49 ⟶ Pompey's Death in Egypt

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Roman nobleman

Year

-67

-48

-32

-31

⚔️ Pompey's Campaign Against Mediterranean Pirates

Pompey is given a three-year extraordinary command against the pirates plaguing the Mediterranean and defeats them in forty days.⟶

Ancient romePompey the GreatPiracyMediterranean SeaNaval WarfareMilitary CommandMilitary History

Italy

Greece

Turkey

Egypt

⚔️ Caesar's Victory Over Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus

Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus.⟶

Ancient romeCivil WarJulius CaesarPompey the GreatMilitary HistoryBattleDictatorship

Greece

Italy

⚔️ Outbreak of the Final War of the Roman Republic

disagreements between Octavian and Mark Antony cause the outbreak of the Final War of the Roman Republic.⟶

Ancient romeCivil WarOctavianMark AntonyMilitary ConflictPolitical InstabilityHellenistic World

Italy

Egypt

Greece

Turkey

Libya

⚔️ Octavian's Victory at Actium

Battle of Actium: Octavian defeats troops under Mark Antony and Cleopatra, becoming de facto ruler of the Roman empire.⟶

Ancient romeRoman EmpireCivil WarOctavianMark AntonyCleopatraNaval BattleMilitary HistoryPolitical Transition

Greece

Egypt

Italy

💰 Augustus Establishes Military Treasury

The Princeps Augustus sets up a treasury, the aerarium militare (170 million sestertii), with the specific purpose of paying bonuses to retiring legion veterans. This is financed by a 5% tax on inheritances, a system said to have been suggested in Julius Caesar's memoirs.⟶