Edict of Fontainebleau outlaws Protestantism in France. King Charles II dies.

Tags: Religious Violence, Christianity, Huguenots, Absolutism, Counter-Reformation

Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.

Tags: Scientific Revolution, Physics, Mathematics, Isaac Newton, Mechanics, Enlightenment, Scientific Method, Global Impact

Sir Isaac Newton: classical mathematical description of the fundamental force of universal gravitation and the three physical laws of motion.

Tags: Scientific Revolution, Physics, Mathematics, Isaac Newton, Enlightenment, Scientific Method, Mechanics

1689: The Glorious Revolution starts with the Dutch Republic invading England, England becomes a constitutional monarchy.

Tags: Glorious Revolution, Constitutional Monarchy, Dutch Republic, William of Orange, James II, Monarchy, Parliament, Political Reform

Bill of Rights gains royal consent.

Tags: Bill of Rights, Monarchy, Parliament, Constitutionalism, Glorious Revolution, Limited Government, Political Reform

William and Mary ascend to the throne over England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Tags: Glorious Revolution, Monarchy, William of Orange, Parliament, Constitutional Monarchy, Succession

Mary II of England dies.

Tags: Queen, Succession, William III, Glorious Revolution, Monarchy

1699: Grand Embassy of Peter the Great to Western Europe.

Tags: Peter the Great, Diplomacy, Westernization, Modernization, Foreign Policy, Travel, European History

The Treaty of Karlowitz ends the Great Turkish War.

Tags: Treaty, Warfare, Ottoman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Diplomacy, Geopolitics, Territorial Changes

Kingdom of Prussia declared under King Frederick I.

Tags: Kingdom, Monarchy, Frederick I, Holy Roman Empire, German History, Political Transformation

Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great; it is the Russian capital until 1918.

Tags: Peter the Great, Capital City, Imperial Russia, Modernization, Tsardom, Empire Building, Urban Planning

1717: One Thousand and One Nights translated into French by Antoine Galland. The work becomes immensely popular throughout Europe.

Tags: Literature, Translation, French Literature, Cultural Exchange, Folklore, Storytelling

A Tale of a Tub by Jonathan Swift first published

Tags: Satire, Enlightenment, British Literature, Jonathan Swift, Literary Criticism, Prose

The first English-language edition of the Arabian Nights is published.

Tags: Literature, Translation, Enlightenment, Folklore, Cultural Exchange, Fiction, Storytelling

The Act of Union is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments, thus establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Tags: Union, Political History, British Isles, Parliament, Monarchy, Governance

The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope (publication of first version)

Tags: Literature, Poetry, Satire, English Literature, Social Commentary

The Treaty of Utrecht until War of the Spanish Succession ended after treaties of Rastatt and Baden were established in 1913 after a new British Gover...

Tags: Treaty, Warfare, Succession, Diplomacy, European History, Balance of Power, Spanish Empire

Accession of George I, Elector of Hanover, to the throne of Great Britain.

Tags: Monarchy, Succession, British History, Constitutional Monarchy, Political Transition

Louis XIV dies, leaving France greatly enlarged but deep in debt; The Regency takes power under Philippe d'Orleans.

Tags: French Monarchy, Regency, Louis XIV, Succession, European History

Pope Clement XI declares Catholicism and Confucianism incompatible.

Tags: Catholicism, Confucianism, Christianity, Religious Doctrine, Missionary Work, Cultural Exchange

The Netherlands, Britain and France sign the Triple Alliance.

Tags: Alliance, Diplomacy, International Relations, European History, Political Alliances, War of the Quadruple Alliance

Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe

Tags: Novel, English Literature, Colonialism

Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (de facto).

Tags: Prime Minister, British Politics, Constitutional Monarchy, Political Development

Kangxi Emperor bans Christian missionaries because of Pope Clement XI's decree.

Tags: Christianity, Qing Dynasty, Kangxi Emperor, Missionaries, Papal Authority, Religious Conflict, Cultural Exchange

Peter I reforms the Russian Orthodox Church.

Tags: Religious Reform, Peter the Great, Tsarist Russia, Church and State, Imperialism

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit proposes the Fahrenheit temperature scale.

Tags: Measurement, Temperature, Physics, Scientific Revolution, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

Austro-Spanish alliance revived. Russia joins in 1726.

Tags: Alliance, Diplomacy, Great Powers, European Politics, Balance of Power, Treaty, Habsburgs

Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift

Tags: Satire, Novel, Jonathan Swift, Literature, Social Commentary, British Literature, Enlightenment

The Dunciad by Alexander Pope (publication of first version)

Tags: Poetry, Satire, English Literature, Literary Criticism, Cultural Impact

1735: Charles Wesley and John Wesley begin Methodism in England.

Tags: Christianity, Religious Revival, Great Awakening

Mahmud I takes over Ottoman Empire after the Patrona Halil revolt, ending the Tulip period.

Tags: Ottoman Empire, Succession, Regime Change, Imperial History

1760: The First Great Awakening takes place in Great Britain and North America.

Tags: Religious Revival, Christianity, Evangelicalism, Religious Reform, George Whitefield, Colonial America, Social Impact

Letters Concerning the English Nation by Voltaire published in French.

Tags: Enlightenment, Literature, Philosophy, Voltaire, Satire, Freedom of Speech

Carl Linnaeus described a new system for classifying plants in Systema Naturae.

Tags: Botany, Classification, Scientific Revolution, Biology, Natural History, Global Impact

Europeans encountered rubber – the discovery was made by Charles Marie de La Condamine while on expedition in South America. It was named in 1770 by J...

Tags: Exploration, Natural History, Rubber, Discovery

Pope Clement XII issues In eminenti apostolatus, prohibiting Catholics from becoming Freemasons.

Tags: Catholicism, Religious Doctrine, Excommunication, Secret Societies, Enlightenment, Religious History

Frederick the Great comes to power in Prussia.

Tags: Monarchy, Enlightened Absolutism, Frederick the Great, Kingdom, European History, Habsburgs, Military Reform

George Whitefield brings the First Great Awakening to New England

Tags: Religious Revival, Great Awakening, Evangelicalism, New England, George Whitefield, Colonial America, Christianity, Religious History, American History

Vitus Bering discovers Alaska

Tags: Exploration, Russian Empire, Alaska, Geography, Discovery, Imperialism, Maritime History

Anders Celsius proposes an inverted form of the centigrade temperature, which is later renamed Celsius in his honor.

Tags: Measurement, Temperature, Physics, Scientific Revolution, Standardization

Musschenbroek and Kleist independently develop the Leyden jar, an early form of capacitor.

Tags: Physics, Electricity, Capacitor, Scientific Revolution, Instrumentation, Experimentation

Ewald Georg von Kleist first capacitor, the Leyden jar.

Tags: Electricity, Physics, Capacitor, Experimentation

Clarissa; or, The History of a Young Lady by Samuel Richardson

Tags: Novel, English Literature, Epistolary Novel, Social Commentary

(1749-1789) Buffon wrote Histoire naturelle.

Tags: Natural History, Enlightenment, Zoology, Botany, Scientific Revolution, Scientific Literature

The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling by Henry Fielding

Tags: Novel, Enlightenment, Satire, British Literature, Social Commentary

Joseph Black: describes latent heat.

Tags: Physics, Thermodynamics, Scientific Revolution

Benjamin Franklin: lightning is electrical.

Tags: Electricity, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Benjamin Franklin, Physics, Experimentation, Royal Society

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray published

Tags: Poetry, English Literature, Romanticism

1785: The French Encyclopédie

Tags: Enlightenment, Knowledge, Scientific Revolution, Philosophy, Intellectual History

Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning rod.

Tags: Electricity, Physics, Benjamin Franklin, Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution

Immanuel Kant: Gaseous Hypothesis in Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven.

Tags: Philosophy, Cosmology, Enlightenment, Immanuel Kant, Astronomy, Theoretical Physics

A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson

Tags: Literature, Dictionaries, English Language, Literary Criticism, Standardization, Enlightenment

Arithmetika Horvatzka by Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić

Tags: Mathematics, Education, Croatia, Arithmetic, Enlightenment

Candide by Voltaire

Tags: Literature, Enlightenment, Satire, French Literature, Voltaire, Social Commentary

1767: Tristram Shandy by Laurence Sterne

Tags: Literature, Novel, Satire, English Literature, Enlightenment, Fiction

George III becomes King of Britain.

Tags: Monarchy, British Empire, Succession, American Revolution

Mikhail Lomonosov: discovery of the atmosphere of Venus.

Tags: Astronomy, Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution, Planetary Science, Venus

1796: Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia.

Tags: Monarchy, Tsardom, Enlightened Absolutism, Imperialism, Catherine the Great, Romanov Dynasty

Thomas Bayes publishes first version of Bayes' theorem, paving the way for Bayesian probability

Tags: Statistics, Mathematics, Scientific Revolution, Epistemology, Data Analysis

The Stamp Act is introduced into the American colonies by the British Parliament.

Tags: Colonialism, Taxation, British Empire, American Revolution, Parliament, Protest, Representation

Christian VII becomes king of Denmark. He was king of Denmark to 1808.

Tags: Monarchy, Danish History, Succession, Political History

Joseph Priestley invents a method for the production of carbonated water.

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Joseph Priestley

Suppression of the Society of Jesus from the Spanish Empire.

Tags: Jesuits, Catholicism, Enlightenment, Spanish Empire, Colonialism, Religious Orders, Political Intrigue

Spanish missionaries establish the first of 21 missions in California.

Tags: Spanish Empire, Catholicism, Colonialism, Indigenous Peoples, Expansionism

Charles Messier: publishes catalogue of astronomical objects (Messier Objects) now known to include galaxies, star clusters, and nebulae.

Tags: Astronomy, Scientific Revolution, Galaxies, Cosmology, Observation

The Kalmyk Khanate dissolves as the territory becomes colonized by Russians. More than a hundred thousand Kalmyks migrate back to Qing Dzungaria.

Tags: Migration, Imperialism, Colonization, Khanate, Qing Dynasty, Russian Empire, Nomadic Peoples

Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état, becoming almost an absolute monarch.

Tags: Monarchy, Coup d'état, Political Reform, Enlightened Absolutism, Gustav III, Absolutism, Royal Power

1795: The Partitions of Poland end the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and erase Poland from the map for 123 years.

Tags: Partition, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Territorial Division, Geopolitics

Reformer Johann Friedrich Struensee executed in Denmark.

Tags: Enlightenment, Denmark, Monarchy, Execution, Royal Court, Reform

16 December, the Boston Tea Party.

Tags: American Revolution, Colonialism, Protest, Taxation, British Empire, Independence, Revolution

Joseph Priestley discovers "dephlogisticated air", oxygen

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Joseph Priestley

The Sorrows of Young Werther by Goethe first published

Tags: Literature, Novel, Romanticism, German Literature, Epistolary Novel

Joseph Priestley's first synthesis of "phlogisticated nitrous air", nitrous oxide, "laughing gas"

Tags: Chemistry, Experimentation, Joseph Priestley, Enlightenment, Medical History

Russia imposes a reduction in autonomy on the Zaporizhian Cossacks of Ukraine.

Tags: Russian Empire, Cossacks, Autonomy, Imperialism, Sovereignty

The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia.

Tags: American Revolution, Independence, Declaration, Enlightenment, Thomas Jefferson

1789: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was published by Edward Gibbon

Tags: Enlightenment, Historiography, Roman Empire, British Literature, Decline and Fall, Cultural Impact

Antoine Lavoisier (and Joseph Priestley): discovery of oxygen leading to end of Phlogiston theory.

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Antoine Lavoisier, Joseph Priestley, Enlightenment

Franco-American alliance signed.

Tags: American Revolution, Diplomacy, International Relations, Warfare, Treaty

Spain acquires its first permanent holding in Africa from the Portuguese, which is administered by the newly-established La Plata Viceroyalty.

Tags: Colonialism, Imperialism, Spanish Empire, Portuguese Empire, Territorial Acquisition, Political Administration

Photosynthesis was first discovered by Jan Ingenhousz

Tags: Biology, Botany, Enlightenment

Amazing Grace published by John Newton

Tags: Christianity, Religious Music, Evangelicalism, Slavery, Global Impact

1782: Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets by Samuel Johnson

Tags: Literature, Poetry, Biography, Enlightenment, English Literature

William Herschel announces discovery of Uranus, expanding the known boundaries of the Solar System for the first time in modern history.

Tags: Astronomy, Scientific Revolution, Planetary Science, Solar System, Discovery, Enlightenment, Telescope, Cosmology

The Robbers by Friedrich Schiller first published

Tags: Drama, German Literature, Romanticism, Enlightenment

Les Liaisons dangereuses by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos

Tags: Literature, Novel, French Literature, Epistolary Novel, Social Commentary, Enlightenment

The Treaty of Paris formally ends the American Revolutionary War.

Tags: American Revolution, Treaties, Diplomacy, Independence, Warfare, Nationalism

Russian Empire annexes the Crimean Khanate.

Tags: Imperialism, Expansionism, Geopolitics, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Annexation, Catherine the Great

Martinus van Marum is the first to use the electrolysis technique.

Tags: Chemistry, Electricity, Experimental Physics, Scientific Revolution

William Withering: publishes the first definitive account of the use of foxglove (digitalis) for treating dropsy.

Tags: Medicine, Botany, Scientific Publication

Frederick the Great dies without issue and is succeeded as King of Prussia by his nephew, Frederick William II.

Tags: Monarchy, Succession, Frederick the Great, German History, Dynasty

Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect by Robert Burns

Tags: Literature, Poetry, Enlightenment, National Identity, Cultural Impact, Romanticism

Jacques Charles discovers Charles's law

Tags: Physics, Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Temperature

1788: The Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

Tags: Political Theory, American Revolution, United States Constitution, Federalism, Political Philosophy, Early Republic, Founding Fathers

The United States Constitution is written in Philadelphia and submitted to the states for ratification.

Tags: Constitution, Founding Fathers, Federalism, Republicanism, Legislative Branch, Executive Branch, American Revolution, Political Philosophy

First permanent European settlement established in Australia by Britain at Sydney.

Tags: Colonialism, British Empire, Exploration, Settlement, New South Wales, Indigenous Australians

New Hampshire becomes the 9th state to ratify the United States Constitution, and by the terms of Article VII it takes effect.

Tags: Constitution, Federalism, American Revolution, Political History, Early Republic, Founding Fathers

1789: Inconfidência Mineira, conspiracy against the colonial authorities in Brazil.

Tags: Colonialism, Independence Movements, Conspiracy, Portuguese Empire, Taxation, Mining, Political Instability

First French Quaker community established in Congénies.

Tags: Religious History, Religious Freedom, Christianity, Social Movements

Antoine Lavoisier: law of conservation of mass, basis for chemistry, and the beginning of modern chemistry.

Tags: Chemistry, Scientific Revolution, Antoine Lavoisier, Modern Science, Enlightenment, Scientific Method, Experimentation

George Washington is elected the first President of the United States; he serves until 1797.

Tags: American Revolution, Presidency, George Washington, Founding Fathers, Federalism, Early Republic, Political Leadership, Constitution

The Liège Revolution.

Tags: Revolution, Enlightenment, Political Reform, French Revolution, Absolutism

The Brabant Revolution.

Tags: Revolution, Independence, Enlightenment, Political Upheaval, Monarchy, Republic

The Inconfidência Mineira, an unsuccessful separatist movement in central Brazil led by Tiradentes

Tags: Colonialism, Independence Movements, Separatism, Portuguese Empire

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen adopted.

Tags: French Revolution, Human Rights, Enlightenment, Natural Rights, Liberty, Equality

Great Britain and Spain dispute the Nootka Sound during the Nootka Crisis.

Tags: Imperialism, Colonialism, Territorial Disputes, Diplomacy, Pacific Northwest, Trade, British Empire, Spanish Empire, Exploration

Songs of Innocence by William Blake

Tags: Poetry, Literature, Romanticism, Art, Enlightenment, Symbolism, Social Commentary

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano

Tags: Slavery, Transatlantic Slave Trade, Abolitionism, British Empire, African Diaspora, Human Rights

The United States of Belgium is proclaimed following the Brabant Revolution.

Tags: Revolution, Independence, Political Upheaval, Confederation, Failed State

Establishment of the Polish-Prussian Pact.

Tags: Alliance, Diplomacy, European Politics, Military Alliance

Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow by Alexander Radishchev

Tags: Enlightenment, Serfdom, Social Commentary, Russian Literature, Censorship, Autocracy, Imperial Russia, Social Reform

The Constitutional Act (or Canada Act) creates the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada in British North America.

Tags: British Empire, Constitutionalism, Colonialism, Governance, Upper Canada, Lower Canada

The United States Bill of Rights is ratified.

Tags: Bill of Rights, Constitution, Civil Liberties, Human Rights, Political History, American Revolution, Founding Fathers, Legal History, Federalism

King Gustav III of Sweden is assassinated by a conspiracy of noblemen.

Tags: Monarchy, Assassination, Political Intrigue, Gustav III, Nobility, Conspiracy, Enlightened Absolutism

Former King Louis XVI of France and his wife Marie Antoinette are guillotined. Louis is executed in January, Marie Antoinette in October.

Tags: French Revolution, Regicide, Monarchy, Republic, Radicalism

Jay's Treaty is concluded between Great Britain and the United States, by which the Western outposts in the Great Lakes are returned to the U.S. and c...

Tags: Treaty, Diplomacy, International Relations, Commerce, Territorial Disputes, Early Republic, George Washington

Songs of Experience by William Blake

Tags: Romanticism, Poetry, Literature, Social Commentary, Visual Arts, Symbolism

The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe published.

Tags: Literature, Novel, Romanticism

Establishment of the French-backed Batavian Republic in present-day Netherlands.

Tags: French Revolution, Republic, Napoleonic Wars, Political Transformation, Nationalism, Enlightenment

Pinckney's Treaty between the United States and Spain grants the Mississippi Territory to the U.S.

Tags: Treaty, Diplomacy, Territorial Expansion, Foreign Policy

Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination; smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century, including ...

Tags: Medicine, Vaccination, Public Health, Infectious Diseases, Edward Jenner, Global Impact

Mungo Park, backed by the African Association, is the first European to set eyes on the Niger River in Africa.

Tags: Exploration, Geography, Colonialism, Imperialism

Georges Cuvier: Establishes extinction as a fact.

Tags: Paleontology, Biology, Extinction, Natural History, Scientific Revolution

Edward Jenner: smallpox historical accounting.

Tags: Medicine, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, Public Health, Edward Jenner, Scientific Revolution, Smallpox

Trinidad put under British rule.

Tags: Colonialism, British Empire, Imperialism, Territorial Expansion, Napoleonic Wars, Geopolitics

John Adams is inaugurated on March 4 as President of the United States following the 1796 United States presidential election. The peaceful transfer o...

Tags: Presidency, Inauguration, Political Transition, Federal Government, George Washington, Early Republic

Napoleon's invasion and partition of the Republic of Venice ends over 1,000 years of independence for the Serene Republic.

Tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, French Revolution, Republic, Annexation, Political Transition, European History

Edward Jenner publishes a treatise about smallpox vaccination

Tags: Medicine, Vaccination, Smallpox, Public Health, Edward Jenner, Medical Breakthrough, Global Impact

Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Tags: Romanticism, Poetry, Literature, English Literature

Coup of 18 Brumaire - Napoleon's coup d'etat brings the end of the French Revolution.

Tags: Coup d'état, French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte, Military, Dictatorship, Consulate

Napoleon stages a coup d'état and becomes First Consul of France.

Tags: French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte, Coup d'état, Consulate, Dictatorship

Alessandro Volta: discovers electrochemical series and invents the battery.

Tags: Physics, Electricity, Electrochemistry, Energy

On 1 January, the bankrupt VOC is formally dissolved and the nationalized Dutch East Indies are established.

Tags: Colonialism, Dutch Empire, VOC, East Indies, Nationalization, Political Transition, Global Trade, Imperialism

Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi discovers the dwarf planet Ceres.

Tags: Astronomy, Planetary Science, Solar System

American politician Alexander Hamilton begins publishing the New York Evening Post as the Federalist "Vehicle" for their news.

Tags: Media, Early Republic, Freedom of the Press

Thomas Jefferson elected President of the United States by the House of Representatives, following a tie in the Electoral College.

Tags: Presidential Election, Thomas Jefferson, Early Republic, Legislative Branch

The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom.

Tags: British Empire, Nationalism, Political Consolidation, Irish History, Legislation

Alexander I of Russia becomes tsar after the assassination of his father.

Tags: Russian Empire, Tsar, Monarchy, Succession, Imperialism, Political Instability

Napoleon and Pope Pius VII sign the Concordat of 1801 in Paris.

Tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, Catholicism, Religious Freedom

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: teleological evolution.

Tags: Evolution, Biology, Scientific Theory, Ideas

William Cobbett begins weekly Political Register

Tags: Journalism, Radicalism, Freedom of the Press

The United States almost doubles in size when it buys out France's territorial claims in North America in the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the Amer...

Tags: Westward Expansion, Territorial Acquisition, Manifest Destiny, American History, Diplomacy, Geopolitics, Thomas Jefferson

Lewis and Clark Expedition in western U.S.

Tags: Exploration, United States History, Mapping, Indigenous Peoples, Territorial Expansion

Morphine first isolated.

Tags: Chemistry, Medicine, Pharmaceuticals, Pharmacology

Friedrich Sertürner discovers morphine as the first active alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy plant.

Tags: Chemistry, Medicine, Pharmacology

Haiti gains independence from France and becomes the first black republic.

Tags: Independence, Revolution, Colonialism, French Revolution, Toussaint Louverture, Self-determination

Austrian Empire founded by Francis I.

Tags: Austrian Empire, Francis I, Holy Roman Empire, Monarchy, Political Consolidation, Habsburgs, Empire

Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French.

Tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, French Empire, Coronation, French Revolution, Monarchy, European History, Imperialism

British and Foreign Bible Society founded by William Wilberforce and Thomas Charles

Tags: Christianity, Bible, Evangelicalism, Literacy, Missionary Work, Social Reform

John Dalton: Atomic Theory in (chemistry).

Tags: Chemistry, Atomic Theory, Scientific Revolution, Elements, Scientific Advancement, Theory

Holy Roman Empire dissolved as a consequence of the Treaty of Pressburg.

Tags: Holy Roman Empire, Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon Bonaparte, German Confederation, Political Transformation, European History, Sovereignty

Napoleon makes brother Joseph Bonaparte king of Naples & brother Louis Bonaparte king of Holland.

Tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleonic Wars, French Empire, Monarchy, European Politics, Political Restructuring, Imperialism

Potassium and Sodium are individually isolated by Humphry Davy.

Tags: Chemistry, Elements, Experimentation

Britain and the United States separately make the Slave Trade a criminal act.

Tags: Slavery, Abolition, Transatlantic Slave Trade, Legislation, Human Rights

First treaty of Tilsit: Russia allies with France against Britain in the War of the Fourth Coalition

Tags: Napoleonic Wars, Treaty, Alliance, Diplomacy, Napoleon Bonaparte

Second treaty of Tilsit: Napoleon reorganizes Eastern Europe; rump Prussia becomes ally.

Tags: Napoleonic Wars, Treaty, Diplomacy, Napoleon Bonaparte, Geopolitics, Alliances

Napoleon invades the Papal States and adds it to French Empire, making his young son the King of Rome.

Tags: Napoleonic Wars, French Empire, Catholicism, Annexation, Political Intrigue, European History, Expansionism, Continental System

Napoleon strips the Teutonic Knights of their last holdings in Bad Mergentheim.

Tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleonic Wars, Teutonic Order, Holy Roman Empire, Territorial Changes, German History, Political Reform, Military Occupation

Pope Pius VII excommunicates Napoleon and is later imprisoned at Savon.

Tags: Catholicism, Napoleon Bonaparte, Excommunication, French Empire, Napoleonic Wars, Religious Conflict

May 14: Paraguay declares independence from the Spanish empire (recognized May 15).

Tags: Independence, Colonialism, Spanish Empire, Nation Building, South American History

British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated.

Tags: Assassination, British Politics, Prime Minister, Political Violence, Napoleonic Wars

Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice.

Tags: Literature, Novel, Romanticism, British Literature, Social Commentary, Gender Roles

Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba.

Tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, French Empire, Abdication, Exile, Monarchy, Coalition Wars, European History, Political Transition

The Congress of Vienna redraws the European map. Reaction and conservatism dominate all of Europe. The Concert of Europe attempts to preserve this set...

Tags: Restoration, Conservatism, Nationalism, Liberalism, Geopolitics, European History

Jane Austen publishes Emma in December.

Tags: Literature, Novel, British Literature, Social Commentary, Fiction, Social Class