1984 ⟶ James Keegstra's Antisemitic Teachings
In 1984, James Keegstra, a Canadian high-school teacher, was...
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🗣️ St. Gregory of Nyssa's Antisemitic Rhetoric
St. Gregory of Nyssa calls Jews "murders of the Lord, assassins of the prophets, rebels and detesters of God, companions of the devils, a race of vipers."⟶
ChristianityIdeologyAntisemitismReligious RhetoricHate SpeechTheologySt. Gregory of Nyssa
Turkey📜 Ernst Zündel's Canadian Mailing Ban
From 1981 to 1982, Holocaust denier Ernst Zündel had his mailing privileges suspended by the Canadian government on the grounds that he had been using the mail to send hate propaganda, a criminal offence in Canada. Zündel then began shipping from a post office box in Niagara Falls, New York, until the ban on his mailing in Canada was lifted in January 1983.⟶
Holocaust DenialErnst ZündelHate SpeechMailing BanCanadaPropagandaFreedom of SpeechAnti-Semitism
Canada
United States👨🏫 James Keegstra's Antisemitic Teachings
In 1984, James Keegstra, a Canadian high-school teacher, was charged under the Canadian Criminal Code for "promoting hatred against an identifiable group by communicating anti-Semitic statements to his students". During class, he would describe Jews as a people of profound evil who had "created the Holocaust to gain sympathy." He also tested his students in exams on his theories and opinion of Jews.⟶
AntisemitismHolocaust DenialHate SpeechEducationJames KeegstraFreedom of SpeechCanadian Law1980s
Canada⚖️ Supreme Court of Canada Upholds Keegstra's Conviction
Keegstra was charged under s 281.2(2) of the Criminal Code (now s 319(2), which provides that "Every one who, by communicating statements, other than in private conversation, wilfully promotes hatred against any identifiable group" commits a criminal offence. He was convicted at trial before the Alberta Court of Queen's Bench. The court rejected the argument, advanced by Keegstra and his lawyer, Doug Christie, that promoting hatred is a constitutionally protected freedom of expression as per s 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Keegstra appealed to the Alberta Court of Appeal. That court agreed with Keegstra, and he was acquitted. The Crown then appealed the case to the Supreme Court of Canada, which rule by a 4–3 majority that promoting hatred could be justifiably restricted under s 1 of the Charter. The Supreme Court restored Keegstra's conviction. He was fired from his teaching position shortly afterwards.⟶
Hate SpeechCanadian LawFreedom of SpeechAntisemitismSupreme Court of CanadaJames KeegstraLegal CaseCanadian Charter of Rights and FreedomsLegislation
Canada🔥 Louis Farrakhan's Ovens Remark
At a meeting of the Nation of Islam at Madison Square Garden in 1985, Louis Farrakhan said of the Jews: "And don't you forget, when it's God who puts you in the ovens, it's forever!"⟶
AntisemitismNation of IslamLouis FarrakhanHolocaustHate SpeechBlack Nationalism1980sRhetoric
United States🗣️ Jean-Marie Le Pen's Holocaust Denial Statement
On 13 September 1987 Jean-Marie Le Pen said, "I ask myself several questions. I'm not saying the gas chambers didn't exist. I haven't seen them myself. I haven't particularly studied the question. But I believe it's just a detail in the history of World War II." He was condemned under the Gayssot Act and ordered to pay 1.2 million francs (183,200 euros).⟶
Holocaust DenialAntisemitismJean-Marie Le PenFrench PoliticsFar RightGayssot Act1980sPolitical Discourse
France