Year one of the Islamic calendar begins, during which the Hijrah occurs—Muhammad and his followers emigrate from Mecca to Medina in September.

Tags: Islam, Prophet, Religious Migration, Early Islam, 600s, Monotheism

The Coptic period, in its more specific definition, ends when Islam is introduced into Egypt.

Tags: Islam, Coptic Christianity, Religious Conversion, Early Islamic Period, Byzantine Empire, Arab Conquests, Religious History, Cultural Change

Emperor Yazdegerd III is murdered in Merv, ending the rule of Sassanid dynasty in Persia.

Tags: Sassanid Empire, Islamic Conquests, Caliphate, Dynastic Rule, Assassination, Political Transition, Middle Ages

661: The First Fitna occurs.

Tags: Islamic History, Caliphate, Civil War, Rashidun Caliphate, Umayyad Dynasty, Sunni Islam, Shia Islam, Political Instability

Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib is assassinated. His successor Hasan ibn Ali abdicated the Caliphate to Muawiyah I, marking the beginning of the Umayyad Cali...

Tags: Islamic History, Caliphate, Umayyad Dynasty, Shia Islam, Sunni Islam, Succession, Civil War, Political Assassination

Battle of Karbala took place near Kufa, which resulted in the death of Husayn ibn Ali and the division of Muslim community.

Tags: Islam, Shia Islam, Sunni Islam, Caliphate, Umayyad Caliphate, Religious Conflict, Civil War, Martyrdom, Early Islam

685: The Second Fitna.

Tags: Islam, Caliphate, Umayyad Caliphate, Civil War, Political Instability, Religious Conflict, Sunni Islam, Shia Islam

Death of caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik and his succession by his cousin and nominated heir Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz.

Tags: Caliphate, Umayyad Caliphate, Succession, Islamic History, Political Leadership, Middle Ages, Religious Law

Sri Indravarman King of Srivijaya send a letter to the Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz of the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus, signing early ancient Indonesi...

Tags: Diplomacy, Islam, Srivijaya, Umayyad Caliphate

Death of caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz and succession of his cousin Yazid II on 4 February 720.

Tags: Caliphate, Umayyad Dynasty, Succession, Islamic History, Political Transition, Religious Leadership, Governance

Death of caliph Yazid II and he was succeeded by his brother and nominated heir Hisham.

Tags: Caliphate, Umayyad Caliphate, Succession, Islamic History, Political Transition, Early Islam, Middle Ages

Death of Arab caliph Hisham and succession of his nephew and heir Al-Walid II.

Tags: Caliphate, Umayyad Caliphate, Succession, Political Transition, Islamic History, Middle Ages, Dynastic Politics

Assassination of Al-Walid II, Succession of Yazid III to the Caliphal throne on 17 April 744.

Tags: Caliphate, Umayyad Dynasty, Succession, Islamic History, Political Instability, Civil War, Leadership Change, Assassination

Death of Yazid III and his succession by his brother and nominated heir Ibrahim ibn al-Walid. On 4 December Ibrahim was forced to Abdicate in favour M...

Tags: Caliphate, Umayyad Caliphate, Succession, Civil War, Islamic History, Political Instability, Middle Ages

The last Umayyad Caliph Marwan II (744–750) is overthrown and executed by the first Abbasid Caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah. The Caliphate is moved to...

Tags: Caliphate, Islamic History, Umayyad Dynasty, Political Transition, Middle Ages, Islamic Golden Age

Death of Abbasid caliph al-Saffah and ascension of caliph al-Mansur to Arab Caliphate.

Tags: Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate, Islamic History, Succession, Political Transition, Middle Ages, Islam, Dynastic Change

909: Rule of Aghlabids as an autonomous province of Caliphate in North Africa, with their capital at Tunis.

Tags: Islamic World, Caliphate, Dynasty, Political History, Governance, Middle Ages

Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī writes his treatise on Algebra The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing.

Tags: Algebra, Mathematics, Islamic Golden Age, Scientific Revolution, Algorithms

The House of Wisdom, a library and translation institute established in Baghdad by al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph, to transfer the knowledge of Greeks, Per...

Tags: Islamic Golden Age, Abbasid Caliphate, Mathematics, Algebra

Assassination of Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil (r. 847–861) and decline of the Abbasid Caliphate.Coin issued during al-Mutawakkil's reign in the mid-9t...

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Caliphate, Islamic History, Assassination, Political Instability, Decline of Empires, Middle Ages

Ahmad ibn Tulun breaks away from the Abbasid Caliphate and establishes the independent Tulunid dynasty.

Tags: Dynasty, Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate, Independence, Military, Political Fragmentation, Middle Ages, Islamic World

c. 909: The Fatimid Caliphate arises in Kabylie, Kutama Tribe.

Tags: Caliphate, Islam, Political History, Shia Islam

Seljuks convert to Islam.

Tags: Islam, Seljuk Empire, Turkic Peoples, Religious Conversion, Sunni Islam

c. 980: Al-Azhar University is established in Cairo by the Fatimid dynasty.

Tags: Islam, Islamic World, University, Education, Fatimid Caliphate, Sunni Islam, Middle Ages

1048 – Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī of Persia writes more than a hundred books on many different topics.

Tags: Islamic Golden Age, Mathematics, Astronomy, Philosophy, Scholarship

– The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries is written by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī.

Tags: Islamic Golden Age, Astronomy, Mathematics, Calendars, History of Science, Middle Ages

Al-Karaji uses mathematical induction.

Tags: Mathematics, Algebra, Islamic Golden Age, Scientific Advancement

1021: Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), a famous Iraqi scientist working in Egypt, feigns madness in fear of angering the Egyptian caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Alla...

Tags: Optics, Physics, Mathematics, Islam, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, House Arrest, Scientific Method

– Ibn Samh of Al-Andalus builds a geared mechanical astrolabe.

Tags: Islamic Golden Age, Astronomy, Astrolabe, Mathematics, Al-Andalus, Scientific Instruments, Middle Ages

– Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) of Basra, Iraq writes his influential Book of Optics from 1011 to 1021 (while he was under house arrest in Egypt),

Tags: Optics, Physics, Mathematics, Scientific Method, Ibn al-Haytham, Islam, Islamic Golden Age

the ruling Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sister Sitt al-Mulk, which leads to the open per...

Tags: Islam, Shia Islam, Fatimid Caliphate, Religious Violence, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, Political Intrigue, Middle Ages

– Avicenna of Persia publishes his influential treatise, The Canon of Medicine, which remains the most influential medical text in both Islamic and Ch...

Tags: Medicine, Islamic Golden Age, Scientific Revolution, Medical History, Philosophy, Encyclopedia, Middle Ages, Avicenna, Islamic World

– The Canon of Medicine by Avicenna (Ibn Sina) is completed.

Tags: Medicine, Islamic Golden Age, Avicenna, Scientific Advancement, Philosophy, Middle Ages, Healthcare

1087 – Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) builds the equatorium and universal latitude-independent astrolabe.

Tags: Astronomy, Astrolabe, Islamic Golden Age, Scientific Instruments, Mathematics, Al-Andalus

– Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī writes Kitab al-qanun al-Mas'udi

Tags: Astronomy, Mathematics, Islamic Golden Age, Middle Ages, Cosmology

The Zirids, a Berber dynasty of North Africa, break their allegiance with the Fatimid court of Egypt and recognize the Abbasids of Baghdad as the true...

Tags: Berber, Dynasty, Caliphate, Islam, Religious Authority

al-Zarqālī in Islamic Spain discovers the apsidal precession of the Sun.

Tags: Astronomy, Islamic Golden Age, Mathematics, Al-Andalus, Middle Ages, Astrology

a succession crisis following the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah sparks a rebellion which leads to the split of Ismaili Shia in...

Tags: Islam, Shia Islam, Fatimid Caliphate, Succession, Religious Schism, Religious History, Middle Ages

Pope Urban II calls upon Western Europeans to take up the cross and reclaim the Holy Lands, officially commencing the First Crusade.

Tags: Crusades, Religious Warfare, Catholicism, Holy Land, Middle Ages, Pilgrimage, Islam, Christianity, Medieval Europe

after the Kingdom of Jerusalem is established, the Al-Aqsa Mosque is made into the residential palace for the kings of Jerusalem.

Tags: Crusades, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Religious Conversion, Christianity, Islam, Architecture

A new Berber dynasty, the Almohads, led by Emir Abd al-Mu'min, takes North Africa from the Almoravides and soon invades the Iberian Peninsula. The Alm...

Tags: Islam, Religious Movements, Conquest, Middle Ages

the Moroccan-born Muslim geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi publishes his Geography.

Tags: Geography, Cartography, Middle Ages, Scientific Advancement, Islamic Golden Age, Exploration

Saladin deposes the last Fatimid Caliph Al-'Āḍid and establishes the Ayyubid dynasty.

Tags: Saladin, Ayyubid Dynasty, Fatimid Caliphate, Caliphate, Political Transition, Islamic History, Middle Ages

Islamization of Bengal by Bakhtiyar Khalji and oppression of Buddhism in East India.

Tags: Islam, Buddhism, Religious Violence, Conquest, Bengal, Military History

Islam is likely established in the Aceh region.

Tags: Islam, Religious Conversion, Spread of Religion, Trade

The Sultanate of Sulu is established by Sharif ul-Hāshim.

Tags: Islam, Sultanate, Political Formation, Maritime History, Middle Ages, State Formation

Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya becomes the first Wattasid Sultan of Morocco.

Tags: Sultanate, Political History, Middle Ages, Maghreb, Dynasty, Islam

The Great Mosque of Demak is the oldest mosque in Java, built by the Wali Songo during the reign of Sultan Raden Patah.

Tags: Islam, Sultanate, Religious Architecture

Islam becomes the dominant religion across the Indonesian archipelago.

Tags: Islam, Religion, Cultural Diffusion, Trade, Religious Conversion

Sultan Trenggono builds the first Muslim kingdom in Java, called Demak, in Indonesia. Many other small kingdoms were established in other islands to f...

Tags: Islam, Colonialism, Sultanate, Kingdom, Portuguese Empire, Political Formation

Sultan Selim I ("The Grim") orders the massacre of Shia Muslims in Anatolia (present-day Turkey).

Tags: Ottoman Empire, Religious Violence, Shia Islam, Islam, Sunni Islam, Religious Conflict, Massacre

Sultan Hairun of Ternate (in present-day Indonesia) protests the Portuguese's Christianisation activities in his lands. Hostilities between Ternate an...

Tags: Colonialism, Religious Conflict, Portuguese Empire, Sultanate of Ternate, Islam, Christianity, Resistance

Portuguese Dominican priests build a palm-trunk fortress which Javanese Muslims burned down the following year. The fort was rebuilt from more durable...

Tags: Christianity, Islam, Colonialism, Fortification, Religious Conflict, Catholicism, Religious Conversion, Portuguese Empire