1871 ⟶ Boltzmann and Gibbs Develop Statistical Mechanics

89 – Ludwig Boltzmann & Josiah Willard Gibbs: Statistical me...
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Year
1860
1871
1876
1877

📊 Maxwell Introduces Statistical Mechanics and Maxwell Distribution

James Clerk Maxwell: Introduced statistical mechanics with the Maxwell distribution⟶
Maxwell Introduces Statistical Mechanics and Maxwell Distribution (1860)
Statistical MechanicsMaxwell DistributionPhysicsJames Clerk MaxwellThermodynamics19th Century ScienceKinetic TheoryProbabilityBoltzmann
United KingdomUnited Kingdom

⚛️ Boltzmann and Gibbs Develop Statistical Mechanics

89 – Ludwig Boltzmann & Josiah Willard Gibbs: Statistical mechanics (Boltzmann equation, 1872)⟶
Boltzmann and Gibbs Develop Statistical Mechanics (1871)
Statistical MechanicsThermodynamicsBoltzmann EquationPhysics19th Century ScienceGibbsBoltzmannGas DynamicsEntropy
AustriaAustriaUnited StatesUnited States

⚖️ Gibbs Publishes on the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances

Josiah Willard Gibbs publishes On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, a compilation of his work on thermodynamics and physical chemistry which lays out the concept of free energy to explain the physical basis of chemical equilibria.⟶
Gibbs Publishes on the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876)
ThermodynamicsPhysical ChemistryFree EnergyChemical EquilibriumGibbsPhase Rule19th Century Science
United StatesUnited States

💨 Boltzmann Establishes Statistical Derivations

Ludwig Boltzmann establishes statistical derivations of many important physical and chemical concepts, including entropy, and distributions of molecular velocities in the gas phase.⟶
Boltzmann Establishes Statistical Derivations (1877)
Statistical MechanicsEntropyBoltzmannThermodynamicsGas Dynamics19th Century SciencePhysical Chemistry
AustriaAustria