents the Franklin stove.

Tags: Inventions, Colonial America, Benjamin Franklin, Domestic Life

Messiah, oratorio by Handel premiered in Dublin

Tags: Baroque, Music, Oratorio, Handel, Dublin, Christianity, Performing Arts, Composition, Cultural Impact

The First Saudi State is founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud.

Tags: Wahhabism, Political Formation, Islam

Musschenbroek and Kleist independently develop the Leyden jar, an early form of capacitor.

Tags: Physics, Electricity, Capacitor, Scientific Revolution, Instrumentation, Experimentation

Ewald Georg von Kleist first capacitor, the Leyden jar.

Tags: Electricity, Physics, Capacitor, Experimentation

17 February, Pakubuwono II establishes a new kraton in Sala village, along with Surakarta Sunanate.

Tags: Political History

John Roebuck invents the lead chamber process.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Chemistry, Manufacturing, Early Technology

Ahmed Shah Durrani founds the Durrani Empire in modern-day Afghanistan.

Tags: Empire, Political Founding, Pashtun

Chushingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), popular Japanese puppet play, composed

Tags: Edo Period, Kabuki, Loyalty, Art

Clarissa; or, The History of a Young Lady by Samuel Richardson

Tags: Novel, English Literature, Epistolary Novel, Social Commentary

(1749-1789) Buffon wrote Histoire naturelle.

Tags: Natural History, Enlightenment, Zoology, Botany, Scientific Revolution, Scientific Literature

Mass in B minor by J.S. Bach assembled in current form

Tags: Baroque, Music, Classical Music, Composition, Johann Sebastian Bach, Religious Music

The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling by Henry Fielding

Tags: Novel, Enlightenment, Satire, British Literature, Social Commentary

Joseph Black: describes latent heat.

Tags: Physics, Thermodynamics, Scientific Revolution

Benjamin Franklin: lightning is electrical.

Tags: Electricity, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Benjamin Franklin, Physics, Experimentation, Royal Society

Jacques de Vaucanson perfects the first precision lathe

Tags: Precision Engineering, Industrial Revolution, Mechanical Engineering

The Art of Fugue by J.S. Bach

Tags: Music, Baroque, Composition, Classical Music, Art

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray published

Tags: Poetry, English Literature, Romanticism

1785: The French Encyclopédie

Tags: Enlightenment, Knowledge, Scientific Revolution, Philosophy, Intellectual History

Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning rod.

Tags: Electricity, Physics, Benjamin Franklin, Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution

The first clock to be built in the New World (North America) was invented by Benjamin Banneker.

Tags: Clockmaking, Early America, African American History

The Treaty of Pondicherry ends the Second Carnatic War and recognizes Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah as Nawab of the Carnatic.

Tags: Treaty, Colonialism, British Empire, French East India Company, Carnatic Wars, Political Settlement

Immanuel Kant: Gaseous Hypothesis in Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven.

Tags: Philosophy, Cosmology, Enlightenment, Immanuel Kant, Astronomy, Theoretical Physics

William Cullen invents the first artificial refrigeration machine.

Tags: Mechanical Engineering

13 February, the Treaty of Giyanti is signed, effectively partitioning the Mataram Sultanate; the VOC recognizes Mangkubumi as Sultan Hamengkubuwana I...

Tags: Treaty, Partition, Sultanate, Colonialism, VOC, Political Division

A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson

Tags: Literature, Dictionaries, English Language, Literary Criticism, Standardization, Enlightenment

Birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Tags: Music, Classical Music, Composer, Ancient greece, Mozart, Opera

17 March, Salatiga treaty between Prince Sambernyawa with Pakubuwono III and Hamengkubuwono I further partitions the remnant of Mataram Sultanate; the...

Tags: Treaty, Partition, Sultanate, Colonialism, Javanese History, Mataram Sultanate

Arithmetika Horvatzka by Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić

Tags: Mathematics, Education, Croatia, Arithmetic, Enlightenment

Candide by Voltaire

Tags: Literature, Enlightenment, Satire, French Literature, Voltaire, Social Commentary

1767: Tristram Shandy by Laurence Sterne

Tags: Literature, Novel, Satire, English Literature, Enlightenment, Fiction

John Joseph Merlin invents the first Roller skates.

Tags: Transportation, Recreation, Sport

George III becomes King of Britain.

Tags: Monarchy, British Empire, Succession, American Revolution

Zand dynasty is founded in Iran.

Tags: Dynasty, Iranian History, Political History, Zand Dynasty, Shia Islam

Mikhail Lomonosov: discovery of the atmosphere of Venus.

Tags: Astronomy, Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution, Planetary Science, Venus

The problem of longitude was finally resolved by the fourth chronometer of John Harrison

Tags: Navigation, Maritime History, Scientific Innovation, Exploration, Age of Exploration, Measurement

Marine chronometer invented.

Tags: Navigation, Maritime History, Scientific Revolution, Exploration, Clockmaking, Age of Discovery, Precision Engineering

1796: Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia.

Tags: Monarchy, Tsardom, Enlightened Absolutism, Imperialism, Catherine the Great, Romanov Dynasty

Orfeo ed Euridice, first "reform opera" by Gluck, performed in Vienna

Tags: Opera, Classical Music, Music History, Performing Arts

Thomas Bayes publishes first version of Bayes' theorem, paving the way for Bayesian probability

Tags: Statistics, Mathematics, Scientific Revolution, Epistemology, Data Analysis

James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Textile Industry, Manufacturing, Mechanization

James Watt enhances Newcomen's steam engine, allowing new steel technologies

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steam Engine, James Watt, Steel Production, Manufacturing

James Watt invents the improved steam engine utilizing a separate condenser.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steam Engine, James Watt, Manufacturing, Energy

The Stamp Act is introduced into the American colonies by the British Parliament.

Tags: Colonialism, Taxation, British Empire, American Revolution, Parliament, Protest, Representation

Christian VII becomes king of Denmark. He was king of Denmark to 1808.

Tags: Monarchy, Danish History, Succession, Political History

Joseph Priestley invents a method for the production of carbonated water.

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Joseph Priestley

1779: James Cook mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many Pacific Islands

Tags: Exploration, Cartography, Age of Exploration, British Empire, Scientific Revolution, James Cook

1770: James Cook explores and maps New Zealand and Australia.

Tags: Exploration, Mapping, Age of Exploration, British Empire, Maritime History, Colonialism, James Cook, Cartography

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot invents the first steam-powered vehicle capable of carrying passengers, an early car.

Tags: Steam Engine, Automobile, Transportation, Industrial Revolution

James Cook stops at Onrust Island in the Bay of Batavia for repairs to his ship Endeavour on his voyage around the world.

Tags: Exploration, Voyages of Discovery, Maritime History, James Cook, Colonialism, Scientific Expedition

Richard Salter invents the earliest known design for a weighing scale.

Tags: Measurement, Industrial Revolution, Trade

James Cook claims the East Coast of Australia (New South Wales) for Great Britain.

Tags: Colonialism, Exploration, British Empire, New South Wales, James Cook, Imperialism, Indigenous Australians

Birth of Ludwig van Beethoven

Tags: Classical Music, Composer, Music History, Romantic Period, Ancient greece, Piano, Symphony, Beethoven

Charles Messier: publishes catalogue of astronomical objects (Messier Objects) now known to include galaxies, star clusters, and nebulae.

Tags: Astronomy, Scientific Revolution, Galaxies, Cosmology, Observation

Richard Arkwright and his partners build the world's first water-powered mill at Cromford.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Textile Industry, Manufacturing

The Kalmyk Khanate dissolves as the territory becomes colonized by Russians. More than a hundred thousand Kalmyks migrate back to Qing Dzungaria.

Tags: Migration, Imperialism, Colonization, Khanate, Qing Dynasty, Russian Empire, Nomadic Peoples

Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état, becoming almost an absolute monarch.

Tags: Monarchy, Coup d'état, Political Reform, Enlightened Absolutism, Gustav III, Absolutism, Royal Power

1795: The Partitions of Poland end the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and erase Poland from the map for 123 years.

Tags: Partition, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Territorial Division, Geopolitics

Reformer Johann Friedrich Struensee executed in Denmark.

Tags: Enlightenment, Denmark, Monarchy, Execution, Royal Court, Reform

16 December, the Boston Tea Party.

Tags: American Revolution, Colonialism, Protest, Taxation, British Empire, Independence, Revolution

Joseph Priestley discovers "dephlogisticated air", oxygen

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Joseph Priestley

John Wilkinson invents his boring machine, considered by some to be the first machine tool.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Machine Tools, Manufacturing, Mechanical Engineering

The Sorrows of Young Werther by Goethe first published

Tags: Literature, Novel, Romanticism, German Literature, Epistolary Novel

Joseph Priestley's first synthesis of "phlogisticated nitrous air", nitrous oxide, "laughing gas"

Tags: Chemistry, Experimentation, Joseph Priestley, Enlightenment, Medical History

John Harrison H4 and Larcum Kendall K1 marine chronometers are used to measure longitude by James Cook on his second voyage (1772–1775).

Tags: Exploration, Navigation, Maritime History, Scientific Instruments, James Cook, Age of Exploration

Jesse Ramsden invents the modern screw-cutting lathe.

Tags: Manufacturing, Industrial Revolution, Precision, Machine Tools, Mechanization

Russia imposes a reduction in autonomy on the Zaporizhian Cossacks of Ukraine.

Tags: Russian Empire, Cossacks, Autonomy, Imperialism, Sovereignty

First improved steam engines installed by James Watt

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steam Engine, James Watt, Manufacturing, Energy

Steamboat invented by Claude de Jouffroy

Tags: Transportation, Steam Power

John Wilkinson invents a mechanical air compressor that would become the prototype for all later mechanical compressors.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Mechanical Engineering, Inventions, Mining, Manufacturing

Several kongsi republics are founded by Chinese settlers in the island of Borneo. They are some of the first democracies in Asia.

Tags: Republic, Democracy, Governance

The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia.

Tags: American Revolution, Independence, Declaration, Enlightenment, Thomas Jefferson

Ugetsu Monogatari (Tales of Moonlight and Rain) by Ueda Akinari

Tags: Japanese Literature, Edo Period, Fiction, Classical Literature, Literary Influence

1789: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was published by Edward Gibbon

Tags: Enlightenment, Historiography, Roman Empire, British Literature, Decline and Fall, Cultural Impact

Circular saw invented by Samuel Miller

Tags: Woodworking, Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, American History

24 April, the Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences is established by a group of Dutch intellectuals; this institution is a pioneer of scientifi...

Tags: Enlightenment, Cultural Exchange, Exploration, Knowledge

Antoine Lavoisier (and Joseph Priestley): discovery of oxygen leading to end of Phlogiston theory.

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Antoine Lavoisier, Joseph Priestley, Enlightenment

Robert Barron invents the first lever tumbler lock.

Tags: Security, Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Revolution

James Cook becomes the first European to land on the Hawaiian Islands.

Tags: Exploration, European Colonization, Indigenous Peoples, British Empire, Hawaii, James Cook, Discovery, Maritime History

Franco-American alliance signed.

Tags: American Revolution, Diplomacy, International Relations, Warfare, Treaty

Spain acquires its first permanent holding in Africa from the Portuguese, which is administered by the newly-established La Plata Viceroyalty.

Tags: Colonialism, Imperialism, Spanish Empire, Portuguese Empire, Territorial Acquisition, Political Administration

Vietnam is reunified for the first time in 200 years by the Tay Son brothers. The Tây Sơn dynasty has been established, terminating the Lê dynasty.

Tags: Dynasty, Unification, Political Transition, Civil War

Tây Sơn dynasty was established in Vietnam.

Tags: Dynasty, Monarchy, Civil War

Photosynthesis was first discovered by Jan Ingenhousz

Tags: Biology, Botany, Enlightenment

1782: Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets by Samuel Johnson

Tags: Literature, Poetry, Biography, Enlightenment, English Literature

William Herschel announces discovery of Uranus, expanding the known boundaries of the Solar System for the first time in modern history.

Tags: Astronomy, Scientific Revolution, Planetary Science, Solar System, Discovery, Enlightenment, Telescope, Cosmology

The Robbers by Friedrich Schiller first published

Tags: Drama, German Literature, Romanticism, Enlightenment

The Thonburi Kingdom of Thailand is dissolved after a palace coup.

Tags: Political History, Monarchy, Thai History, Succession, Military

Les Liaisons dangereuses by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos

Tags: Literature, Novel, French Literature, Epistolary Novel, Social Commentary, Enlightenment

Claude de Jouffroy builds the first steamboat.

Tags: Steam Power, Transportation, French Revolution

Joseph-Ralf and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier build the first manned hot air balloon.

Tags: Aeronautics, Flight, Transportation

Louis-Sébastien Lenormand invents and uses the first modern parachute.

Tags: Flight

The Treaty of Paris formally ends the American Revolutionary War.

Tags: American Revolution, Treaties, Diplomacy, Independence, Warfare, Nationalism

Russian Empire annexes the Crimean Khanate.

Tags: Imperialism, Expansionism, Geopolitics, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Annexation, Catherine the Great

Bifocals invented by Benjamin Franklin

Tags: Inventions, Optics, Benjamin Franklin, Medicine, American History

Argand lamp invented by Aimé Argand

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Lighting

Martinus van Marum is the first to use the electrolysis technique.

Tags: Chemistry, Electricity, Experimental Physics, Scientific Revolution

William Withering: publishes the first definitive account of the use of foxglove (digitalis) for treating dropsy.

Tags: Medicine, Botany, Scientific Publication

Power loom invented by Edmund Cartwright

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Textile Industry, Mechanization, Manufacturing, Economic History

Automatic flour mill invented by Oliver Evans

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, Agriculture, Automation, American History

Threshing machine invented by Andrew Meikle

Tags: Agriculture, Industrial Revolution

Frederick the Great dies without issue and is succeeded as King of Prussia by his nephew, Frederick William II.

Tags: Monarchy, Succession, Frederick the Great, German History, Dynasty

1787: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart premieres The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni.

Tags: Classical Music, Opera, Performance Arts, Musical Composition, Cultural Impact

Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect by Robert Burns

Tags: Literature, Poetry, Enlightenment, National Identity, Cultural Impact, Romanticism

Jacques Charles discovers Charles's law

Tags: Physics, Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Temperature

The Tuareg occupy Timbuktu until the 19th century.

Tags: Timbuktu, Political Control, Pre-Colonial Africa, City-State, Governance

1788: The Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

Tags: Political Theory, American Revolution, United States Constitution, Federalism, Political Philosophy, Early Republic, Founding Fathers

The United States Constitution is written in Philadelphia and submitted to the states for ratification.

Tags: Constitution, Founding Fathers, Federalism, Republicanism, Legislative Branch, Executive Branch, American Revolution, Political Philosophy

Kansei Reforms instituted in Japan by Matsudaira Sadanobu.

Tags: Edo Period, Shogunate, Political Reform, Economic Policy, Social Order, Feudalism, Japanese History, Governance

Don Giovanni, opera by Mozart

Tags: Opera, Classical Music, Mozart, Performance Art, Musical Composition, Enlightenment, Theater

First permanent European settlement established in Australia by Britain at Sydney.

Tags: Colonialism, British Empire, Exploration, Settlement, New South Wales, Indigenous Australians

New Hampshire becomes the 9th state to ratify the United States Constitution, and by the terms of Article VII it takes effect.

Tags: Constitution, Federalism, American Revolution, Political History, Early Republic, Founding Fathers

1789: Inconfidência Mineira, conspiracy against the colonial authorities in Brazil.

Tags: Colonialism, Independence Movements, Conspiracy, Portuguese Empire, Taxation, Mining, Political Instability

Jupiter Symphony (Symphony No. 41) composed by Mozart

Tags: Classical Music, Symphony, Music Composition, Orchestra

Antoine Lavoisier: law of conservation of mass, basis for chemistry, and the beginning of modern chemistry.

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Antoine Lavoisier, Modern Science, Enlightenment, Scientific Method, Experimentation

George Washington is elected the first President of the United States; he serves until 1797.

Tags: American Revolution, Presidency, George Washington, Founding Fathers, Federalism, Early Republic, Political Leadership, Constitution

The Liège Revolution.

Tags: Revolution, Enlightenment, Political Reform, French Revolution, Absolutism

The Brabant Revolution.

Tags: Revolution, Independence, Enlightenment, Political Upheaval, Monarchy, Republic

The Inconfidência Mineira, an unsuccessful separatist movement in central Brazil led by Tiradentes

Tags: Colonialism, Independence Movements, Separatism, Portuguese Empire

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen adopted.

Tags: French Revolution, Human Rights, Enlightenment, Natural Rights, Liberty, Equality

Great Britain and Spain dispute the Nootka Sound during the Nootka Crisis.

Tags: Imperialism, Colonialism, Territorial Disputes, Diplomacy, Pacific Northwest, Trade, British Empire, Spanish Empire, Exploration

Songs of Innocence by William Blake

Tags: Poetry, Literature, Romanticism, Art, Enlightenment, Symbolism, Social Commentary

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano

Tags: Slavery, Transatlantic Slave Trade, Abolitionism, British Empire, African Diaspora, Human Rights

Thomas Saint invents the sewing machine.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Inventions, Textiles, Manufacturing, Patents

The United States of Belgium is proclaimed following the Brabant Revolution.

Tags: Revolution, Independence, Political Upheaval, Confederation, Failed State

Establishment of the Polish-Prussian Pact.

Tags: Alliance, Diplomacy, European Politics, Military Alliance

Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow by Alexander Radishchev

Tags: Enlightenment, Serfdom, Social Commentary, Russian Literature, Censorship, Autocracy, Imperial Russia, Social Reform

1795: George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition.

Tags: Exploration, Mapping, Royal Navy, Pacific Northwest, Cartography

The Constitutional Act (or Canada Act) creates the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada in British North America.

Tags: British Empire, Constitutionalism, Colonialism, Governance, Upper Canada, Lower Canada

The United States Bill of Rights is ratified.

Tags: Bill of Rights, Constitution, Civil Liberties, Human Rights, Political History, American Revolution, Founding Fathers, Legal History, Federalism

The Magic Flute, opera by Mozart

Tags: Opera, Music, Classical Music, Mozart, Performance Art, Enlightenment, Theater

1795: London symphonies by Haydn

Tags: Classical Music, Symphony, Music History, Musical Composition, Orchestra

Surprise Symphony written by Haydn.

Tags: Classical Music, Symphony, Musical Composition, Ancient greece, Orchestra, Music History

Claude Chappe invents the modern semaphore telegraph.

Tags: Communication, Telegraphy, French Revolution

King Gustav III of Sweden is assassinated by a conspiracy of noblemen.

Tags: Monarchy, Assassination, Political Intrigue, Gustav III, Nobility, Conspiracy, Enlightened Absolutism

March, Hamengkubuwana I dies.

Tags: Javanese History, Monarchy

Eli Whitney invents the modern cotton gin.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Slavery, Textile Industry, Economy, Agriculture, United States History

Former King Louis XVI of France and his wife Marie Antoinette are guillotined. Louis is executed in January, Marie Antoinette in October.

Tags: French Revolution, Regicide, Monarchy, Republic, Radicalism

Jay's Treaty is concluded between Great Britain and the United States, by which the Western outposts in the Great Lakes are returned to the U.S. and c...

Tags: Treaty, Diplomacy, International Relations, Commerce, Territorial Disputes, Early Republic, George Washington

Qajar dynasty founded in Iran after replacing the Zand dynasty.

Tags: Dynasty, Monarchy, Political Transition, Zand Dynasty

Songs of Experience by William Blake

Tags: Romanticism, Poetry, Literature, Social Commentary, Visual Arts, Symbolism

The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe published.

Tags: Literature, Novel, Romanticism

Joseph Bramah invents the hydraulic press.

Tags: Manufacturing, Industrial Revolution, Mechanical Engineering

Establishment of the French-backed Batavian Republic in present-day Netherlands.

Tags: French Revolution, Republic, Napoleonic Wars, Political Transformation, Nationalism, Enlightenment

Pinckney's Treaty between the United States and Spain grants the Mississippi Territory to the U.S.

Tags: Treaty, Diplomacy, Territorial Expansion, Foreign Policy

Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination; smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century, including ...

Tags: Medicine, Vaccination, Public Health, Infectious Diseases, Edward Jenner, Global Impact

Mungo Park, backed by the African Association, is the first European to set eyes on the Niger River in Africa.

Tags: Exploration, Geography, Colonialism, Imperialism

Georges Cuvier: Establishes extinction as a fact.

Tags: Paleontology, Biology, Extinction, Natural History, Scientific Revolution

Edward Jenner: smallpox historical accounting.

Tags: Medicine, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, Public Health, Edward Jenner, Scientific Revolution, Smallpox

Hanaoka Seishū: develops general anaesthesia.

Tags: Medicine, Surgery, Anesthesia, Edo Period, Japanese History, Scientific Breakthrough, Medical History

Alois Senefelder invents the lithography printing technique.

Tags: Printing, Communication, Art, Mass Production

Trinidad put under British rule.

Tags: Colonialism, British Empire, Imperialism, Territorial Expansion, Napoleonic Wars, Geopolitics

Samuel Bentham invents plywood.

Tags: Woodworking, Manufacturing, Industrial Revolution

John Adams is inaugurated on March 4 as President of the United States following the 1796 United States presidential election. The peaceful transfer o...

Tags: Presidency, Inauguration, Political Transition, Federal Government, George Washington, Early Republic

Napoleon's invasion and partition of the Republic of Venice ends over 1,000 years of independence for the Serene Republic.

Tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, French Revolution, Republic, Annexation, Political Transition, European History

Edward Jenner publishes a treatise about smallpox vaccination

Tags: Medicine, Vaccination, Smallpox, Public Health, Edward Jenner, Medical Breakthrough, Global Impact

The Lithographic printing process invented by Alois Senefelder

Tags: Printing, Communication, Industrial Revolution, Mass Production, Art

The Pathétique, piano sonata by Beethoven

Tags: Classical Music, Ludwig van Beethoven, Musical Composition, Romanticism, Music History

The Creation, oratorio by Haydn first performed

Tags: Classical Music, Oratorio, Music History, Musical Composition, Performance

Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Tags: Romanticism, Poetry, Literature, English Literature

Rosetta Stone discovered by Napoleon's troops

Tags: Archaeology, Napoleon Bonaparte, Enlightenment

George Medhurst invents the first motorized air compressor.

Tags: Industrial Revolution, Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing

The first paper machine is invented by Louis-Nicolas Robert.

Tags: Paper, Printing, Industrial Revolution, Manufacturing, Communication, Mass Production

Coup of 18 Brumaire - Napoleon's coup d'etat brings the end of the French Revolution.

Tags: Coup d'état, French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte, Military, Dictatorship, Consulate

Death of the Qianlong Emperor after 60 years of rule over China. His favorite official, Heshen, is ordered to commit suicide.

Tags: Qing Dynasty, Emperor, Imperial China, Corruption, Succession, Political Intrigue

Napoleon stages a coup d'état and becomes First Consul of France.

Tags: French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte, Coup d'état, Consulate, Dictatorship