Giordano Bruno Burned at the Stake for Heresy
Year: 1600
Category: Religion
Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake for heresy in Rome.Siege of Fiľakovo castle during the Long Turkish War
Tags: Catholicism, Military, Religious Violence, Heresy, Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, Inquisition, Martyrdom
Tokugawa Victory at Sekigahara
Year: 1600
Category: Warfare & Military
Battle of Sekigahara in Japan. End of the Warring States period and beginning of the Edo period.
Tags: Battle, Warfare, Unification, Feudalism, Military, Civil War, Samurai, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Warring States Period, Edo Period
Portuguese Naval Victory in Ambon and Dutch-Hituese Alliance
Year: 1600
Category: Warfare & Military
The Portuguese win a major naval battle in the bay of Ambon. Later in the year, the Dutch join forces with the local Hituese in an anti-Portuguese alliance, in return for which the Dutch would have the sole right to purchase spices from Hitu.
Tags: Colonialism, Naval Warfare, Spice Trade, Dutch East India Company, Portuguese Empire, Maritime History, Military Alliances
British East India Company Chartered by Elizabeth I
Year: 1600
Category: Economy & Trade
Elizabeth I grants a charter to the British East India Company beginning the English advance in Asia.
Tags: Exploration, Colonialism, Trade, Monarchy, Mercantilism, British Empire, East India Company, Elizabeth I, Globalization, Corporations
Giordano Bruno Executed by the Roman Inquisition
Year: 1600
Category: Religion
On February 17 Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake by the Inquisition.
Tags: Renaissance, Inquisition, Heresy, Religious Violence, Martyrdom, Catholicism, Astronomy, Philosophy
Michael the Brave Unites Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania
Year: 1600
Category: Politics
Michael the Brave unifies the three Romanian countries: Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania after the Battle of Șelimbăr from 1599.
Tags: Unification, Romanian History, Principality, Political Geography
William Gilbert Publishes 'De Magnete' on Earth's Magnetism
Year: 1600
Category: Science
William Gilbert: Earth's magnetic field.
Tags: Astronomy, Physics, Magnetism, Scientific Revolution, Renaissance, Experimentation, Earth Science
Battle of Kinsale: English Victory Ends Gaelic Aristocracy
Year: 1601
Category: Warfare & Military
4th Spanish Armada; in the Battle of Kinsale, England defeats Irish and Spanish forces, driving the Gaelic aristocracy out of Ireland and destroying the Gaelic clan system.
Tags: English Colonization, Irish History, Spanish Armada, Military Conflict, Elizabethan Era, Rebellion, Empire Building
Assassination of Michael the Brave
Year: 1601
Category: Politics
Michael the Brave (first unifier of Romania), voivode of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, is assassinated by the order of the Habsburg general Giorgio Basta at Câmpia Turzii.
Tags: Assassination, Romanian History, Habsburgs, Political Intrigue
Panembahan Senopati's Death and Succession in Mataram
Year: 1601
Category: Politics
Panembahan Senopati, first king of Mataram, dies and passes rule to his son Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak.
Tags: Mataram Sultanate, Succession, Monarchy
Matteo Ricci Granted Residence in Beijing
Year: 1601
Category: Religion
Matteo Ricci is given permission to live in Beijing.
Tags: Jesuits, Christianity, Ming Dynasty, Missionary, Cultural Exchange, Religious Tolerance
Matteo Ricci Creates World Map for East Asia
Year: 1602
Category: Science
Matteo Ricci produces the Map of the Myriad Countries of the World (坤輿萬國全圖, Kūnyú Wànguó Quántú), a world map that will be used throughout East Asia for centuries.
Tags: Cartography, Exploration, Ming Dynasty, Jesuits, Cultural Exchange, Global History, Matteo Ricci, Knowledge Dissemination
Dutch East India Company Established
Year: 1602
Category: Economy & Trade
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) is established by merging competing Dutch trading companies. Its success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age.
Tags: Dutch Golden Age, Colonialism, Mercantilism, Globalization, East Indies, Trade, Monopoly, Spice Trade, VOC
Portuguese Expedition Reasserts Control in Malacca
Year: 1602
Category: Warfare & Military
The Portuguese send a major (and last) expeditionary force from Malacca which succeeded in reimposing a degree of Portuguese control.
Tags: Portuguese Empire, Colonialism, Malacca, Military Expedition, Spice Trade, Maritime History, East Indies, Naval Power
British East India Company Establishes Trading Post in Bantam
Year: 1602
Category: Economy & Trade
June, British East India Company's first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrives in Aceh and sails on to Bantam where he is allowed to build trading post which becomes the centre of British trade in Indonesia until 1682.
Tags: British East India Company, Colonialism, Trade, Spice Trade, European Expansion
Acehnese Emissaries Visit the Dutch Republic
Year: 1602
Category: Politics
Two emissaries from the Aceh Sultanate visit the Dutch Republic.
Tags: Diplomacy, Trade, Sultanate, Dutch Republic, Colonialism
James VI of Scotland Ascends to the English Throne
Year: 1603
Category: Politics
Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England.
Tags: Monarchy, Succession, Tudor Dynasty, Elizabeth I, Political Union
Tokugawa Ieyasu Becomes Shōgun, Founding the Tokugawa Shogunate
Year: 1603
Category: Politics
Tokugawa Ieyasu takes the title of shōgun, establishing the Tokugawa shogunate. This begins the Edo period, which will last until 1868.
Tags: Shogunate, Edo Period, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Feudalism, Samurai, Japanese History, Political Transition, Centralization, Military Dictatorship
Abbas I Begins Military Expansion
Year: 1603
Category: Warfare & Military
1623: After modernizing his army, Abbas I expands the Persian Empire by capturing territory from the Ottomans and the Portuguese.
Tags: Military History, Safavid Dynasty, Abbas I, Ottoman Empire, Portuguese Empire, Empire Building, Territorial Expansion
Dutch Establish Trading Post in Banten and Commence Privateering
Year: 1603
Category: Economy & Trade
First permanent Dutch trading post is established in Banten, West Java. First successful VOC privateering raid on a Portuguese ship.
Tags: Dutch East India Company, Trade, Colonialism, Spice Trade, Maritime History
Tycho's Supernova Observed
Year: 1604
Category: Science
Supernova SN 1604 is observed in the Milky Way.
Tags: Astronomy, Supernova, Cosmology, Scientific Revolution, Tycho Brahe, Celestial Events, Observation, Milky Way
Second English East India Company Voyage Encounters VOC Hostility in Banda
Year: 1604
Category: Economy & Trade
A second English East India Company voyage commanded by Sir Henry Middleton reaches Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda. Fierce VOC hostility is encountered in Banda thus beginning Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices.
Tags: Spice Trade, East India Company, VOC, Colonialism, Maritime Trade, Exploration, Banda Islands
King of Gowa Converts to Islam
Year: 1605
Category: Religion
The King of Gowa, a Makassarese kingdom in South Sulawesi, converts to Islam.Tsar Michael I of Russia reigned 1613–1645
Tags: Islam, Conversion, Sultanate, Religion
Jahangir Ascends the Mughal Throne
Year: 1605
Category: Politics
1627: The reign of Mughal emperor Jahangir after the death of emperor Akbar.
Tags: Mughal Empire, Akbar the Great, Emperor, Succession, Imperialism
Kepler Begins Investigating Elliptical Planetary Orbits
Year: 1605
Category: Science
Johannes Kepler starts investigating elliptical orbits of planets.
Tags: Astronomy, Scientific Revolution, Heliocentrism, Planetary Motion, Johannes Kepler, Physics, Mathematics, Cosmology
Tokugawa Ieyasu Steps Down as Shōgun
Year: 1605
Category: Politics
Tokugawa Ieyasu passes the title of shōgun to his son, Tokugawa Hidetada, and "retires" to Sunpu Domain.
Tags: Tokugawa Shogunate, Succession, Edo Period, Feudalism, Centralization, Military Dictatorship
Gunpowder Plot Conspiracy Foiled
Year: 1605
Category: Politics
Gunpowder Plot failed in England.
Tags: Political Intrigue, Religious Conflict, Catholicism, Christianity, Conspiracy, Treason
Ottoman Recapture of Veszprém and Visegrád Fortresses
Year: 1605
Category: Warfare & Military
The fortresses of Veszprém and Visegrad are retaken by the Ottomans.
Tags: Ottoman Empire, Siege, Military History, Military Conflict, Fortification
VOC and Hitu Capture Portuguese Fort in Ambon
Year: 1605
Category: Warfare & Military
February, The VOC in alliance with Hitu prepare to attack a Portuguese fort in Ambon but the Portuguese surrender.
Tags: VOC, Portuguese Empire, Spice Trade, Ambon, Colonialism, Military History
Mataram's Control Established Over Demak
Year: 1605
Category: Politics
Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak of Mataram establishes control over Demak, former center of the Demak Sultanate.
Tags: Mataram Sultanate, Political Consolidation, Javanese History, Regional Power, Sultanate
First Newspaper Published by Johann Carolus in Strassburg
Year: 1605
Category: Society & Culture
Newspaper (Relation): Johann Carolus in Strassburg (see also List of the oldest newspapers)
Tags: Journalism, Printing Press, Communication, News, Media
Peace of Zsitvatorok Ends Long Turkish War
Year: 1606
Category: Warfare & Military
The Long Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and Austria is ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok—Austria abandons Transylvania.
Tags: Warfare, Treaty, Ottoman Empire, Military Conflict, Diplomacy
Treaty of Vienna Concludes Anti-Habsburg Uprising in Royal Hungary
Year: 1606
Category: Politics
Treaty of Vienna ends an anti-Habsburg uprising in Royal Hungary.
Tags: Treaty, Habsburg Monarchy, Rebellion, Religious Conflict, Diplomacy
Willem Janszoon Lands in Australia
Year: 1606
Category: Politics
Willem Janszoon captained the first recorded European landing on the Australian continent, sailing from Bantam, Java, in the Duyfken.
Tags: Age of Discovery, Exploration, Dutch East India Company, Colonialism, Maritime History
Assassination of Stephen Bocskay
Year: 1606
Category: Politics
Assassination of Stephen Bocskay of Transylvania.
Tags: Assassination, Hungarian History, Habsburg Empire, Rebellion, Ottoman Empire, Nobility
Vasili IV Ascends to the Russian Throne
Year: 1606
Category: Politics
Time of Troubles: Vasili IV becomes Tzar of Russia.
Tags: Time of Troubles, Russian History, Tsar, Monarchy, Succession, Political Instability, Romanov Dynasty, Crisis
Dutch East India Company and Johor Sultanate Fail to Capture Portuguese Malacca
Year: 1606
Category: Warfare & Military
The Dutch East India Company enters into an alliance with the Johor Sultanate to attack Portuguese Malacca, but they are repelled.
Tags: Colonialism, Dutch East India Company, Portuguese Empire, Malacca, Military Conflict
Spanish Occupation of Ternate and Tidore
Year: 1606
Category: Warfare & Military
A Spanish fleet occupies Ternate and Tidore in Maluku.
Tags: Colonialism, Spice Trade, Spanish Empire, Military Occupation, Maluku Islands, Territorial Expansion, Warfare
Gaelic Aristocracy Flees Ireland
Year: 1607
Category: Politics
Flight of the Earls (the fleeing of most of the native Gaelic aristocracy) occurs from County Donegal in the west of Ulster in Ireland.
Tags: Irish History, Aristocracy
Iskandar Muda Ascends to Throne, Aceh's Expansion Begins
Year: 1607
Category: Warfare & Military
Iskandar Muda becomes the Sultan of Aceh for 30 years. He will launch a series of naval conquests that will transform Aceh into a great power in the western Malay Archipelago.
Tags: Aceh Sultanate, Sultan Iskandar Muda, Naval Warfare, Military Expansion, Monarchy
Establishment of Jamestown Colony
Year: 1607
Category: Politics
Jamestown, Virginia, is settled as what would become the first permanent English colony in North America.
Tags: Colonialism, English Colonization, Early America, Virginia, British Empire, Exploration, Atlantic World
Foundation of Quebec City by Samuel de Champlain
Year: 1608
Category: Politics
Quebec City founded by Samuel de Champlain in New France (present-day Canada).
Tags: Colonialism, Exploration, French Colonization, New France, Settlement, North American History
Dutch East India Company Establishes Trading Post in Ayutthaya
Year: 1608
Category: Economy & Trade
The Dutch East India Company establishes a settlement in Siamese Ayutthaya.
Tags: Dutch East India Company, Ayutthaya, Trade, Colonialism, Globalization, Mercantilism, Spice Trade, East Indies
Telescope Patent Applications
Year: 1608
Category: Technology
Telescope: Patent applied for by Hans Lippershey. Actual inventor unknown since it seemed to already be a common item being offered by the spectacle makers in the Netherlands with Jacob Metius also applying for patent and the son of Zacharias Janssen making a claim 47 years later that his father invented it.
Tags: Optics, Scientific Revolution, Hans Lippershey
First Recorded Optical Telescope
Year: 1608
Category: Technology
Earliest record of an optical telescope.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Optics, Astronomy, Dutch Republic, Hans Lippershey, Telescope, Observation
Twelve Years' Truce Pauses Dutch-Spanish Conflict
Year: 1609
Category: Warfare & Military
The Netherlands and Spain agree to a Twelve Years' Truce in the Eighty Years' War.
Tags: Eighty Years' War, Dutch Republic, Spanish Empire, Truce, Military Conflict, Diplomacy, Warfare
Catholic League Formed by Maximilian of Bavaria
Year: 1609
Category: Religion
Maximilian of Bavaria establishes the Catholic League.
Tags: Religious Conflict, Catholicism, Holy Roman Empire, Thirty Years' War, Counter-Reformation, Christianity, League, Maximilian I
Dutch East India Company Establishes Factory in Hirado and Expands Trade
Year: 1609
Category: Economy & Trade
The Dutch East India Company establishes a factory in Hirado, Japan. VOC traders also make forays into South Sulawesi and Banjarmasin, Borneo.
Tags: Dutch East India Company, Colonialism, Trade, Mercantilism
Kepler Publishes First Two Laws of Planetary Motion
Year: 1609
Category: Science
Johannes Kepler: first two laws of planetary motion.
Tags: Astronomy, Scientific Revolution, Planetary Motion, Physics, Mathematics, Johannes Kepler, Tycho Brahe
Polish-Lithuanian Victory at Klushino and Capture of Moscow
Year: 1610
Category: Warfare & Military
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army defeats combined Russian–Swedish forces at the Battle of Klushino and conquers Moscow.
Tags: Military History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Time of Troubles, Siege, Swedish Empire, Cossacks
Assassination of King Henry IV of France
Year: 1610
Category: Politics
King Henry IV of France is assassinated by François Ravaillac.
Tags: Assassination, Monarchy, French History, Political Instability, Religious Conflict
Orion Nebula Identified by Peiresc
Year: 1610
Category: Science
The Orion Nebula is identified by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc of France.
Tags: Astronomy, Scientific Observation, Renaissance, Telescope, Discovery
Galileo and Marius Observe Jupiter's Moons
Year: 1610
Category: Science
Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius observe Jupiter's Galilean moons.
Tags: Astronomy, Scientific Revolution, Heliocentric Theory, Telescope, Galileo Galilei, Renaissance, Planetary Science, Scientific Observation
Santa Fe Founded by Governor Pedro de Peralta
Year: 1610
Category: Politics
Pedro de Peralta, governor of New Mexico, establishes the settlement of Santa Fe.
Tags: Colonialism, Spanish Empire, New Mexico, Settlement, Governance, Exploration, American Southwest
VOC Establishes Governor-General in Asia
Year: 1610
Category: Economy & Trade
The VOC appoints Pieter Both as its first Governor-General to enable firmer control of their affairs in Asia. Previously all business had (in theory) required the approval of the Heeren XVII, a group of seventeen shareholders in Amsterdam.
Tags: Dutch East India Company, VOC, Colonialism, Trade, Globalization, Mercantilism
Kuyucu Murad Pasha Suppresses Jelali Revolts
Year: 1610
Category: Warfare & Military
Ottoman Grand Vizier Kuyucu Murad Pasha is able to crush the major remnants of the Jelali Revolts, bringing an end to general anarchy in Anatolia.
Tags: Ottoman Empire, Anarchy, Military Campaign, Grand Vizier, Civil Unrest
Death of Jesuit Missionary Matteo Ricci in Beijing
Year: 1610
Category: Religion
Matteo Ricci dies in Beijing.
Tags: Jesuits, Catholicism, Missionary Work, Ming Dynasty, Christianity, Religious Conversion, Cultural Exchange, Matteo Ricci
Mataram's Siege of Surabaya
Year: 1610
Category: Warfare & Military
Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak of Mataram in Central Java attacks Surabaya, a major power on the north coast.
Tags: Military History, Mataram Sultanate, Siege, Warfare, Regional Conflict
Galileo's Telescopic Astronomical Discoveries
Year: 1610
Category: Science
Galileo Galilei: Sidereus Nuncius: telescopic observations.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Astronomy, Telescope, Galileo Galilei, Heliocentrism, Renaissance, Scientific Method
University of Santo Tomas Founded in Manila
Year: 1611
Category: Society & Culture
The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, the oldest existing university in Asia, is established by the Dominican Order in Manila
Tags: Education, Universities, Manila, Higher Education, Society
Publication of the King James Bible
Year: 1611
Category: Religion
The first publication of the King James Bible.
Tags: Bible, Christianity, Translation, English Literature, Religious Texts, Printing Press
English Trading Posts Challenge Dutch East Indies Trade Monopoly
Year: 1611
Category: Economy & Trade
The English establish trading posts at Sukadana (southwest Kalimantan), Makassar, Jayakarta and Jepara in Java, and Aceh, Pariaman and Jambi in (Sumatra) threatening Dutch ambitions for a monopoly on East Indies trade.
Tags: Dutch East India Company, British East India Company, Trade, Colonialism, Spice Trade, Competition, Maritime History, Mercantilism
Gowa Halts Major Islamization Push in South Sulawesi
Year: 1611
Category: Religion
The Kingdom of Gowa ends its major push to convert the Makassarese and Bugis in South Sulawesi to Islam.
Tags: Islam, Religious Conversion, Religious Conflict
Dutch East India Company Establishes Trading Post at Jayakarta
Year: 1611
Category: Economy & Trade
The Dutch establish a post at Jayakarta (later 'Batavia' and then 'Jakarta').
Tags: Dutch East India Company, Colonialism, Trade, Spice Trade, Batavia, VOC
Dutch Sack Banjarmasin After Trader's Death
Year: 1611
Category: Warfare & Military
A Dutch trader is killed in Banjarmasin and the Dutch East India Trading Company sacks the city.
Tags: Dutch East India Company, Colonialism, Trade, Military Conflict, Violence, Spice Trade
Cotswold Olympic Games Inaugurated
Year: 1612
Category: Society & Culture
The first Cotswold Olympic Games, an annual public celebration of games and sports begins in the Cotswolds, England.
Tags: Sports, Games, Festivals, Recreation
First Flintlock Musket Created for Louis XIII
Year: 1612
Category: Warfare & Military
The first flintlock musket likely created for Louis XIII of France by gunsmith Marin Bourgeois.
Tags: Military Technology, Firearms, French Monarchy, Weaponry
Aceh's Conquest of Deli
Year: 1612
Category: Warfare & Military
Sultan Iskandar Muda of Aceh captures the North Sumatran port of Deli.
Tags: Aceh Sultanate, Military Campaign, Colonial Era, Sultan Iskandar Muda, Sumatra, Regional Power, Maritime Power
Robert Dover Organizes Cotswold Olimpick Games
Year: 1612
Category: Society & Culture
Cotswold Olimpick Games first organized by Robert Dover.
Tags: Sports, Festivals, Recreation, Games
Romanov Dynasty Established, Ending the Time of Troubles
Year: 1613
Category: Politics
The Time of Troubles in Russia ends with the establishment of the House of Romanov, which rules until 1917.
Tags: Time of Troubles, Romanov Dynasty, Dynastic Change, Political Instability, Monarchy, Tsar, Ivan the Terrible
Tatars Repeatedly Invade the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Year: 1613
Category: Warfare & Military
1617: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is invaded by the Tatars dozens of times.James I of England and VI of Scotland ruled in the first quarter of the 17th century
Tags: Military Conflict, Invasion, Tatars, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Warfare, Raids
Dutch East India Company Relocates Trading Post to Jepara
Year: 1613
Category: Economy & Trade
The Dutch East India Company is forced to evacuate Gresik due to the Mataram siege in neighboring Surabaya. The dutch negotiates with Mataram and is allowed to set up a trading post in Jepara.
Tags: Dutch East India Company, VOC, Trade, Colonialism, Siege, Mataram Sultanate, Trading Post
Dutch Expel Portuguese from Solor Fort
Year: 1613
Category: Warfare & Military
The Dutch expel the Portuguese from their Solor fort, but won't stay for long.
Tags: Colonialism, Dutch East India Company, Portuguese Empire, Spice Trade, Military Conflict, Fort
Dutch East India Company Begins Operations in Timor
Year: 1613
Category: Economy & Trade
The Dutch East India Company makes its first forays into Timor.
Tags: Dutch East India Company, VOC, Colonialism, Spice Trade, Trade, Exploration, Mercantilism
Aceh's Expansion: Conquest of Aru and Raids on Johor
Year: 1613
Category: Warfare & Military
Sultan Iskandar Muda of Aceh captures the North Sumatran port of Aru, subjugating the Sultanate of Deli. This allows Aceh to focus its expansionary efforts on the Straits of Malacca. Iskandar Muda continues on to sack Johor and kidnap its Sultan's family, but is later forced to retreat back to Aceh.
Tags: Aceh Sultanate, Sultan Iskandar Muda, Military Campaign, Colonial Era, Warfare, Regional Power, Maritime Conflict
Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak's Death and Succession
Year: 1613
Category: Politics
Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak of Mataram dies and is succeeded by his son.
Tags: Kingdom of Mataram, Javanese History, Succession, Monarchy, Political Leadership, Sultanate
Osaka Castle Falls, Tokugawa Shogunate Solidified
Year: 1614
Category: Warfare & Military
1615: The Siege of Osaka (last major threat to Tokugawa shogunate) ends.
Tags: Tokugawa Shogunate, Sengoku Period, Edo Period, Military History, Siege Warfare, Civil War, Samurai
John Napier Publishes Logarithms
Year: 1614
Category: Science
John Napier introduces the logarithm to simplify calculations.
Tags: Mathematics, Scientific Revolution, Navigation, Astronomy
Acehnese Navy Defeats Portuguese Fleet at Bintan
Year: 1614
Category: Warfare & Military
Sultan Iskandar Muda of Aceh sinks a Portuguese fleet off of Bintan Island.
Tags: Aceh Sultanate, Portuguese Empire, Naval Warfare, Colonialism, Military Conflict, Sultan Iskandar Muda, Maritime History
Tokugawa Shogunate Consolidates Power After Osaka
Year: 1615
Category: Warfare & Military
The Battle of Osaka (last major threat to Tokugawa shogunate) ends.
Tags: Japanese History, Sengoku Period, Edo Period, Tokugawa Shogunate, Samurai, Military Conflict, Civil War, Political Consolidation, Battle
Dutch East India Company Attack on Malacca Repulsed
Year: 1615
Category: Warfare & Military
A Dutch East India Company attack on Portuguese Malacca is repelled.
Tags: Colonialism, Dutch East India Company, Portuguese Empire, Malacca, Naval Warfare, Military Conflict, Trade
Portuguese Cease Hiring Japanese Mercenaries
Year: 1615
Category: Warfare & Military
The Portuguese stop hiring Japanese mercenaries after a brawl in Malacca.
Tags: Mercenaries, Portuguese Empire, Japanese History, Malacca, Colonialism, Military History, Trade Routes
Mataram Conquest of East Java
Year: 1615
Category: Warfare & Military
Panembahan ing Alaga of Mataram conquers the Eastern Salient of Java (the heartland of the old Majapahit Empire).
Tags: Conquest, Kingdom of Mataram, Majapahit Empire, Javanese History, Warfare, Expansionism, Political Consolidation
Dutch East India Company Conflicts with the Kingdom of Gowa
Year: 1615
Category: Warfare & Military
The Dutch East India Company is in open hostilities with the Kingdom of Gowa, South Sulawesi.
Tags: Dutch East India Company, VOC, Colonialism, Trade, Warfare, Military Conflict
Expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain
Year: 1616
Category: Politics
The last remaining Moriscos (Moors who had nominally converted to Christianity) in Spain are expelled.
Tags: Religious Violence, Counter-Reformation, Spanish Empire, Conquest, Expulsion
Niccolò Zucchi's Reflecting Telescope Experiments
Year: 1616
Category: Science
Niccolò Zucchi describes experiments with a bronze parabolic mirror trying to make a reflecting telescope.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Astronomy, Optics, Telescope, Scientific Instruments
Death of Former Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu
Year: 1616
Category: Politics
Death of retired shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Tags: Feudalism, Succession, Samurai
Acehnese Conquest of Pahang
Year: 1617
Category: Warfare & Military
Sultan Iskandar Muda of Aceh conquers Pahang on the South China Sea.
Tags: Aceh Sultanate, Conquest, Sultan Iskandar Muda, Maritime History
Mataram Suppresses Revolt in Pajang
Year: 1617
Category: Warfare & Military
Panembahan ing Alaga of Mataram puts down a major revolt in Pajang.
Tags: Mataram Sultanate, Rebellion, Military Conflict, Sultan Agung, Political Instability
Prague Officials Thrown from Castle Windows
Year: 1618
Category: Politics
The Defenestration of Prague.
Tags: Thirty Years' War, Religious Conflict, Christianity, Holy Roman Empire, Habsburgs, Political Violence, Diplomacy
Bohemian Revolt Triggers the Thirty Years' War
Year: 1618
Category: Warfare & Military
The Bohemian Revolt precipitates the Thirty Years' War, which devastates Europe in the years 1618–48.
Tags: Thirty Years' War, Religious Conflict, Holy Roman Empire, Habsburgs, Christianity, Warfare, Military History, Political Instability
Manchu Invasions of China Begin
Year: 1618
Category: Warfare & Military
The Manchus start invading China. Their conquest eventually topples the Ming dynasty.
Tags: Manchu, Qing Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Invasion, Warfare, Conquest
Bethlen Gabor of Transylvania Joins Bohemian Revolt
Year: 1618
Category: Warfare & Military
Bethlen Gabor, Prince of Transylvania joins Protestant Rebels.
Tags: Thirty Years' War, Bethlen Gabor, Christianity, Habsburgs, Military Alliances
Execution of Dutch Traders in Jepara by Mataram Forces
Year: 1618
Category: Warfare & Military
Dispute leads to the execution of Dutchmen in Mataram-controlled Jepara.
Tags: Dutch East India Company, VOC, Mataram Sultanate, Colonialism, Trade, Conflict
Arrival of First Enslaved Africans in Present-day United States
Year: 1619
Category: Society & Culture
European slaving reaches America when the first Africans are brought to the present-day United States.
Tags: Transatlantic Slave Trade, Slavery, African Diaspora, Colonialism, United States History, Atlantic World, Race Relations
Dutch East India Company Storms Jayakarta and Establishes Batavia
Year: 1619
Category: Warfare & Military
The Dutch East India Company storm Jayakarta and withstand a months-long siege by the combined English, Bantenese and Jayakartan forces. They are relieved by Jan Pieterszoon Coen and a fleet of ships from Ambon. The dutch destroys Jayakarta and builds its new headquarters, Batavia, on top of it.
Tags: Dutch East India Company, Colonialism, Siege, Military Conflict, Trade, Batavia, Jan Pieterszoon Coen
Bethlen Gabor's Defeat at Vienna
Year: 1619
Category: Warfare & Military
Bethlen Gabor is defeated outside Vienna.
Tags: Thirty Years' War, Military History, Siege, Habsburgs, Holy Roman Empire, Bethlen Gabor, Military Conflict
Kepler Formulates Third Law of Planetary Motion
Year: 1619
Category: Science
Johannes Kepler: third law of planetary motion.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Astronomy, Planetary Motion, Johannes Kepler, Mathematics, Cosmology
Polish-Ottoman War Over Moldavia Begins
Year: 1620
Category: Warfare & Military
1621: Polish–Ottoman War over Moldavia.
Tags: Warfare, Ottoman Empire, Military Conflict, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, European History
Ottoman Alliance & Polish Defeat at Cecora
Year: 1620
Category: Warfare & Military
Bethlen Gabor allies with the Ottomans and an invasion of Moldavia takes place. The Polish suffer a disaster at Cecora on the River Prut.
Tags: Thirty Years' War, Military History, Bethlen Gabor, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Cossacks, Warfare
Mayflower Voyage to Plymouth Colony
Year: 1620
Category: Society & Culture
The Mayflower sets sail from Plymouth, England to what became the Plymouth Colony in New England.The 1622 massacre was instrumental in causing English colonists to view all natives as enemies
Tags: Colonialism, Puritans, New England, Atlantic World, Migration, Early American History, Massachusetts
Cornelis Drebbel Constructs First Submersible
Year: 1620
Category: Technology
Cornelis Drebbel, funded by James I of England, builds the first 'submarine' made of wood and greased leather.
Tags: Naval Technology, Submarine
Ferdinand II's Victory Over Bohemian Rebels at White Mountain
Year: 1620
Category: Warfare & Military
Emperor Ferdinand II defeats the Bohemian rebels in the Battle of White Mountain.
Tags: Thirty Years' War, Battle, Holy Roman Empire, Christianity, Habsburgs, Military Conflict
Brownist Pilgrims Land at Cape Cod
Year: 1620
Category: Religion
The Brownist Pilgrims arrive in the Mayflower at Cape Cod.
Tags: Colonial America, Early American History, English Reformation, Massachusetts
Anglo-Dutch Cooperation in Spice Trade
Year: 1620
Category: Economy & Trade
Diplomatic agreements in Europe commence a three-year period of cooperation between the Dutch and the English over the spice trade.
Tags: Spice Trade, Dutch East India Company, British East India Company, Colonialism, Diplomacy, Trade Agreements, Mercantilism
Compound Microscope Emerges in Europe
Year: 1620
Category: Technology
Compound microscopes, which combine an objective lens with an eyepiece to view a real image, first appear in Europe. Apparently derived from the telescope, actual inventor unknown, variously attributed to Zacharias Janssen (his son claiming it was invented in 1590), Cornelis Drebbel, and Galileo Galilei.
Tags: Microscopy, Scientific Revolution, Optics
First Compound Microscopes Appear in Europe
Year: 1620
Category: Technology
Appearance of the first compound microscopes in Europe.
Tags: Microscopy, Scientific Revolution, Optics, Scientific Instruments
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Cossack Victory at Chocim
Year: 1621
Category: Warfare & Military
The Battle of Chocim: Poles and Cossacks under Jan Karol Chodkiewicz defeat the Ottomans.
Tags: Military History, Ottoman Empire, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Cossacks, Siege Warfare, Religious Conflict, Military Tactics
Jamestown Massacre by Algonquian Natives
Year: 1622
Category: Warfare & Military
Jamestown massacre: Algonquian natives kill 347 English settlers outside Jamestown, Virginia (approximately one-third of the colony's population) and burn the Henricus settlement.
Tags: Colonialism, Native American History, Virginia, Powhatan Confederacy, Massacre, Conflict, Indigenous Resistance
Anglo-Persian Capture of Hormuz
Year: 1622
Category: Warfare & Military
Capture of Ormuz; The island of Hormuz was captured by an Anglo-Persian force from Portuguese.
Tags: Military History, Colonialism, Persian Empire, Portuguese Empire, Indian Ocean, Maritime Conflict
Deposition and Execution of Ottoman Sultan Osman II
Year: 1622
Category: Politics
Deposition and regicide of Ottoman sultan Osman II.
Tags: Ottoman Empire, Sultan, Regicide, Political Instability, Power Struggle, Military
Henry Cockeram Publishes English Dictionarie
Year: 1623
Category: Society & Culture
The third English dictionary, English Dictionarie, is published by Henry Cockeram, listing difficult words with definitions.
Tags: Language, Dictionaries, English Language, Literacy, Education, Books
Maffeo Barberini Elected Pope Urban VIII
Year: 1623
Category: Religion
Maffeo Barberini is elected Pope Urban VIII at the Papal conclave of 1623.
Tags: Catholicism, Religious History, Counter-Reformation, Italian Renaissance
Amboyna Massacre: Execution of English and Japanese Traders
Year: 1623
Category: Politics
In a notorious but disputed incident, known as the 'Amboyna massacre', ten English and ten Japanese traders are arrested, tried and beheaded for conspiracy against the Dutch Government. The English quietly withdraw from most of their Indonesian activities (except trading in Bantam) and focus on other Asian interests.
Tags: Colonialism, East Indies, Spice Trade, Dutch East India Company, British East India Company, Maritime History, Massacre
Cardinal Richelieu Appointed Chief Minister of France
Year: 1624
Category: Politics
1642: As chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu centralises power in France.
Tags: Monarchy, Absolutism, French History
Dutch West India Company Captures Bahia
Year: 1624
Category: Warfare & Military
The Dutch West India Company invades the Portuguese colony of Bahia in Brazil.
Tags: Colonialism, Dutch West India Company, Portuguese Empire, Atlantic Trade, Imperialism, Warfare
Dutch West India Company Establishes New Amsterdam
Year: 1625
Category: Economy & Trade
New Amsterdam founded by the Dutch West India Company in North America.
Tags: Colonialism, Dutch Empire, Mercantilism, North American History, Trade, New York, Dutch West India Company
Sultan Agung's Conquest of Surabaya
Year: 1625
Category: Warfare & Military
Sultan Agung of Mataram Sultanate conquered Surabaya, a merchant city and Mataram's strongest rival in east Java.
Tags: Sultan Agung, Mataram Sultanate, Javanese History, Conquest, Regional Power, City-State, Warfare
St. Peter's Basilica Completion
Year: 1626
Category: Religion
St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican completed.
Tags: Catholicism, Renaissance, Baroque, Vatican City, Architecture, Religious Buildings, Counter-Reformation, Art
Last Aurochs Dies
Year: 1627
Category: Science
Aurochs go extinct.
Tags: Extinction, Conservation, Biodiversity, Zoology
Siege and Capitulation of La Rochelle
Year: 1627
Category: Warfare & Military
Cardinal Richelieu lays siege to Protestant La Rochelle, which eventually capitulates.
Tags: Siege, Religious Wars, Huguenots, Military History, Christianity, French Wars of Religion
Mataram's First Failed Siege of Batavia
Year: 1628
Category: Warfare & Military
1629: Sultan Agung of Mataram launches a failed campaign to conquer Dutch Batavia.
Tags: Colonialism, Dutch East India Company, Sultan Agung, Mataram Sultanate, Military Conflict, Siege Warfare
William Harvey Publishes 'De Motu Cordis' on Blood Circulation
Year: 1628
Category: Science
William Harvey publishes and elucidates his earlier discovery of the circulatory system.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Biology, Medicine
Willebrord Snellius Formulates the Law of Refraction
Year: 1628
Category: Science
Willebrord Snellius: the law of refraction also known as Snell's law.
Tags: Physics, Optics, Scientific Revolution, Mathematics
Death of Safavid Shah Abbas I
Year: 1629
Category: Politics
Abbas I, the Safavids king, died.
Tags: Safavid Dynasty, Shah, Succession, Islamic World
Cardinal Richelieu's Alliance with Sweden Against the Habsburgs
Year: 1629
Category: Warfare & Military
Cardinal Richelieu allies with Swedish Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War to counter Ferdinand II's expansion.
Tags: Thirty Years' War, Habsburgs, Religious Conflict, Balance of Power, Christianity, Catholicism, Diplomacy
Aceh Sultanate's Failed Siege of Portuguese Malacca
Year: 1629
Category: Warfare & Military
Iskandar Muda of Aceh Sultanate launched a failed attempt to take Portuguese Malacca.
Tags: Colonialism, Aceh Sultanate, Portuguese Empire, Military Conflict, Siege, Maritime History
Shivaji's Birth at Shivneri Fort
Year: 1630
Category: Politics
Birth of Shivaji at Shivneri fort, in present day Maharashtra, India, who later founded Maratha Empire in year 1674.
Tags: Maratha Empire, Shivaji Maharaj, Maharashtra, Political History, Indian History, Regional Power
Dutch Invasion of Pernambuco and Establishment of Dutch Brazil
Year: 1630
Category: Warfare & Military
The Dutch West India Company invades the Portuguese colony of Pernambuco and founds Dutch Brazil.
Tags: Colonialism, Dutch Empire, Portuguese Empire, Military Conflict, Atlantic Trade, Dutch West India Company, Imperialism
William Oughtred Invents the Slide Rule
Year: 1630
Category: Technology
Slide rule: invented by William Oughtred
Tags: Mathematics, Scientific Revolution, Tools, Measurement
Gustavus Adolphus Killed at Battle of Lützen
Year: 1632
Category: Warfare & Military
Battle of Lützen, death of king of Sweden Gustav II Adolf.Battle of Nördlingen (1634). The Catholic Imperial army, bolstered by professional Habsburg Spanish troops won a great victory in the battle over the combined Protestant armies of Sweden and their German allies
Tags: Thirty Years' War, Military History, Christianity, Catholicism, Holy Roman Empire, Battle, Warfare, Swedish Empire
Construction Begins on the Taj Mahal
Year: 1632
Category: Art
Taj Mahal building work started in Agra, India.
Tags: Mughal Empire, Architecture, Art History, Monument, Cultural Heritage
Battle of Lützen: Gustavus Adolphus' Death
Year: 1632
Category: Warfare & Military
Battle of Lützen, death of king of Sweden Gustav II Adolf.
Tags: Thirty Years' War, Battle, Military History, Holy Roman Empire, Christianity, Military Tactics, Early Modern Warfare, Saxony
Galileo Galilei's Trial Before the Roman Inquisition
Year: 1633
Category: Religion
Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Catholicism, Inquisition, Heliocentrism, Astronomy, Trial, Galileo Galilei, Religious Violence
Japan Begins Policy of National Seclusion
Year: 1633
Category: Politics
1639: Japan transforms into "locked country".
Tags: Isolationism, Edo Period, Shogunate, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Foreign Policy, Trade, Nationalism, Political Control
Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul Established
Year: 1633
Category: Religion
Daughters of Charity of St Vincent de Paul is formed.
Tags: Catholicism, Religious Orders, Charity, Social Reform, Philanthropy
Catholic Victory at the Battle of Nördlingen
Year: 1634
Category: Warfare & Military
Battle of Nördlingen results in Catholic victory.
Tags: Thirty Years' War, Holy Roman Empire, Military History, Battle, Religious Conflict
Emperor Fasilides Expels Catholic Missionaries from Ethiopia
Year: 1634
Category: Religion
Emperor Fasilides expels the Catholic Patriarch Afonso Mendes and several Jesuit missionaries from Ethiopia.
Tags: Religious Violence, Catholicism, Ethiopian Empire, Jesuits, Christianity, Religious Conflict, Missionaries, Political Intrigue
Harvard College Established
Year: 1636
Category: Society & Culture
Harvard University is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Tags: Education, Colonial America, Universities, Higher Education, Massachusetts, Puritans, Society, Early American History
Emperor Fasilides Establishes Gondar as Ethiopian Capital
Year: 1636
Category: Politics
Emperor Fasilides founds the city of Gondar, which becomes the capital of Ethiopia for the next two centuries.
Tags: Capital City, Imperial History, Monarchy, Political Development
Founding of Kohra Estate by Babu Himmat Sah
Year: 1636
Category: Economy & Trade
Kohra (estate) was founded by Babu Himmat Sah.
Tags: Land Ownership, Agriculture, Indian History, Economic Development
Shimabara Rebellion: Uprising Against the Tokugawa Shogunate
Year: 1637
Category: Warfare & Military
Shimabara Rebellion of Japanese Christians, rōnin and peasants against Edo.
Tags: Rebellion, Christianity, Tokugawa Shogunate, Samurai, Peasantry, Edo Period, Religious Conflict, Japanese History, Political Instability
Teatro San Cassiano, First Public Opera House, Opens
Year: 1637
Category: Art
The first opera house, Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice.
Tags: Opera, Music, Theatre, Baroque, Entertainment, Artistic Innovation
Qing Invasion of Joseon Korea
Year: 1637
Category: Warfare & Military
Qing dynasty attacked the Joseon dynasty.
Tags: Qing Dynasty, Joseon Dynasty, Invasion, Warfare, Military Conflict, Manchu
Publication of the Dutch Statenbijbel
Year: 1637
Category: Religion
Dutch Bible published.
Tags: Religion, Bible, Translation, Christianity, Printing Press, Religious Texts
Fermat Formulates His Last Theorem
Year: 1637
Category: Science
Pierre de Fermat formulates his so-called Last Theorem, unsolved until 1995.
Tags: Mathematics, Number Theory, Algebra, Scientific Revolution
Ming Dynasty Describes and Develops Naval Mine Technology
Year: 1637
Category: Warfare & Military
Although Chinese naval mines were earlier described in the 14th century Huolongjing, the Tian Gong Kai Wu book of Ming dynasty scholar Song Yingxing describes naval mines wrapped in a lacquer bag and ignited by an ambusher pulling a rip cord on the nearby shore that triggers a steel-wheel flint mechanism.
Tags: Ming Dynasty, Naval Warfare, Military Technology, Inventions, Explosives
Descartes Publishes Discours de la Méthode
Year: 1637
Category: Philosophy & Ideas
René Descartes publishes Discours de la Méthode ("The Discourse on the Method") in French.
Tags: Philosophy, Scientific Revolution, Rationalism, Epistemology, Metaphysics, Enlightenment
Tulip Mania's Market Crash
Year: 1637
Category: Economy & Trade
End of Tulip mania.
Tags: Speculation, Economy, Trade
Galileo Galilei Publishes Laws of Falling Bodies
Year: 1638
Category: Science
Galileo Galilei: laws of falling bodies.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Physics, Galileo Galilei, Mechanics, Experimentation, Scientific Method
Dutch Victory Over Spanish Fleet at the Downs
Year: 1639
Category: Warfare & Military
Naval Battle of the Downs – Republic of the United Provinces fleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters.
Tags: Naval Warfare, Thirty Years' War, Dutch Republic, Spanish Empire, Military History, Maritime History, Naval Battle
Escalation of Wars of Castro Begins
Year: 1639
Category: Warfare & Military
Disagreements between the Farnese and Barberini Pope Urban VIII escalate into the Wars of Castro and last until 1649.
Tags: Italian Wars, Papal States, Conflict
Outbreak of the Bishops' Wars
Year: 1639
Category: Warfare & Military
1651: Wars of the Three Kingdoms, civil wars throughout Scotland, Ireland, and England.
Tags: English Civil War, Religious Conflict, Charles I, Military Campaign, Royalists
Inauguration of the Royal Academy of Turku
Year: 1640
Category: Society & Culture
1668: The Portuguese Restoration War led to the end of the Iberian Union.The inauguration of the Royal Academy of Turku in 1640.
Tags: Education, University, Knowledge
King Charles I Summons Parliament Due to Scottish Revolt
Year: 1640
Category: Politics
King Charles was compelled to summon Parliament due to the revolt of the Scots.
Tags: English Civil War, Parliament, Royal Authority, Political Crisis, Monarchy
Torture Abolished in England
Year: 1640
Category: Society & Culture
Torture is outlawed in England.
Tags: Human Rights, Legal History, English Civil War, Justice, Abolition, Social Reform
Irish Catholic Rebellion Against English Rule
Year: 1641
Category: Warfare & Military
The Irish Rebellion, by Irish Catholics who wanted an end to discrimination, greater self-governance, and reverse ownership of the plantations of Ireland.
Tags: Rebellion, Religious Conflict, Catholicism, Christianity, Colonialism, Irish History
Descartes Publishes Meditations on First Philosophy
Year: 1641
Category: Philosophy & Ideas
René Descartes publishes Meditationes de prima philosophia Meditations on First Philosophy.
Tags: Philosophy, Enlightenment, Rationalism, Metaphysics, Epistemology, Scientific Revolution
Irish Rebellion Begins
Year: 1641
Category: Warfare & Military
The Irish Rebellion.
Tags: Rebellion, Religious Conflict, English Civil War, Colonization, Catholicism
Outbreak of the English Civil War
Year: 1642
Category: Warfare & Military
Beginning of English Civil War, conflict will end in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I, the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king.
Tags: Civil War, Parliament, Monarchy, Warfare, Political Conflict, Republic, British History
Mezzotint Engraving Technique Introduced
Year: 1642
Category: Art
Mezzotint engraving introduces grey tones to printed images.
Tags: Art History, Visual Arts, Artistic Innovation
5th Dalai Lama Establishes Theocratic Rule in Tibet
Year: 1642
Category: Politics
5th Dalai Lama swept power in Tibet, he established the theocratic state in Tibet after series battles against regional Kingdoms.
Tags: Tibet, Dalai Lama, Theocracy, Political Consolidation, Buddhism
Abel Tasman's European Sighting of New Zealand
Year: 1642
Category: Science
Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman achieves the first recorded European sighting of New Zealand.
Tags: Exploration, Age of Discovery, Maritime History, Dutch Empire, Colonialism, Cartography
Blaise Pascal Builds the Pascaline
Year: 1642
Category: Technology
Mechanical calculator. The Pascaline is built by Blaise Pascal.
Tags: Mathematics, Blaise Pascal, Scientific Revolution, Mechanical Devices
Louis XIV Crowned King of France
Year: 1643
Category: Politics
Louis XIV is crowned King of France. He reigned over the Kingdom of France until his death in 1715, making his reign the longest of any monarch in history at 72 years and 110 days.
Tags: Monarchy, French Monarchy, Absolutism, King, Louis XIV, Succession
Barometer Invention
Year: 1643
Category: Science
Barometer: invented by Evangelista Torricelli, or possibly up to three years earlier by Gasparo Berti.
Tags: Physics, Measurement, Scientific Revolution, Instrumentation
Manchu Conquest of China and the Qing Dynasty's Rise
Year: 1644
Category: Warfare & Military
The Manchu conquer China ending the Ming dynasty. The subsequent Qing dynasty rules until 1912.
Tags: Qing Dynasty, Manchu, Ming Dynasty, Conquest, Dynastic Change, Empire, Military History
Start of the Mauritanian Thirty-Year War
Year: 1644
Category: Warfare & Military
1674: The Mauritanian Thirty-Year War.
Tags: Warfare, Conflict, Military History, Colonialism, African History, Thirty Years' War
Giovanni Battista Pamphili Elected Pope Innocent X
Year: 1644
Category: Religion
Giovanni Battista Pamphili is elected Pope Innocent X at the Papal conclave of 1644.
Tags: Catholicism, Religious Leadership, Counter-Reformation
Parliamentarian Victory at Marston Moor Achieved with Scottish Alliance
Year: 1644
Category: Warfare & Military
An alliance with Scotland enables Parliamentarian forces to win the Battle of Marston Moor.
Tags: English Civil War, Battle, Royalists, Military Alliance, Oliver Cromwell, British History, Civil War
Ottoman Invasion of Crete: Capture of Canea
Year: 1645
Category: Warfare & Military
1669: Ottoman war with Venice. The Ottomans invade Crete and capture Canea.
Tags: Ottoman Empire, Venetian Republic, Military History, Siege Warfare, Expansionism, Warfare, Conflicts
Giacomo Torelli Invents the Rotating Stage
Year: 1645
Category: Art
Giacomo Torelli of Venice, Italy invents the first rotating stage.
Tags: Theater, Renaissance, Baroque, Performance Art
East Anglian Witch Hunt Initiated by Matthew Hopkins
Year: 1645
Category: Society & Culture
1647: East Anglian Witch Hunt; catalysed by Matthew Hopkins.
Tags: Religious Violence, Superstition
Death of Samurai Miyamoto Musashi
Year: 1645
Category: Warfare & Military
The death of Miyamoto Musashi, legendary Japanese Samurai warrior, of natural causes.
Tags: Samurai, Japanese History, Edo Period, Military History, Feudalism
Death of Sultan Agung of Mataram
Year: 1646
Category: Politics
Sultan Agung of Mataram dies – and is buried at his graveyard at Imogiri.
Tags: Mataram Sultanate, Sultan, Royal Death, Succession, Javanese History
Shivaji Maharaj Captures Torana Fort
Year: 1646
Category: Warfare & Military
First battle won by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj at Torana fort at the age of 16
Tags: Shivaji Maharaj, Maratha Empire, Military History, Fort, Siege, Indian History
Charles I Surrenders to the Scots, Ending First English Civil War
Year: 1646
Category: Warfare & Military
Defeated, King Charles I flees and surrenders to the Scottish. The First Civil War has ended in a victory for Parliament.
Tags: English Civil War, Monarchy, Parliament, Charles I, Military Defeat, Civil War
Mehmed IV Ascends to the Ottoman Throne
Year: 1647
Category: Politics
Seven-year-old Mehmed IV becomes sultan.
Tags: Ottoman Empire, Sultan, Monarchy, Succession, Islamic World
Peace of Westphalia: Ending Wars and Reshaping European Power
Year: 1648
Category: Politics
The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War and marks the ends of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire as major European powers.Map of Europe in 1648 at the end of the Thirty Years' War
Tags: Peace Treaty, Thirty Years' War, Eighty Years' War, Sovereignty, Balance of Power, Diplomacy, Religious Tolerance, Holy Roman Empire
Outbreak of the Fronde
Year: 1648
Category: Warfare & Military
1653: Fronde civil war in France.
Tags: Civil War, Monarchy, Louis XIV, Rebellion, French History, Political Instability, Nobility
Khmelnytsky Uprising Begins: Cossack Rebellion Against Polish Rule
Year: 1648
Category: Warfare & Military
1657: The Khmelnytsky Uprising – a Cossack rebellion in Ukraine which turned into a Ukrainian war of liberation from Poland.
Tags: Cossacks, Rebellion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Deluge Wars: Start of the Conflict
Year: 1648
Category: Warfare & Military
1667: The Deluge wars leave Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in ruins.
Tags: Warfare, Conflict, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Cossacks, Military Campaign
Ottoman Conquest of Crete
Year: 1648
Category: Warfare & Military
1669: The Ottomans capture Crete from the Venetians after the Siege of Candia.
Tags: Ottoman Empire, Venetian Republic, Siege, Military History, Conquest, Warfare, Expansionism
King Charles I Executed for High Treason
Year: 1649
Category: Politics
King Charles I is executed for high treason, the first and only English king to be subjected to legal proceedings in a High Court of Justice and put to death.
Tags: English Civil War, Monarchy, Republic, Treason, Execution, Charles I, Parliament, Commonwealth of England, Political Revolution
Cromwell's Irish Campaign Begins
Year: 1649
Category: Warfare & Military
1653: The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
Tags: English Civil War, Irish History, Siege Warfare, Religious Conflict, Puritans, Colonialism, Military Campaign, British Isles
Redi's Experiment Disproves Spontaneous Generation
Year: 1650
Category: Science
Francesco Redi challenges the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Biology, Experimentation, Scientific Method, Microbiology
Otto von Guericke Invents the Vacuum Pump
Year: 1650
Category: Technology
Vacuum pump: Invented by Otto von Guericke.
Tags: Physics, Experimentation, Scientific Revolution, Mechanics
Parliamentarian Victory at the Battle of Worcester
Year: 1651
Category: Warfare & Military
English Civil War ends with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester.
Tags: English Civil War, Battle, Royalists, Oliver Cromwell, Commonwealth of England, Civil War, Military History
Riccioli's Lunar Nomenclature
Year: 1651
Category: Science
Giovanni Riccioli renames the lunar maria.
Tags: Astronomy, Renaissance, Moon, Cartography, Scientific Revolution
Dutch East India Company Establishes Cape Town
Year: 1652
Category: Economy & Trade
Cape Town founded by the Dutch East India Company in South Africa.
Tags: Colonialism, Dutch East India Company, Trade, Exploration, Atlantic Slave Trade, European Expansion, Cape Colony
Cromwell Dissolves Rump Parliament, Establishes Nominated Assembly and Protectorate
Year: 1653
Category: Politics
Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament and replaces it with the Nominated Assembly (also called the Assembly of Saints or Barebones Parliament). After three months, the Nominated Assembly passes a motion to dissolve itself and Cromwell establishes the Protectorate.
Tags: English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, Protectorate, Republic, Parliament, Puritans, Political Transition
Northern Wars Strengthen Sweden's Great Power Status
Year: 1655
Category: Warfare & Military
1661: The Northern Wars cement Sweden's rise as a Great Power.
Tags: Thirty Years' War, Swedish Empire, Military History, Geopolitics
English Conquest of Jamaica
Year: 1655
Category: Warfare & Military
The English, led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, took over the last Spanish fort in Jamaica.
Tags: Colonialism, English Empire, Spanish Empire, Military History, Conquest, Imperialism
Köprülü Mehmed Pasha Appointed Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
Year: 1656
Category: Politics
1661: Mehmed Köprülü is Grand Vizier.
Tags: Ottoman Empire, Grand Vizier, Administration, Turkish History
Huygens Determines the Shape of Saturn's Rings
Year: 1656
Category: Science
Christiaan Huygens describes the true shape of the rings of Saturn.
Tags: Astronomy, Scientific Revolution, Physics, Cosmology, Telescope, Christiaan Huygens, Observation
Pendulum Clock Invention
Year: 1656
Category: Technology
Pendulum clock: Invented by Christiaan Huygens. It was first conceptualized in 1637 by Galileo Galilei but he was unable to create a working model.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Timekeeping, Clockmaking, Mechanics, Christiaan Huygens, Galileo Galilei
Birth of Sambhaji, Maratha Empire Heir
Year: 1657
Category: Politics
: Sambhaji, the second King of Maratha Empire and eldest son of King Shivaji was born at Purandar Fort on 14 May.
Tags: Maratha Empire, Shivaji, Indian History, Monarchy, Succession, Maharashtra
Christiaan Huygens Invents the Pendulum Clock
Year: 1657
Category: Technology
Christiaan Huygens develops the first functional pendulum clock based on the learnings of Galileo Galilei.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Timekeeping, Clockmaking, Physics, Mechanics, Galileo Galilei, Instrumentation, Precision
Birth of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj
Year: 1657
Category: Politics
Birth of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj
Tags: Maratha Empire, Indian History, Political History, Monarchy, Maharashtra, Shivaji Maharaj
Aurangzeb Seizes Mughal Throne from Shah Jahan
Year: 1658
Category: Politics
After his father Shah Jahan completes the Taj Mahal, his son Aurangzeb deposes him as ruler of the Mughal Empire.
Tags: Mughal Empire, Aurangzeb, Succession, Political Intrigue, Emperor, Imperial Power, Dynastic Conflict
Oliver Cromwell's Death and Richard Cromwell's Succession
Year: 1658
Category: Politics
Cromwell dies and his son Richard becomes Lord Protector.
Tags: English Civil War, Commonwealth of England, Monarchy, Republic, Political Transition
Shivaji Kills Afzal Khan at Pratapgad Fort
Year: 1659
Category: Warfare & Military
King Shivaji killed Adil Shahi dynasty's general Afzal Khan at Pratapgad fort on 9 November.
Tags: Maratha Empire, Shivaji Maharaj, Military Conflict, Fort, Warfare, Conflict
Huygens Observes Martian Surface Details
Year: 1659
Category: Science
Christiaan Huygens first to observe surface details of Mars.
Tags: Astronomy, Mars, Scientific Observation, Telescope, Scientific Revolution, Planetary Science, Christiaan Huygens
Richard Cromwell Dissolves the Protectorate, Rump Parliament Restored
Year: 1659
Category: Politics
Richard Cromwell is pressured into dissolving the Protectorate; the Rump Parliament is restored.
Tags: English Civil War, Protectorate, Commonwealth of England, Monarchy, Republic, Political Instability, Restoration
English Restoration: Monarchy Returns
Year: 1660
Category: Politics
The Commonwealth of England ends and the monarchy is brought back during the English Restoration.
Tags: Restoration, Monarchy, Commonwealth of England, Political Transition, Parliament, British History
Founding of the Royal Society
Year: 1660
Category: Science
The Royal Society is founded.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Royal Society, Enlightenment, Experimentation, Natural Philosophy, Isaac Newton, Robert Boyle
Bruneian Civil War Begins
Year: 1660
Category: Warfare & Military
The Bruneian Civil War begins
Tags: Civil War, Brunei, Sultanate, Internal Conflict, Political Instability
Establishment of the Royal General Post Office
Year: 1660
Category: Economy & Trade
Royale General Post Office established.
Tags: Communication, Trade, Government, Infrastructure
Kangxi Emperor Ascends to the Throne
Year: 1661
Category: Politics
The reign of the Kangxi Emperor of China begins.
Tags: Qing Dynasty, Emperor, Imperial Rule, Succession, Kangxi Emperor, Governance
Mehmed Köprülü's Death and Ahmed Köprülü's Succession
Year: 1661
Category: Politics
Mehmed Köprülü dies and is succeeded by his son Ahmed.
Tags: Ottoman Empire, Succession, Grand Vizier, Political Power, Military Campaign, Imperial Politics, Governance
Death of Cardinal Mazarin
Year: 1661
Category: Politics
Cardinal Mazarin, de facto ruler of France, dies.
Tags: French Monarchy, Louis XIV, Royal Authority, Absolutism, Succession, Regency
Christopher Merret Presents Paper on Sparkling Wine Production
Year: 1662
Category: Science
Christopher Merret presents first paper on the production of sparkling wine.
Pascal's Horse-Drawn Public Bus Introduced
Year: 1662
Category: Technology
Blaise Pascal invents a horse-drawn public bus which has a regular route, schedule, and fare system.
Tags: Transportation, Public Transit, Urbanization, Blaise Pascal, Infrastructure
Koxinga's Capture of Taiwan and Founding of the Kingdom of Tungning
Year: 1662
Category: Warfare & Military
Koxinga captures Taiwan from the Dutch and founds the Kingdom of Tungning, which rules until 1683.
Tags: Military History, Colonialism, Ming Dynasty, Dutch East India Company, Siege
Birth of Jacques Aymar-Vernay, Promoter of Dowsing
Year: 1662
Category: Science
Jacques Aymar-Vernay, who later reintroduced Dowsing into popular use in Europe, is born.
Tags: Superstition, Scientific Revolution, Folklore
Robert Boyle Formulates Boyle's Law
Year: 1662
Category: Science
Robert Boyle: Boyle's law of ideal gases.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Physics, Chemistry, Robert Boyle, Experimentation, Scientific Method, Mathematics
Ottoman Offensive against Habsburg Hungary
Year: 1663
Category: Warfare & Military
Ottoman war against Habsburg Hungary.
Tags: Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Empire, Military Conflict, Siege Warfare, European History, Border Conflicts, Holy Roman Empire
James Gregory Publishes Design for Reflecting Telescope
Year: 1663
Category: Technology
James Gregory publishes designs for a reflecting telescope.
Tags: Astronomy, Optics, Telescopes, Scientific Revolution, Instrumentation
French Royal Control Established in New France
Year: 1663
Category: Politics
France takes full political and military control over its colonial possessions in New France.
Tags: Colonialism, French Colonization, New France, French Empire, Royal Authority, Governance, Louis XIV
Robert Hooke Observes Cells
Year: 1663
Category: Science
Robert Hooke discovers cells using a microscope.
Tags: Microscopy, Biology, Cell Theory, Scientific Revolution, Observation
Otto von Guericke Invents the Friction Machine
Year: 1663
Category: Technology
Friction machine: Invented by Otto von Guericke.
Tags: Electricity, Physics, Experimentation, Scientific Revolution
Battle of St. Gotthard and Peace of Vasvar
Year: 1664
Category: Warfare & Military
The Battle of St. Gotthard: count Raimondo Montecuccoli defeats the Ottomans. The Peace of Vasvar – intended to keep the peace for 20 years.
Tags: Military History, Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Battle, Peace Treaty, European History, Military Conflict
British Takeover of New Amsterdam
Year: 1664
Category: Warfare & Military
British troops capture New Amsterdam and rename it New York.
Tags: Colonialism, British Empire, Anglo-Dutch Wars, Territorial Disputes, North American History, Conquest, New York City, Atlantic World
John Evelyn Publishes *Sylva*, a Treatise on Forestry
Year: 1664
Category: Science
John Evelyn's forestry book, Sylva, is published in England.
Tags: Environment, Natural History, Agriculture
Shivaji Signs Treaty of Purandar with Mughal Empire
Year: 1665
Category: Politics
Maratha King Shivaji signed the Treaty of Purandar with Mughal general Jai Singh I after Battle of Purandar.
Tags: Treaty, Maratha Empire, Mughal Empire, Shivaji, Indian History, Conflict Resolution
Portuguese Victory at the Battle of Mbwila
Year: 1665
Category: Warfare & Military
Portugal defeats the Kongo Empire at the Battle of Mbwila.Taj Mahal, completed by 1653 and commissioned by Shah Jahan, one of the Wonders of the World
Tags: Military History, Colonialism, Atlantic Slave Trade, Portuguese Empire, Battle, African History, Imperialism
Second Anglo-Dutch War Begins
Year: 1665
Category: Warfare & Military
1667: The Second Anglo-Dutch War fought between England and the United Provinces.
Tags: Naval Warfare, Anglo-Dutch Wars, Maritime Power, Colonialism, Warfare
First Peer-Reviewed Scientific Journal Published
Year: 1665
Category: Science
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: first peer reviewed scientific journal published.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Royal Society, Knowledge Dissemination
Robert Hooke Observes and Names the Cell
Year: 1665
Category: Science
Robert Hooke: discovers the cell.
Tags: Biology, Microscopy, Cell Theory, Scientific Revolution, Experimentation, Observation
Guru Gobind Singh's Birth
Year: 1666
Category: Religion
The 10th Sikh guru, Guru Gobind Singh is born in Patna Sahib.
Tags: Sikhism, Religious Leader, Religious History, Spiritual Leader
Shivaji's Imprisonment and Escape from Mughal Agra
Year: 1666
Category: Politics
The Great Shivaji-Agra Visit.
Tags: Maratha Empire, Mughal Empire, Shivaji Maharaj, Aurangzeb, Political Intrigue, Diplomacy, Military Strategy, Resistance, Indian History
Dutch Raid on the Medway
Year: 1667
Category: Warfare & Military
The Raid on the Medway during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
Tags: Naval Warfare, Dutch Republic, Royal Navy, Blockade, Military Strategy, Anglo-Dutch Wars
France Invades the Netherlands, Leads to Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle
Year: 1667
Category: Warfare & Military
1668: The War of Devolution: France invades the Netherlands. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) brings this to a halt.
Tags: French Expansionism, Louis XIV, Military Conflict, Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, European History
Ottoman Expansion Stalled: Beginning of the Great Turkish War
Year: 1667
Category: Warfare & Military
1699: The Great Turkish War halts the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe.
Tags: Ottoman Empire, Great Turkish War, Military Conflict, Expansionism, European History, Holy Roman Empire, Military History
Dutch Secure Nutmeg Monopoly with Treaty of Breda
Year: 1667
Category: Economy & Trade
As a result of the Treaty of Breda between Dutch and England, the Dutch secured a worldwide monopoly on nutmeg by forcing England to give up their claim on Run, the most remote of the Banda Islands.
Tags: Colonialism, Spice Trade, Dutch East India Company, Mercantilism, Banda Islands, Monopoly
Spain Recognizes Portuguese Independence
Year: 1668
Category: Politics
Peace Treaty of Lisbon between Spain and Portugal recognizes Portugal as independent country.
Tags: Treaty, Independence, Diplomacy, European History, Colonialism
Newton Constructs First Reflecting Telescope
Year: 1668
Category: Technology
First functional reflecting telescope constructed by Isaac Newton.
Tags: Optics, Isaac Newton, Scientific Revolution, Astronomy, Telescope, Instrumentation
Francesco Redi Demonstrates Spontaneous Generation is False
Year: 1668
Category: Science
Francesco Redi: disproved idea of spontaneous generation.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Biology, Experimentation, Germ Theory, Scientific Method
Isaac Newton Constructs First Reflecting Telescope
Year: 1669
Category: Technology
The first known operational reflecting telescope is built by Isaac Newton.
Tags: Optics, Telescopes, Isaac Newton, Scientific Revolution, Astronomy, Physics
Steno Proposes Fossils are Organic Remains, Lays Groundwork for Stratigraphy
Year: 1669
Category: Science
Nicholas Steno: proposes that fossils are organic remains embedded in layers of sediment, basis of stratigraphy.
Tags: Geology, Paleontology, Scientific Revolution, Natural History
Swammerdam's Epigenesis Research in Insects
Year: 1669
Category: Science
Jan Swammerdam: epigenesis in insects.
Tags: Biology, Scientific Revolution, Microscopy
Hudson's Bay Company Established
Year: 1670
Category: Economy & Trade
The Hudson's Bay Company was founded in New France (Modern-day Canada).
Tags: Colonialism, British Empire, Exploration, Mercantilism, Indigenous Peoples
Charleston Founded
Year: 1670
Category: Society & Culture
The city of Charleston is founded in present-day South Carolina.
Tags: Colonialism, Early American History, Settlement, Urban Development, South Carolina, New World, Society
Ottoman Campaign in Ukraine & Polish Victory at Khotyn
Year: 1672
Category: Warfare & Military
1673: Ottoman campaign to help the Ukrainian Cossacks. John Sobieski defeats the Ottomans at the second battle of Khotyn (1673).
Tags: Military History, Ottoman Empire, Cossacks, Siege Warfare
The Third Anglo-Dutch War Begins
Year: 1672
Category: Warfare & Military
1674: The Third Anglo-Dutch War fought between England and the United Provinces
Tags: Anglo-Dutch Wars, Naval Warfare, European History, Colonialism, Trade, Warfare
French Invasion of the Netherlands Begins Franco-Dutch War
Year: 1672
Category: Warfare & Military
1676: Polish–Ottoman War.French invasion of the Netherlands, which Louis XIV initiated in 1672, starting the Franco-Dutch War
Tags: Louis XIV, Warfare, European History, Military Conflict, Expansionism, Conflicts
Outbreak of the Franco-Dutch War
Year: 1672
Category: Warfare & Military
1678: Franco-Dutch War.
Tags: Warfare, Military Conflict, Dutch Republic, Louis XIV, European History, Dutch Golden Age, Geopolitics
Polish-Ottoman War Begins
Year: 1672
Category: Warfare & Military
1676: Polish-Ottoman War.
Tags: Warfare, Ottoman Empire, Military Conflict, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Expansionism, Military History, Cossacks
Assassination of the De Witt Brothers and William of Orange's Rise
Year: 1672
Category: Politics
Lynching of Johan de Witt and his brother Cornelis de Witt in the Hague – William III of Orange takes power.
Tags: Political Assassination, Dutch Republic, Religious Conflict, Oligarchy, Regicide
Newton's Discovery of the Spectrum of Light
Year: 1672
Category: Science
Sir Isaac Newton: discovers that white light is a mixture of distinct coloured rays (the spectrum).
Tags: Physics, Optics, Scientific Revolution, Experimentation, Light
Bruneian Civil War Concludes with Muhiyiddin's Victory
Year: 1673
Category: Warfare & Military
The Bruneian Civil War ends with Muhiyiddin winning the war.
Tags: Civil War, Sultanate, Brunei, Political Conflict, Military History
Leeuwenhoek Observes Microbes
Year: 1673
Category: Science
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is the first to observe microbes with a homemade microscope, using samples he collected from his teeth scrapings, raindrops, and his own feces. He calls them "animalcules."
Tags: Microbiology, Scientific Revolution, Germ Theory, Biology
Huygens Publishes Study on Oscillating Systems and Pendulum Clock Design
Year: 1673
Category: Science
Christiaan Huygens: first study of oscillating system and design of pendulum clocks
Tags: Physics, Mechanics, Timekeeping, Scientific Revolution, Christiaan Huygens
Shivaji's Coronation as Chatrapati and Founding of the Maratha Empire
Year: 1674
Category: Politics
Shivaji founded the Maratha Empire and crowned himself as first Chatrapati of the empire.
Tags: Empire Building, Maratha Empire, Shivaji Maharaj, Indian History, Political History, Monarchy
Treaty of Westminster Ends Anglo-Dutch War
Year: 1674
Category: Warfare & Military
The Treaty of Westminster ends the war between England and the Republic of the United Provinces.
Tags: Anglo-Dutch Wars, Treaties, Warfare, Diplomacy, European History, International Relations
Greenwich Observatory Founded
Year: 1675
Category: Science
Greenwich Observatory commissioned.
Tags: Astronomy, Royal Society, Navigation, Scientific Revolution, Measurement, Timekeeping
Leibniz and Newton Develop Infinitesimal Calculus
Year: 1675
Category: Science
Leibniz, Newton: infinitesimal calculus.
Tags: Mathematics, Calculus, Scientific Revolution, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Isaac Newton, Physics, Modern Science
Van Leeuwenhoek Observes Microorganisms
Year: 1675
Category: Science
Anton van Leeuwenhoek: observes microorganisms using a refined simple microscope.
Tags: Microbiology, Scientific Revolution, Biology, Cell Theory
Russo-Turkish Wars Begin
Year: 1676
Category: Warfare & Military
1681: Russia and the Ottoman Empire commence the Russo-Turkish Wars.
Tags: Ottoman Empire, Military Conflict, Expansionism, Geopolitics, Wars, Black Sea
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Observes Bacteria
Year: 1676
Category: Science
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers Bacteria.
Tags: Microbiology, Scientific Revolution, Observation, Biology, Discovery
Polish-Ottoman Hostilities Cease with Treaty of Zurawno
Year: 1676
Category: Warfare & Military
The Treaty of Zurawno brings Polish-Ottoman hostilities to a halt.
Tags: Treaty, Military History, Ottoman Empire, Conflict Resolution, Diplomacy
Kara Mustafa Pasha Appointed Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
Year: 1676
Category: Politics
Kara Mustafa becomes Grand Vizier.
Tags: Ottoman Empire, Grand Vizier, Sultanate, Government, Administration, Military Leadership
Ole Rømer Measures the Speed of Light
Year: 1676
Category: Science
Ole Rømer: first measurement of the speed of light.
Tags: Physics, Optics, Measurement, Astronomy, Scientific Revolution, Light
Treaty of Nijmegen Ends Franco-Dutch War
Year: 1678
Category: Politics
The Treaty of Nijmegen ends various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire.Claiming Louisiana for France in 1682
Tags: Treaty, Warfare, Diplomacy, Balance of Power, Dutch Republic, Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV, Conflicts
Leibniz Develops Binary Number System
Year: 1679
Category: Science
Binary system developed by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
Tags: Mathematics, Computer Science, Binary Code, Logic, Scientific Revolution, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Number Theory, Calculus
Denis Papin Invents the Pressure Cooker
Year: 1679
Category: Technology
Pressure-cooker: Invented by Denis Papin.
Pueblo Revolt Expels Spanish from New Mexico
Year: 1680
Category: Warfare & Military
The Pueblo Revolt drives the Spanish out of New Mexico until 1692.
Tags: Indigenous Resistance, Colonialism, Spanish Empire, New Mexico, Rebellion, Conflict, Native American History, Military History
Sambhaji's Coronation as Maratha Emperor
Year: 1680
Category: Politics
Prince Sambhaji crowned himself as the second Chatrapati of Maratha Empire 20 July.
Tags: Maratha Empire, Indian History, Monarchy, Succession, Empire Building
Johnathan's Coffee-House Opens in London
Year: 1680
Category: Society & Culture
Johnathan's Coffee-House opened by John Miles.
Huygens Describes the First Piston Engine
Year: 1680
Category: Technology
Christiaan Huygens provides the first known description of a piston engine.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Inventions, Engine
Pasha of Buda Backs Thököly's Hungarian Rebellion
Year: 1681
Category: Warfare & Military
The Pasha of Buda supports Imre Thököly's rebellion in Hungary.
Tags: Ottoman Empire, Rebellion, Habsburg Empire, Regional Conflict
Ottoman Sultan Breaks Treaty with Habsburgs
Year: 1682
Category: Warfare & Military
Sultan Mehmed IV, advised by Kara Mustafa, decides to disregard the existing peace treaty with Leopold I, due to expire in 1684.
Tags: Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Empire, Military Strategy, Holy Roman Empire, Great Turkish War
Peter the Great Ascends to Joint Rule of Russia
Year: 1682
Category: Politics
Peter the Great becomes joint ruler of Russia (sole tsar in 1696).
Tags: Russian Empire, Tsar, Monarchy, Succession, Romanov Dynasty, Political Power, Regency
La Salle Claims Louisiana for France
Year: 1682
Category: Politics
La Salle explores the length of the Mississippi River and claims Louisiana for France.
Tags: Exploration, French Colonization, Louisiana, New France, Colonialism
Versailles Becomes Royal Residence; Saint-Gobain Produces Hall of Mirrors Glass
Year: 1682
Category: Art
Chateau de Versailles becomes the primary royal residence of Louis XIV; Saint-Gobain produced glass for the Hall of Mirrors.
Tags: French Monarchy, Louis XIV, Baroque, Architecture, Art History, Glassmaking, Royal Court, French History
Qing Dynasty Annexes Taiwan
Year: 1683
Category: Warfare & Military
China conquers the Kingdom of Tungning and annexes Taiwan.
Tags: Qing Dynasty, Annexation, Conquest, Chinese History, Imperialism, Maritime History
Ottoman Empire Defeated at Second Siege of Vienna
Year: 1683
Category: Warfare & Military
The Ottoman Empire is defeated in the second Siege of Vienna.
Tags: Siege, Ottoman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Military History, European History, Great Turkish War, Imperialism
Habsburg Siege of Buda Begins
Year: 1683
Category: Warfare & Military
1699: The Great Turkish War leads to the conquest of most of Ottoman Hungary by the Habsburgs.
Tags: Warfare, Siege, Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Great Turkish War, Military History, Imperialism
Leibniz and Newton Publish Calculus
Year: 1684
Category: Science
Calculus independently developed by both Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Sir Isaac Newton and used to formulate classical mechanics.
Tags: Calculus, Mathematics, Scientific Revolution, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Isaac Newton, Scientific Advancement, Physics, Enlightenment
Edict of Fontainebleau Revokes Edict of Nantes, Persecuting Protestants
Year: 1685
Category: Religion
Edict of Fontainebleau outlaws Protestantism in France. King Charles II dies.
Tags: Religious Violence, Christianity, Huguenots, Absolutism, Counter-Reformation
Newton Publishes Principia Mathematica
Year: 1687
Category: Science
Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Physics, Mathematics, Isaac Newton, Mechanics, Enlightenment, Scientific Method, Global Impact
Newton Publishes Principia Mathematica, Formulating Laws of Motion and Universal Gravitation
Year: 1687
Category: Science
Sir Isaac Newton: classical mathematical description of the fundamental force of universal gravitation and the three physical laws of motion.
Tags: Scientific Revolution, Physics, Mathematics, Isaac Newton, Enlightenment, Scientific Method, Mechanics
Siege of Derry Begins Williamite War
Year: 1688
Category: Warfare & Military
The Siege of Derry, the first major event in the Williamite War in Ireland.
Tags: Siege, Warfare, Religious Conflict, Christianity, Catholicism
Siamese Revolution of 1688: French Expulsion
Year: 1688
Category: Politics
Siamese revolution of 1688 ousted French influence and virtually severed all ties with the West until the 19th century.
Tags: Revolution, Foreign Relations, Colonialism, Diplomacy
Dutch Invasion of England and the Rise of a Constitutional Monarchy
Year: 1688
Category: Politics
1689: The Glorious Revolution starts with the Dutch Republic invading England, England becomes a constitutional monarchy.
Tags: Glorious Revolution, Constitutional Monarchy, Dutch Republic, William of Orange, James II, Monarchy, Parliament, Political Reform
Grand Alliance Formation to Counter French Expansion
Year: 1688
Category: Warfare & Military
1697: The Grand Alliance sought to stop French expansion during the Nine Years' War.
Tags: French Expansionism, Military Alliances, European Politics, Balance of Power, Louis XIV, Warfare
Siege of Derry
Year: 1688
Category: Warfare & Military
The Siege of Derry.
Tags: Warfare, Siege, Religious Conflict, Christianity, Catholicism, James II, Glorious Revolution
Jacobite Victory at the Battle of Killiecrankie
Year: 1689
Category: Warfare & Military
The Battle of Killiecrankie is fought between Jacobite and Williamite forces in Highland Perthshire.
Tags: Jacobites, Scottish History, British Isles, Battle, Military Conflict, William of Orange
Ottoman Suppression of the Karposh Rebellion
Year: 1689
Category: Warfare & Military
The Karposh rebellion is crushed in present-day North Macedonia, Skopje is retaken by the Ottoman Turks. Karposh is killed, and the rebels are defeated.The Battle of Vienna (1683) marked the historic end of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe
Tags: Ottoman Empire, Rebellion, Military History, Conflict, Siege
Bill of Rights Enacted in England
Year: 1689
Category: Politics
Bill of Rights gains royal consent.
Tags: Bill of Rights, Monarchy, Parliament, Constitutionalism, Glorious Revolution, Limited Government, Political Reform
John Locke Publishes Key Political and Philosophical Works
Year: 1689
Category: Philosophy & Ideas
John Locke publishes Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration.
Tags: Enlightenment, Political Philosophy, Social Contract Theory, Natural Rights, Liberalism, John Locke
William and Mary Crowned as Monarchs
Year: 1689
Category: Politics
William and Mary ascend to the throne over England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Tags: Glorious Revolution, Monarchy, William of Orange, Parliament, Constitutional Monarchy, Succession
Treaty of Nerchinsk Establishes Sino-Russian Border
Year: 1689
Category: Politics
The Treaty of Nerchinsk established a border between Russia and China.
Tags: Treaty, Diplomacy, Border Dispute, Qing Dynasty, Geopolitics
Execution of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj by Aurangzeb
Year: 1689
Category: Warfare & Military
Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, son of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is executed by Aurangzeb after 40 days of brutal torture
Tags: Maratha Empire, Mughal Empire, Aurangzeb, Indian History, Military History, Conflict, Execution, Warfare
Williamite Victory at the Battle of the Boyne
Year: 1690
Category: Warfare & Military
The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland.
Tags: Warfare, Military History, William of Orange, James II, Christianity, Catholicism, Religious Conflict
Salem Witch Trials
Year: 1692
Category: Society & Culture
Salem witch trials in Massachusetts.
Tags: Colonial America, Religious Violence, Superstition, Social History, Massachusetts
College of William & Mary Founded in Virginia
Year: 1693
Category: Society & Culture
College of William & Mary is founded in Williamsburg, Virginia, by a royal charter.
Tags: Education, Colonial America, Higher Education, British Empire, Virginia, University, Royal Charter
Founding of the Bank of England
Year: 1694
Category: Economy & Trade
The Bank of England is established.
Tags: Banking, Finance, Credit, Monetary Policy, Mercantilism, Economic Development, William III
Death of Queen Mary II of England
Year: 1694
Category: Politics
Mary II of England dies.
Tags: Queen, Succession, William III, Glorious Revolution, Monarchy
Mughal Empire Threatens East India Company Over Pirate Attack
Year: 1695
Category: Economy & Trade
The Mughal Empire nearly bans the East India Company in response to pirate Henry Every's capture of the trading ship Ganj-i-Sawai.
Tags: Mughal Empire, East India Company, Piracy, Trade, Indian Ocean, Colonialism
Peter the Great's European Grand Embassy Begins
Year: 1697
Category: Politics
1699: Grand Embassy of Peter the Great to Western Europe.
Tags: Peter the Great, Diplomacy, Westernization, Modernization, Foreign Policy, Travel, European History
First Known First-Class Cricket Match
Year: 1697
Category: Society & Culture
The earliest known first-class cricket match takes place in Sussex.
Tags: Sports, Leisure, Social History
Thomas Savery Invents Steam-Powered Water Pump
Year: 1698
Category: Technology
Thomas Savery develops a steam-powered water pump: for draining mines
Tags: Industrial Revolution, Steam Engine, Mining, Mechanical Engineering, Energy
Thomas Savery Demonstrates Steam Engine to Royal Society
Year: 1699
Category: Technology
Thomas Savery demonstrates his first steam engine to the Royal Society.
Tags: Steam Engine, Industrial Revolution, Scientific Revolution, Royal Society, Energy
Guru Gobind Singh Founds the Khalsa
Year: 1699
Category: Religion
The 10th Sikh guru, Guru Gobind Singh, establishes the Khalsa.
Tags: Sikhism, Religious Reform
Treaty of Karlowitz Ends Great Turkish War
Year: 1699
Category: Politics
The Treaty of Karlowitz ends the Great Turkish War.
Tags: Treaty, Warfare, Ottoman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Diplomacy, Geopolitics, Territorial Changes
