1856 ⟶ Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu (Reform Edict)
Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu (the Reform Edict of 1856) is issued on Febr...
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1839
1856
1858
1861
1876
📜 Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane and the Tanzimât Reforms
The Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane (Supreme Edict of the Rose House) issued by sultan Abdülmecid I, which began the Tanzimât reforms of the Ottoman Empire.⟶
Ottoman EmpireReformGovernance19th CenturyTanzimatModernization
Turkey📜 Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu (Reform Edict)
Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu (the Reform Edict of 1856) is issued on February 18 and constitutes the most important Ottoman reform measure of the nineteenth century. It guaranteed the lives and property of Christians, replaced the heads of churches with a national synod, provided full freedom of conscience and civil participation for adherents to all religions. The edict was forced on the sultan by the British, French and Austrians to forestall a Russian intervention.⟶
Ottoman Empire19th centuryReformTanzimatReligious FreedomCivil RightsEuropean InfluenceLaw
Ottoman Empire🤝 Treaty of Paris Ends Crimean War
Treaty of Paris (March 30) ends Crimean War, and admits Turkey into the European concert, whereby its independence and imperial integrity was guaranteed. Russia ceded the mouths of the Danube and Bessarabia, returned Kurs, relinquished its claim as protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire and agreed to the neutralization of the Black Sea.⟶
Crimean WarTreaty of ParisOttoman EmpireRussia19th centuryWarEuropean Powers
Ottoman Empire
Russia
France
Great Britain⚖️ Feudal Holdings Abolished in Ottoman Empire
Feudal holdings abolished in the Ottoman Empire.⟶
Ottoman Empire19th centuryLand ReformTanzimatLawFeudalism
Ottoman Empire👑 Abdülaziz Succeeds Abd-ul-Mejid I in Ottoman Empire
Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid I died and is succeeded by Abdülaziz whose reign (1861-1876) is notable for the rapid spread of western influence (particularly Great Britain and France, allies of the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War), as evidenced by the first foreign loans, railroad construction, and public debt administration, and the rise of secular liberalism, shown by literary revival, translation of Western literature, rise of Turkish journalism and establishment of universities.⟶
Ottoman EmpireAbdülaziz19th centuryLeadershipTanzimatWestern Influence
Ottoman Empire👑 Constitutional monarchy in Ottoman Empire (first phase)
Constitutional monarchy in Ottoman Empire (Turkey)(first phase)⟶
Ottoman EmpireConstitutional MonarchyTanzimatReformGovernanceModernization19th Century
Turkey