Zhuge Liang's Death at Wuzhang Plains
Year: 234
Category: Warfare & Military
Zhuge Liang dies of illness at the standoff of Wuzhang Plains.
Tags: Three Kingdoms Period, Military Strategy, Civil War, Shu Han, Warfare, Chinese History, Military Leadership
Battle of Xingshi: Wei Forces Defeat Shu Han
Year: 244
Category: Warfare & Military
Battle of Xingshi in China.
Tags: Warfare, Military Conflict, Three Kingdoms Period, Shu Han, Siege, Territorial Disputes, Battle
Cao Wei Annexes Shu Han
Year: 263
Category: Warfare & Military
Cao Wei conquers the Shu Han Kingdom.
Tags: Three Kingdoms Period, Conquest, Shu Han, Warfare, Political Instability, Civil War, Eastern Han Dynasty
Sima Yan Founds the Jin Dynasty
Year: 266
Category: Politics
The Jin dynasty is founded after the overthrow of the Cao Wei dynasty by Sima Yan.
Tags: Jin Dynasty, Dynastic Transition, Three Kingdoms Period, Political Power, Imperial China
Jin Dynasty Unifies China After Conquest of Eastern Wu
Year: 280
Category: Warfare & Military
The Jin dynasty reunites China under one empire after the conquest of Eastern Wu.
Tags: Jin Dynasty, Three Kingdoms Period, Conquest, Unification, Warfare, Military History, Imperialism
Birth of Lǐ Yuān, Future Founder of the Tang Dynasty
Year: 566
Category: Politics
Birth of Lǐ Yuān, founder of the Tang dynasty and Emperor of China under the name of Gaozu (618-626)
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Imperial China, Emperor, Political Leadership, Dynastic Cycle, Chinese History
Li Yuan Establishes the Tang Dynasty
Year: 618
Category: Politics
Tang dynasty of China do initiated by Li Yuan.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Dynasty, Imperialism, Rise of Empires
Toothbrush Development in Tang China
Year: 619
Category: Technology
Toothbrush in China during the Tang dynasty
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Hygiene, Society, Daily Life
Tang Dynasty Destroys the Göktürk Khanate
Year: 629
Category: Warfare & Military
630: Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks, Chinese Tang dynasty forces under commanders Li Jing and Li Shiji destroy the Göktürk Khanate.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Nomadic Empires, Military Campaign, Warfare, Khanate
Nestorian Christianity Introduced to China
Year: 635
Category: Religion
649: Alopen, a Persian Christian priest, introduces Nestorian Christianity into China.
Tags: Christianity, Tang Dynasty, Religious Diffusion, Silk Road, Missionary
Xumi Pagoda Construction Completed
Year: 636
Category: Art
The Xumi Pagoda in Zhengding, China is built.
Tags: Architecture, Buddhism, Tang Dynasty, Religious Structures, Chinese History, 600s
Taizong's Edict of Toleration and Nestorian Church Construction
Year: 638
Category: Religion
Emperor Taizong (627-649) issues an edict of universal toleration of religions; Nestorian Christians build a church in Chang'an.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Religious Tolerance, Christianity, Chang'an
Ashina Jiesheshuai's Rebellion Against Tang China Fails
Year: 639
Category: Warfare & Military
Unsuccessful revolt of Ashina Jiesheshuai of the Turkic people against Tang China.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Rebellion, Military History, 600s, Internal Conflict, Nomadic Peoples, Political Instability
Gaozong Permits Christian Monasteries in China
Year: 649
Category: Religion
683: Chinese Emperor Gaozong permits establishment of Christian monasteries in each of 358 prefectures.
Tags: Christianity, Tang Dynasty, Religious Tolerance, Missionaries, Religious History
First Issuance of Chinese Paper Money
Year: 650
Category: Economy & Trade
The first Chinese paper money is issued.
Tags: Economy, Finance, Currency, Trade, Tang Dynasty, Banking
Tang Dynasty Victory Over Western Turkic Kaganate
Year: 657
Category: Warfare & Military
The Chinese Tang dynasty under Emperor Gaozong of Tang defeats Western Turkic Kaganate.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Warfare, Military Expansion, Turkic Peoples, 600s, Imperialism
Chinese Monks Reconstruct South-Pointing Chariot for Emperor of Japan
Year: 658
Category: Technology
Two Chinese monks, Zhi Yu and Zhi You, reconstruct the 3rd century south-pointing chariot mechanical compass-vehicle for Emperor Tenji of Japan.
Tags: Compass, Tang Dynasty, Asuka Period, Mechanical Devices
Tang-Silla Victory at the Battle of Baekgang
Year: 663
Category: Warfare & Military
The Tang dynasty of China and Korean Silla Kingdom gain victory against the Korean Baekje Kingdom and their Yamato Japanese allies in the naval Battle of Baekgang.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Naval Battle, Military History, 600s, Alliances
I-tsing's Mention of the Holing Kingdom
Year: 664
Category: Society & Culture
A Tang dynasty Chinese source written by I-tsing, mentioned about Holing (Kalingga) kingdom, located somewhere in the northern coast of Central Java.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Chinese Literature, Cultural Exchange, Historical Records
Fall of Goguryeo to Tang-Silla Alliance
Year: 668
Category: Warfare & Military
The end of the Goguryeo–Tang War, as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and Unified Silla of Korea, the latter of which held the former Goguryeo domains.
Tags: Warfare, Military Conflict, Tang Dynasty, Goguryeo, Siege Warfare, Geopolitics
Wu Zetian Ascends to the Throne as Empress of China
Year: 690
Category: Politics
Pro-Buddhist imperial consort Wu Zetian seizes power and rules as Empress of China.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Empress, Imperial Rule, Buddhism, Dynastic Change
Buddhism Officially Recognized as State Religion in China
Year: 691
Category: Religion
Buddhism is made the state religion of China.
Tags: Buddhism, Religion, Tang Dynasty, State Religion, Imperial China
Unofficial Anti-Christian Persecution Begins in China
Year: 698
Category: Religion
Active but unofficial anti-Christian persecution begins in China
Tags: Christianity, Religious Violence, Tang Dynasty, Religious Conflict
Empress Wu Zetian's Overthrow
Year: 705
Category: Politics
Overthrow of Empress Wu Zetian, the reign of China's first and only sole-ruling empress ends.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Empress, Imperial Rule, Succession, Coup d'état, Dynastic Cycle
Xuanzong Begins Reign, Ushering in a Golden Age
Year: 712
Category: Politics
756: Emperor Xuanzong reigned, the time was considered one of China's high points.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Golden Age, Imperial China, Governance, Dynastic Rule
Death of Chán Buddhist Patriarch Huineng
Year: 713
Category: Religion
Death of Dajian Huineng, sixth and last Patriarch of Chán Buddhism.
Tags: Buddhism, Religious Leaders, Tang Dynasty, Spiritualism, Enlightenment
Chang'an Census Records Population of 1.96 Million
Year: 742
Category: Society & Culture
For the municipal census of the Tang-dynasty Chinese capital city Chang'an and its metropolitan area of Jingzhou Fu (including small towns in the vicinity), the New Book of Tang records that in this year there were 362,921 registered families with 1,960,188 persons.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Census, Population, Chang'an, Urbanization, Imperial China
Jian Zhen Describes International Trade in Guangzhou
Year: 748
Category: Economy & Trade
The Chinese Buddhist monk Jian Zhen writes in his Yue Jue Shu of the international sea traffic coming to Guangzhou, ships from Borneo, Persia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and others bringing tons of goods.
Tags: Trade, Maritime Trade, Silk Road, Tang Dynasty, Guangzhou, Buddhism, International Relations, Cultural Exchange
Arab-Tang Battle of Talas: Central Asia Conquest
Year: 751
Category: Warfare & Military
Arabian armies defeat Chinese Tang dynasty troops in the Battle of Talas, in the high Pamirs near Samarkand, and conquer Central Asia completely.
Tags: Battle, Military Conflict, Tang Dynasty, Abbasid Caliphate, Silk Road, Islam, Expansionism, Warfare
An Lushan's Rebellion Begins in China
Year: 755
Category: Warfare & Military
763: The An Shi Rebellion devastates China during the mid Tang dynasty.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Rebellion, Civil War, Military History, Political Instability, Warfare
Guangzhou Looted and Closed by Pirates, Tang Dynasty
Year: 758
Category: Warfare & Military
Arab and Persian pirates and travelers burn and loot the Chinese city of Guangzhou, while the Tang Dynasty authorities shut the port down for the next five decades.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Piracy, Maritime History, Guangzhou
Marriage of Zubaidah and Harun al-Rashid; Xi'an Stele Erection
Year: 781
Category: Society & Culture
Marriage of Abbasid princess Zubaidah and Harun al-Rashid. The Xi'an Stele is erected in China.
Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Tang Dynasty, Marriage, Diplomacy, Cultural Exchange, Silk Road, Religion, Islamic World, Christianity, Inscriptions
Al-Mahdi's Death and Al-Hadi's Accession; Tang Dynasty Maritime Expansion
Year: 785
Category: Politics
Death of Abbasid caliph al-Mahdi and succession of al-Hadi on 24 July 785. The Tang dynasty begins landing regular maritime missions on the coast of East Africa, cutting out middlemen Arab sea merchants.
Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Tang Dynasty, Succession, Maritime Trade, Political Transition, Diplomacy, Economy
Leshan Giant Buddha Completed
Year: 803
Category: Art
Construction on the Leshan Giant Buddha in Tang dynasty China is complete, after 90 years of rock-carving on a massive cliff-side.
Tags: Buddhism, Tang Dynasty, Sculpture, Art, Religious Art, Architecture, Cultural Heritage
Tang Dynasty Under Emperor Xianzong
Year: 805
Category: Politics
820: Tang dynasty was under the rule of Emperor Xianzong of Tang.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Imperial Rule, Dynastic Politics
Emperor Wenzong's Failed Eunuch Purge
Year: 835
Category: Politics
Sweet Dew Incident occurs. Emperor Wenzong of the Tang dynasty conspires to kill the powerful eunuchs of the Tang court, but the plot is foiled.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Imperial Court, Political Intrigue, Power Struggle, Internal Conflict, Failed Coup
Buddhism Persecuted and Banned in China
Year: 845
Category: Religion
Buddhism is persecuted and banned in China.
Tags: Buddhism, Religious Violence, Tang Dynasty, Confucianism
Emperor Xuānzong of Tang Ascends the Throne
Year: 846
Category: Politics
859: Emperor Xuānzong of Tang reigned. He was considered the last capable emperor of the Tang dynasty.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Emperor, Imperial Rule, Governance
Diamond Sutra Printed Using Woodblock Printing
Year: 868
Category: Technology
First known printed book, the Diamond Sutra, printed in China using woodblock printing in 868.
Tags: Printing, Books, Tang Dynasty, Buddhism, Information Technology, Cultural Impact
Huang Chao's Rebellion Against the Tang Dynasty Begins
Year: 875
Category: Warfare & Military
884: Huang Chao leads an unsuccessful rebellion against the Tang dynasty in China.
Tags: Rebellion, Tang Dynasty, Civil War, Dynastic Cycle, Peasant Revolt
Zhu Quanzhong Overthrows Tang Dynasty and Establishes Later Liang
Year: 907
Category: Politics
Zhu Quanzhong deposes Emperor Ai of Tang and establishes a new Later Liang dynasty.
Tags: Tang Dynasty, Dynastic Transition, Emperor, Military Coup, Political Instability, Warfare
Zhao Kuangyin Ascends the Throne, Founding the Song Dynasty
Year: 960
Category: Politics
Zhao Kuangyin establishes Song dynasty.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Dynasty, Emperor, Imperial China, Unification
Song Dynasty Regulates South Seas Trade with Ma-i
Year: 971
Category: Economy & Trade
Song dynasty recorded the ancient sovereign state of Ma-i on the list of states conducting trade in the south seas and the government's efforts to regulate and tax this "luxurious" trade.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Trade, Taxation, Maritime Trade, Economic History, Luxury Goods
Song Dynasty Unifies China
Year: 979
Category: Politics
Song dynasty reunites China.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Dynastic Cycle, Reunification, Imperial China
Butuan Kingdom's Tributary Mission to Song Dynasty China
Year: 1001
Category: Politics
The ancient kingdom of Butuan, through its King, Rajah Kiling, made contact with the Chinese, Song dynasty recorded the first appearance of Butuan tributary mission through Lijehan and Jiaminan at the Chinese Imperial Court on March 17, 1001 AD.
Tags: Diplomacy, Tributary System, Song Dynasty, Butuan, Trade, Middle Ages
Song Dynasty Bans Butuan Exports Due to Regulatory Issues
Year: 1004
Category: Economy & Trade
Song dynasty court prohibited Butuan from exporting several items with their predilection due to issues on rules and regulation.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Butuan, Maritime Trade, Economic Policy
Song Dynasty and Liao Dynasty Sign Treaty of Shanyuan
Year: 1005
Category: Politics
The Treaty of Shanyuan is signed between the Chinese Song dynasty and the Khitan Liao dynasty.
Tags: Treaty, Diplomacy, Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty, Warfare, Truce
Butuan's Diplomatic Demarche to Song Dynasty Rejected
Year: 1007
Category: Politics
Butuan king, Rajah Kiling through the ambassador I-hsu-han sent a formal memorial on Song dynasty Imperial court requesting equal status with Champa but the request was denied on the grounds that "Butuan is beneath Champa." due to Champa being an older tributary state since the 4th century.
Tags: Diplomacy, Song Dynasty, Tributary System, Political Relations, Butuan, Champa, Royal Court
Fatimid Envoy Reopens Diplomatic Ties with Song Dynasty China
Year: 1008
Category: Politics
The Fatimid Egyptian sea captain Domiyat travels to the Buddhist pilgrimage site in Shandong, China, to seek out the Chinese Emperor Zhenzong of Song with gifts from his ruling Imam Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, successfully reopening diplomatic relations between Egypt and China that had been lost since the collapse of the Tang dynasty.
Tags: Diplomacy, Trade, Middle Ages, Fatimid Caliphate, Song Dynasty, Embassies, International Relations, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
Butuan Achieves Diplomatic Equality with Champa
Year: 1011
Category: Politics
Under a new Rajah named Sri Bata Shaja, Butuan finally succeeded in attaining diplomatic equality with Champa after being denied in an older request made 4 years earlier to the Song dynasty court by sending the flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh.
Tags: Diplomacy, Butuan, Champa, Song Dynasty, Trade, Political Relations
First Paper Money in Sichuan, China
Year: 1024
Category: Economy & Trade
– The world's first paper-printed money can be traced back to the year 1024, in Sichuan province of Song dynasty China. The Chinese government would step in and overtake this trend, issuing the central government's official banknote in the 1120s.
Tags: Currency, Economy, Song Dynasty, Trade, Finance, Government
Yan Su Recreates South-Pointing Chariot
Year: 1027
Category: Technology
– The Chinese engineer Yan Su recreates the mechanical compass-vehicle of the south-pointing chariot, first invented by Ma Jun in the 3rd century.
Tags: Compass, Navigation, Song Dynasty, Military Technology
Srivijayan Diplomatic Mission to Song China
Year: 1028
Category: Politics
the King of Srivijaya appeals to the Song dynasty Chinese, sending a diplomatic mission to their capital at Kaifeng.
Tags: Diplomacy, Song Dynasty, Srivijaya, Political Relations, Tribute System, Trade
Bi Sheng Invents Movable Type Printing
Year: 1041
Category: Technology
1048 – Artisan Bi Sheng of Song dynasty China invents movable type printing using individual ceramic characters.
Tags: Printing, Movable Type, Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng
Qingli Reforms Introduced in Song Dynasty China
Year: 1043
Category: Politics
the Song dynasty Chancellor of China, Fan Zhongyan, and prominent official and historian Ouyang Xiu introduce the Qingli Reforms, which would be rescinded by the court in 1045 due to partisan resistance to reforms.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Political Reform, Bureaucracy, Ouyang Xiu, Chancellor, Dynastic Politics
Wujing Zongyao Describes Gunpowder and Early Compass
Year: 1044
Category: Technology
the Chinese Wujing Zongyao, written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide, is the first book to describe gunpowder formulas; it also described their use in warfare, such as blackpowder-impregnated fuses for flamethrowers. It also described an early form of the compass, a thermoremanence compass.
Tags: Gunpowder, Military Technology, Compass, Inventions, Song Dynasty, Warfare
Wujing Zongyao Military Manuscript Completed
Year: 1044
Category: Warfare & Military
– The Wujing Zongyao military manuscript is completed by Chinese scholars Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide.
Tags: Military History, Song Dynasty, Military Technology, Manuscript, Warfare
First Drydock Used in China
Year: 1068
Category: Technology
– First known use of the drydock in China.
Tags: Maritime History, Shipbuilding, Song Dynasty
Wang Anshi's New Policies Implemented
Year: 1069
Category: Politics
In 1076, Chancellor Wang Anshi enacted the New Policies under Emperor Shenzong, which included reforms like the Baojia system, low-cost loans, tax-based labor, government monopolies, land surveys, and changes to the imperial examination system. These policies aimed to strengthen the Song dynasty through societal and economic reforms.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Political Reform, Economic Reform, Social Reform, Imperial China, Bureaucracy
Shen Kuo Defends Song Dynasty Borders Against Liao Claims
Year: 1075
Category: Politics
Chinese official and diplomat Shen Kuo asserts the Song dynasty's rightful border lines by using court archives against the bold bluff of Emperor Daozong of Liao, who had asserted that Liao dynasty territory exceeded its earlier-accepted bounds.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty, Border Disputes, Diplomacy, Territorial Claims, Shen Kuo
Song-Lý War: Border Conflict and Territory Exchange
Year: 1075
Category: Warfare & Military
In 1077, the Lý dynasty of Vietnam and the Song dynasty of China fought a border war, with both sides exchanging captured territories in 1082 and later agreeing on a border.
Tags: Warfare, Border Dispute, Song Dynasty, Military History
Song Dynasty Develops Precursor to Bessemer Process
Year: 1075
Category: Technology
– the Song Chinese innovate a partial decarbonization method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast that Hartwell and Needham consider to be a predecessor to the 18th century Bessemer process.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Metallurgy, Manufacturing, Industrial Revolution
Song Dynasty Establishes Gunpowder Ingredient Monopolies
Year: 1076
Category: Warfare & Military
the Chinese Song dynasty places strict government monopolies over the production and distribution of sulfur and saltpetre, in order to curb the possibility of merchants selling gunpowder formula components to enemies such as the Tanguts and Khitans.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Gunpowder, Military Technology, Warfare, Monopoly, Trade, Military Strategy
Song Dynasty's Failed Invasion of Đại Việt with Allies
Year: 1076
Category: Warfare & Military
the Song Chinese allies with southern Vietnamese Champa and Cambodian Chenla to conquer the Lý dynasty, which is an unsuccessful campaign.
Tags: Warfare, Military History, Song Dynasty, Champa, Invasion, Military Alliance
Shen Kuo's Campaign Against Western Xia Fails Due to Officer Disobedience
Year: 1080
Category: Warfare & Military
1081: The Chinese statesman and scientist Shen Kuo is put in command of the campaign against the Western Xia, and although he successfully halts their invasion route to Yanzhou (modern Yan'an), another officer disobeys imperial orders and the campaign is ultimately a failure because of it.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Military Campaign, Warfare, Siege Warfare, Shen Kuo, Military Failure
Su Shi's Exile for Criticizing Reforms
Year: 1080
Category: Politics
– The Chinese poet Su Shi is exiled from court for writing poems criticizing the various reforms of the New Policies Group.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Exile, Poetry, Literature, Su Shi, Reform, Political Dissent
Quanzhou Establishes Maritime Trade Tax Office
Year: 1087
Category: Economy & Trade
a new office at the Chinese international seaport of Quanzhou is established to handle and regulate taxes and tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, and South East Asia.
Tags: Trade, Taxation, Maritime, Song Dynasty, Tariffs, International Trade, Economy, Silk Road
Shen Kuo Documents Pound Lock's Impact on Chinese Shipping
Year: 1088
Category: Technology
Shen Kuo's *Dream Pool Essays* documented the 10th-century Chinese invention of the pound lock, which enabled large ships carrying government cargo (up to 49 tons) and private cargo (up to 113 tons) to navigate canals efficiently.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Transportation, Canals, Shipping, Shen Kuo, Trade
Bi Sheng Invents Movable Type
Year: 1088
Category: Technology
Movable type in Song dynasty China: The first record of a movable type system is in the Dream Pool Essays, which attributes the invention of the movable type to Bi Sheng.
Tags: Printing, Movable Type, Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng, Communication, Knowledge Dissemination
Song Dynasty Political Shift and Renewed Conflict with Western Xia
Year: 1093
Category: Politics
when the Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies, the conservative faction that had followed Sima Guang is ousted from court, the liberal reforms of Wang Anshi reinstated, and Emperor Zhezong of Song halted all negotiations with the Tanguts of the Western Xia, resuming in armed conflict with them.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Political Intrigue, Imperial Court, Empress Dowager, Military Conflict, Chinese History
Su Song's Astronomical Clock Tower Construction
Year: 1094
Category: Technology
– The Chinese mechanical engineer and astronomer Su Song incorporates an escapement mechanism and the world's first known chain drive to operate the armillary sphere, the astronomical clock, and the striking clock jacks of his clock tower in Kaifeng.
Tags: Clockmaking, Astronomy, Mechanical Engineering, Song Dynasty
Dongpo Academy Established in Hainan
Year: 1098
Category: Society & Culture
the Dongpo Academy of Hainan, China is built in honor of the Song dynasty Chinese official and poet Su Shi, who was exiled there for criticizing reforms of the New Policies Group.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Confucianism, Literature, Poetry, Exile, Su Shi, Education
Wu Deren Combines Compass and Odometer in Engineering
Year: 1107
Category: Technology
The Chinese engineer Wu Deren combines the mechanical compass vehicle of the south-pointing chariot with the distance-measuring odometer device.
Tags: Navigation, Chinese History, Song Dynasty, Military Technology
Founding of the Donglin Academy
Year: 1111
Category: Society & Culture
The Chinese Donglin Academy is founded.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Academy, Education, Intellectual History, Philosophy, Social Reform, Scholarship
Jin Dynasty Declares War on the Song Dynasty
Year: 1125
Category: Warfare & Military
In November, the Jurchens of the Jin dynasty declare war on the Song dynasty, beginning the Jin–Song wars.
Tags: Jin Dynasty, Song Dynasty, Warfare, Military Conflict, Invasion, Chinese History
Jin Dynasty Conquest of Northern Song Territory
Year: 1127
Category: Warfare & Military
The Northern Song dynasty loses power over northern China to the Jin dynasty.
Tags: Warfare, Invasion, Dynastic Cycle, Jin Dynasty, Song Dynasty, Military Conflict
Southern Song Dynasty Establishes Permanent Navy
Year: 1132
Category: Warfare & Military
The Southern Song dynasty establishes China's first permanent standing navy, although China had a long naval history prior. The main admiral's office is at the port of Dinghai.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Military History, Naval Warfare, Chinese History, Maritime Power
Chinese Navy Expansion and Paddle Wheel Craft Development
Year: 1132
Category: Warfare & Military
1183: the Chinese navy increases from a mere 3,000 to 52,000 marine soldiers stationed in 20 different squadrons. During this time, hundreds of treadmill-operated paddle wheel craft are assembled for the navy to fight the Jin dynasty in the north.
Tags: Military Technology, Chinese History, Naval Warfare, Jin Dynasty, Warfare, Song Dynasty
Treaty of Shaoxing Establishes Jin-Song Boundaries
Year: 1141
Category: Politics
The Treaty of Shaoxing ends the conflict between the Jin dynasty and Southern Song dynasty, legally establishing the boundaries of the two countries and forcing the Song dynasty to renounce all claims to its former territories north of the Huai River. The treaty reduces the Southern Song into a quasi-tributary state of the Jurchen Jin dynasty.
Tags: Treaty, Diplomacy, Dynasty, Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Territorial Disputes, Warfare
Song Dynasty Navy Defeats Jin Dynasty in Naval Battles
Year: 1161
Category: Warfare & Military
the Song dynasty Chinese navy, employing gunpowder bombs launched from trebuchets, defeats the enormous Jin dynasty navy in the East China Sea in the Battle of Tangdao and on the Yangtze River in the Battle of Caishi.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Naval Warfare, Gunpowder, Yangtze River, Chinese History, Military Technology, Medieval Warfare
Construction of the Liuhe Pagoda
Year: 1165
Category: Art
The Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, is built.
Tags: Architecture, Buddhism, Song Dynasty, Monument, Construction, Art History, Cultural Heritage
Death of Genghis Khan
Year: 1227
Category: Politics
Genghis Khan dies.
Tags: Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan, Empire Building, Succession, Middle Ages, Khanate
Mongol Siege and Capture of Kaifeng
Year: 1232
Category: Warfare & Military
The Mongols besiege Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin dynasty, capturing it in the following year.
Tags: Mongol Empire, Siege, Military History, Jin Dynasty, Warfare, Expansionism
Toluid Civil War Begins: Kublai Khan vs. Ariq Böke
Year: 1260
Category: Warfare & Military
Toluid Civil War begins between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke for the title of Great Khan.
Tags: Civil War, Mongol Empire, Succession, Warfare
Goryeo Dynasty Swears Allegiance to the Yuan Dynasty
Year: 1270
Category: Politics
Goryeo dynasty swears allegiance to the Yuan dynasty.
Tags: Goryeo Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Mongol Empire, Political Alliance, Korean History, Chinese History
Mongol Invasion of Japan Fails
Year: 1274
Category: Warfare & Military
The Mongols launch their first invasion of Japan, but they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze winds.
Tags: Mongol Empire, Samurai, Kamikaze, Invasion, Military History, Yuan Dynasty, Warfare
First Recorded Use of Land Mine in Warfare
Year: 1277
Category: Warfare & Military
Land mine in Song dynasty China: Textual evidence suggests that the first use of a land mine in history is by a Song dynasty brigadier general known as Lou Qianxia, who uses an 'enormous bomb' (huo pao) to kill Mongol soldiers invading Guangxi in 1277.
Tags: Song Dynasty, Military Technology, Explosives, Warfare
Song Dynasty Falls to the Mongols at Yamen
Year: 1279
Category: Warfare & Military
The Song dynasty ends after losing the Battle of Yamen to the Mongols.
Tags: Mongol Empire, Song Dynasty, Military History, Chinese History, Imperialism, Warfare, Yuan Dynasty
Mongol Invasion of Japan Repelled
Year: 1281
Category: Warfare & Military
The Mongols launch their second invasion of Japan, but like their first invasion they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze winds.
Tags: Mongol Empire, Samurai, Kamikaze, Medieval Warfare, Invasion, Military History
Kertanegara's Insult to Yuan Dynasty Envoys
Year: 1289
Category: Politics
Kertanegara insulted the envoy of Kublai Khan, who demanded that Java pay tribute to the Yuan Dynasty.
Tags: Diplomacy, Yuan Dynasty, Majapahit Empire, Imperialism, Sovereignty
Mongol Repulsion in Java
Year: 1293
Category: Warfare & Military
Mongol invasion of Java. Kublai Khan of Yuan dynasty China, sends punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari, who repels the Mongol forces.
Tags: Mongol Empire, Yuan Dynasty, Military Conflict, Expansionism, Singhasari, Warfare
Wang Dayuan's Voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East
Year: 1328
Category: Economy & Trade
1333: Wang Dayuan, a traveller from Quanzhou, China during the Yuan dynasty, visited Luzon & Mindanao in the Philippines, many places in Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and India, and reached Dhofar and Aden.
Tags: Exploration, Trade, Travel, Yuan Dynasty, Maritime History, Indian Ocean
Red Turban Rebellions Erupt Against Yuan Dynasty
Year: 1351
Category: Warfare & Military
The Red Turban Rebellions break out along the Huai River valley, beginning a nearly 20-year period of uprisings against the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in China.
Tags: Rebellion, Civil War, Yuan Dynasty, Mongol Empire, Religious Movements
Naval Battle of Lake Poyang
Year: 1363
Category: Warfare & Military
The Battle of Lake Poyang, a naval conflict between Chinese rebel groups led by Chen Youliang and Zhu Yuanzhang, takes place from August to October, constituting one of the largest naval battles in history.
Tags: Naval Warfare, Chinese History, Rebellions, Ming Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Battle, Civil War
Ming Dynasty Founded, Yuan Dynasty Overthrown
Year: 1368
Category: Politics
The end of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in China and the beginning of the Ming dynasty.
Tags: Dynasty, Mongol Empire, Ming Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Rebellion, Political Transition
