1923 ⟶ Stern–Gerlach Experiment Demonstrates Spatial Quantization

Stern–Gerlach experiment
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Year
1921
1923
1924
1925
1982

🌀 Stern and Gerlach establish concept of quantum mechanical spin

Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach establish concept of quantum mechanical spin in subatomic particles.⟶
Stern and Gerlach establish concept of quantum mechanical spin (1921)
Quantum MechanicsSpinSubatomic ParticlesStern-Gerlach ExperimentPhysics20th Century Physics
GermanyGermany

🔬 Stern–Gerlach Experiment Demonstrates Spatial Quantization

Stern–Gerlach experiment⟶
Stern–Gerlach Experiment Demonstrates Spatial Quantization (1923)
Quantum MechanicsAtomic PhysicsStern-Gerlach ExperimentSpatial QuantizationAtomic Structure1920sExperimental PhysicsMeasurement
GermanyGermany

🌊 De Broglie Introduces the Wave-Model of Atomic Structure

Louis de Broglie introduces the wave-model of atomic structure, based on the ideas of wave–particle duality.⟶
De Broglie Introduces the Wave-Model of Atomic Structure (1924)
Quantum MechanicsAtomic StructureWave-Particle DualityDe BroglieWave ModelQuantum Physics1920sTheoretical Physics
FranceFrance

👤 Pauli Formulates the Quantum Pauli Exclusion Principle

Wolfgang Pauli: quantum Pauli exclusion principle⟶
Pauli Formulates the Quantum Pauli Exclusion Principle (1924)
Quantum MechanicsPauli Exclusion PrincipleQuantum PhysicsAtomic PhysicsElectronsPauli1920sFundamental Particles
GermanyGermany

✨ Pauli Develops the Exclusion Principle

Wolfgang Pauli develops the exclusion principle, which states that no two electrons around a single nucleus may have the same quantum state, as described by four quantum numbers.⟶
Pauli Develops the Exclusion Principle (1925)
Quantum MechanicsPauli Exclusion PrincipleQuantum PhysicsAtomic PhysicsElectronsPauli1920sAtomic Structure
GermanyGermany

🔬 Aspect Experiment Confirms Violations of Bell's Inequalities

Aspect experiment confirms violations of Bell's inequalities⟶
Aspect Experiment Confirms Violations of Bell's Inequalities (1982)
Quantum EntanglementBell's InequalitiesAlain AspectQuantum MechanicsExperimental Physics1980sFoundations of Quantum MechanicsPhysics
FranceFrance