the Roman Senate votes Octavian the title of Augustus. Augustus eventually assumes all authority formerly held by the Roman senate becoming the first ...

Tags: Roman Empire, Principate, Augustus, Ancient rome, Republic, Emperor, Political Transition, Imperialism, Governance

Emperor Augustus initiates his third census of the Roman Empire after 20 years.

Tags: Roman Empire, Augustus, Census, Governance, Administration, Taxation, Population, Ancient rome, Political History

Augustus' third (and final) 20-year census of the Roman Empire reports a total of 4,973,000 citizens.

Tags: Roman Empire, Census, Augustus, Governance, Population, Ancient rome, Administration, Citizenship

September 18 – Tiberius succeeds his stepfather Augustus as Roman emperor.

Tags: Roman Empire, Ancient rome, Emperor, Tiberius, Augustus, Succession

Juba II, king of Mauretania (b. c. 50 BC)

Tags: Ancient rome, Roman Empire, Client Kingdom, Governance, Roman Influence, Imperialism

The traditional date of Saint James the Great meeting Our Lady of the Pillar in Spain

Tags: Christianity, Apostles, Catholicism, Early Church

Claudius restores religious freedom to Jews throughout the empire, but prohibits Jews in Rome from proselytising.

Tags: Roman Empire, Judaism, Religious Freedom, Claudius, Antiquity, Jewish Diaspora, Imperial Decree, Legal History

Mauretania becomes a Roman province.

Tags: Roman Empire, Province, Imperialism, Ancient rome, Claudius, Annexation, Military

The friendship between Nero and Marcus Salvius Otho ends when they both fall in love with Poppea Sabina, and Otho is sent to Lusitania as governor.

Tags: Roman Empire, Nero, Otho, Political Intrigue, Governorship, Imperial Court, Ancient rome

(approximate year) Marcus Ulpius Traianus, Roman emperor (d. 117)

Tags: Roman Empire, Roman Emperors, Trajan, Ancient rome

Galba becomes governor of Hispania Tarraconensis.

Tags: Roman Empire, Provincial Administration, Roman Governance, Galba, Ancient rome

Apostle Paul possibly visits Spain.

Tags: Christianity, Apostle Paul, Roman Empire, Missionary Work, Religious Expansion, Biblical History, Travel

Servius Sulpicius Galba, Roman emperor (b. 3 BC)

Tags: Roman Empire, Emperor, Civil War, Assassination, Ancient rome, Galba, Military

Mithraism begins to spread throughout the Roman Empire.

Tags: Roman Empire, Religious Beliefs, Ancient rome

Pliny the Elder serves as procurator in Hispania Tarraconensis.

Tags: Roman Empire, Procurator, Ancient rome, Imperial Politics, Pliny the Elder

January 24 – Hadrian, Roman emperor (d. 138)

Tags: Roman Empire, Emperor, Ancient rome, Birth, Hadrian, Imperial History

Domitian became emperor on September 14, solidifying the monarchy and shocking the aristocracy by taking the title "Dominus." His reign saw increased ...

Tags: Roman Empire, Domitian, Emperor, Monarchy, Ancient rome, Romanization, Provinces, Imperialism

Upon Nerva's death in January 98 AD, Trajan, the first non-Italian emperor, ascended the throne, immediately restoring the Senate's power, establishin...

Tags: Roman Empire, Emperor, Succession, Governance, Expansion, Ancient rome, Trajan

Nerva, Roman Emperor (AD 96–98)

Tags: Roman Empire, Emperor, Nerva, Ancient rome, Imperialism, Governance, Roman Emperors, Pax Romana

– 192: Reign of Commodus, Roman emperor.

Tags: Roman Empire, Emperor, Ancient rome, Imperial Rule, Antiquity, Roman Emperors

395: Theodosius I, Roman emperor, bans pagan worship, Christianity is made the official religion of the Empire.

Tags: Roman Empire, Christianity, Paganism, Religious Law, Emperor, Religious Violence, Imperial Decree

Roman emperor Theodosius I dies, causing the Roman Empire to split permanently.

Tags: Roman Empire, Succession, Western Roman Empire, Eastern Roman Empire, Emperor, Governance

Suebi establish the first independent Christian kingdom of Western Europe in Gallaecia.

Tags: Suebi, Christianity, Kingdom, Roman Empire

Reccared, king of the Visigoths in Spain, converts to Catholicism.

Tags: Catholicism, Visigoths, Conversion, Religious Politics, Christianity

Third Council of Toledo adds the "filioque" clause to the Nicene Creed in Spain.

Tags: Christianity, Catholicism, Theology, Western Christianity

Treaty of Tudmir, signed between Abd al-'Aziz, the commander of Muslim troops invaiding Spain and Theodemir, the Christian king of a southern region i...

Tags: Early Islam, Reconquista, Religious Tolerance, Treaty

– Ibn Samh of Al-Andalus builds a geared mechanical astrolabe.

Tags: Islamic Golden Age, Astronomy, Astrolabe, Mathematics, Al-Andalus, Scientific Instruments, Middle Ages

1087 – Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) builds the equatorium and universal latitude-independent astrolabe.

Tags: Astronomy, Astrolabe, Islamic Golden Age, Scientific Instruments, Mathematics, Al-Andalus

Ferdinand I of León, King of Castile and King of León, is crowned Imperator totius Hispaniae (Emperor of All Hispania).

Tags: Kingdom of León, Kingdom of Castile, Monarchy, Emperor, Political Consolidation

Independence of the Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal under the rule of Garcia

Tags: Middle Ages, Monarchy, Political Independence, Dynastic Rule, Feudalism

birth of Urraca of León and Castile future Queen of Castille and León.

Tags: Monarchy, Medieval Spain, Castile, Succession, Christian Kingdoms

Death of doña Jimena Díaz, governor of Valencia from 1099 to 1102.

Tags: Middle Ages, Reconquista, Governors, Castile, Succession, Female Leadership

On June 24, the Kingdom of Portugal gains independence from the Kingdom of León at the Battle of São Mamede; (recognised by León in 1143).

Tags: Kingdom of Portugal, Kingdom of León, Independence, Middle Ages, Monarchy, Territorial Disputes, Political Formation

The Treaty of Zamora recognizes Portuguese independence from the Kingdom of León. Portugal also recognizes the suzerainty of the pope.

Tags: Political History, Treaty, Independence, Sovereignty, Kingdom of León, Catholicism

A new Berber dynasty, the Almohads, led by Emir Abd al-Mu'min, takes North Africa from the Almoravides and soon invades the Iberian Peninsula. The Alm...

Tags: Islam, Religious Movements, Conquest, Middle Ages

Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona marries Petronilla, the Queen of Aragon.

Tags: Dynastic Marriage, Monarchy, Political Union, Crown of Aragon

The Treaty of Tudilén is signed by Alfonso VII of León and Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona, recognizing the Aragonese conquests south of the J...

Tags: Medieval Spain, Reconquista, Treaty, Political Agreement, Territorial Expansion, Kingdom of León, Crown of Aragon

The Treaty of Sahagún ends the war between Castile and León.

Tags: Medieval Spain, Castile, Treaties, Warfare

The Treaty of Sahagún is signed by Alfonso VIII of Castile and Alfonso II of Aragon. Based on the terms of the accord, Alfonso VIII agrees to provide ...

Tags: Treaty, Diplomacy, Middle Ages, Kingdom of Castile, Tribute, Political Alliances

The Treaty of Cazola (Cazorla) is signed by Alfonso II of Aragon and Alfonso VIII of Castile, dividing Andalusia into separate zones of conquest for t...

Tags: Reconquista, Medieval Spain, Treaty, Territorial Division, Christian Kingdoms

The settlement of the Canary Islands signals the beginning of the Spanish Empire.

Tags: Spanish Empire, Colonialism, Territorial Expansion, Castile, Indigenous Peoples, Conquest

The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile leads to the unification of Spain.The renaissance king Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. ...

Tags: Marriage, Unification, Monarchy, Political Consolidation, Isabella I of Castile, Ferdinand II of Aragon, State Formation

Spanish Inquisition begins in practice with the first auto-da-fé.

Tags: Catholicism, Religious Violence, Heresy, Jews, Reconquista

The Jews are expelled from Andalusia.

Tags: Religious Violence, Expulsion, Jews, Catholic Monarchs, Reconquista, Anti-Semitism

Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas from Spain.

Tags: Age of Exploration, Christopher Columbus, Spanish Empire, Columbian Exchange, European Colonization, Atlantic World, Indigenous Peoples, Discovery

Ferdinand and Isabella sign the Alhambra Decree, expelling all Jews from Spain unless they convert to Catholicism; 40,000–200,000 leave.

Tags: Religious Violence, Anti-Semitism, Expulsion, Ferdinand II of Aragon, Isabella I of Castile, Catholicism, Conversion, Human Rights

Christopher Columbus landed on modern-day Puerto Rico.

Tags: Age of Exploration, Christopher Columbus, Spanish Colonization, Columbian Exchange, European Exploration, Indigenous Peoples

Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas and agree to divide the World outside of Europe between themselves.

Tags: Treaty, Colonialism, Exploration, Age of Discovery, Papal Authority, Geopolitics, Imperialism

Spanish navigator Vicente Yáñez Pinzón encounters Brazil but is prevented from claiming it by the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Tags: Age of Exploration, Colonialism, Spanish Empire, Portuguese Empire

Death of Isabella I of Castile; Joanna of Castile becomes the Queen.

Tags: Monarchy, Succession, Castile, Spanish Empire, Isabella I of Castile, Political Transition

Christopher Columbus dies in Valladolid, Spain.

Tags: Exploration, Colonialism, Discovery, Age of Exploration, Spanish Empire, European Expansion, Atlantic World

Vasco Núñez de Balboa, in service of Spain arrives at the Pacific Ocean (which he called Mar del Sur) across the Isthmus of Panama. He was the first E...

Tags: Exploration, Discovery, Spanish Empire, Panama, Age of Exploration, Colonialism, New World, Maritime History

The Treaty of London was a non-aggression pact between the major European nations. The signatories were Burgundy, France, England, the Holy Roman Empi...

Tags: Treaty, Diplomacy, Renaissance, European Politics, Balance of Power, International Relations, Burgundy

Death of Emperor Maximilian; Charles I of Austria, Spain, and the Low Countries becomes Emperor of Holy Roman Empire as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor ...

Tags: Holy Roman Empire, Charles V, Emperor, Succession, Habsburgs, Monarchy, Imperialism

Treaty of Zaragoza defined the antimeridian of Tordesillas attributing the Moluccas to Portugal and Philippines to Spain.

Tags: Treaty, Exploration, Colonialism, Treaties, Spice Trade, Geopolitics, Moluccas

Foundation of Buenos Aires (in present-day Argentina) by Pedro de Mendoza.

Tags: Exploration, Colonization, Spanish Empire, Settlement, Colonialism, New World

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado sights the Grand Canyon.

Tags: Exploration, Discovery, Geography, Spanish Empire, American Southwest, New World, Conquest, Indigenous Peoples

The Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits, is founded by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions with the approval of Pope Paul III.

Tags: Jesuits, Catholicism, Counter-Reformation, Religious Orders, Missionary Work, Education, Religious History

Amazon River is encountered and explored by Francisco de Orellana.

Tags: Exploration, Discovery, Amazon, Age of Exploration, Spanish Empire, Geography, Colonialism

Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the island of Samar and Leyte Las Islas Filipinas honoring Philip II of Spain and became the official n...

Tags: Exploration, Colonization, Spanish Empire, Philip II, Political Geography

Jeanne d'Albret declares Calvinism the official religion of Navarre.

Tags: Navarre, Huguenots, Christianity, Religious Reform, French Wars of Religion, Religious Politics

Miguel López de Legazpi establishes in Cebu the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines starting a period of Spanish colonization that would last ...

Tags: Colonization, Spanish Empire, Settlement, Spanish Colonization, Colonialism, Age of Exploration, Political Expansion

Spanish settlers outside New Spain (Mexico) colonize Florida's coastline at St. Augustine.

Tags: Colonization, Florida, Exploration, Colonialism, Spanish Empire, Settlement, New World, Indigenous Peoples

Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi establishes Manila, Philippines as the capital of the Spanish East Indies.

Tags: Colonialism, Spanish Empire, East Indies, Manila, Conquest, Political Expansion, Globalization

Jeanne d'Albret dies aged 43 and is succeeded by Henry of Navarre.

Tags: Succession, Huguenots, French Wars of Religion, Monarchy, Navarre, Religious Conflict

Spain unifies with Portugal under Philip II. The struggle for the throne of Portugal ends the Portuguese Empire. The Spanish and Portuguese crowns are...

Tags: Philip II, Union, Empire, Spanish Empire, Portuguese Empire, Iberian Union, Colonialism, Political Union, Monarchy

Dutch Act of Abjuration, declaring abjuring allegiance to Philip II of Spain.

Tags: Dutch Revolt, Philip II, Independence, Rebellion, Christianity, Political Revolution, Sovereignty

Gregorian calendar is introduced in Europe by Pope Gregory XIII and adopted by Catholic countries.

Tags: Calendar, Astronomy, Catholicism, Timekeeping, Christianity, Religious Authority, Renaissance

Flight of the Earls (the fleeing of most of the native Gaelic aristocracy) occurs from County Donegal in the west of Ulster in Ireland.

Tags: Irish History, Aristocracy

The last remaining Moriscos (Moors who had nominally converted to Christianity) in Spain are expelled.

Tags: Religious Violence, Counter-Reformation, Spanish Empire, Conquest, Expulsion

The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War and marks the ends of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire as major European p...

Tags: Peace Treaty, Thirty Years' War, Eighty Years' War, Sovereignty, Balance of Power, Diplomacy, Religious Tolerance, Holy Roman Empire

Peace Treaty of Lisbon between Spain and Portugal recognizes Portugal as independent country.

Tags: Treaty, Independence, Diplomacy, European History, Colonialism

The Treaty of Nijmegen ends various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of...

Tags: Treaty, Warfare, Diplomacy, Balance of Power, Dutch Republic, Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV, Conflicts

The Treaty of Utrecht until War of the Spanish Succession ended after treaties of Rastatt and Baden were established in 1913 after a new British Gover...

Tags: Treaty, Warfare, Succession, Diplomacy, European History, Balance of Power, Spanish Empire

Austro-Spanish alliance revived. Russia joins in 1726.

Tags: Alliance, Diplomacy, Great Powers, European Politics, Balance of Power, Treaty, Habsburgs

Suppression of the Society of Jesus from the Spanish Empire.

Tags: Jesuits, Catholicism, Enlightenment, Spanish Empire, Colonialism, Religious Orders, Political Intrigue

Spain acquires its first permanent holding in Africa from the Portuguese, which is administered by the newly-established La Plata Viceroyalty.

Tags: Colonialism, Imperialism, Spanish Empire, Portuguese Empire, Territorial Acquisition, Political Administration

The Treaty of Paris formally ends the American Revolutionary War.

Tags: American Revolution, Treaties, Diplomacy, Independence, Warfare, Nationalism

Great Britain and Spain dispute the Nootka Sound during the Nootka Crisis.

Tags: Imperialism, Colonialism, Territorial Disputes, Diplomacy, Pacific Northwest, Trade, British Empire, Spanish Empire, Exploration

Pinckney's Treaty between the United States and Spain grants the Mississippi Territory to the U.S.

Tags: Treaty, Diplomacy, Territorial Expansion, Foreign Policy

May 14: Paraguay declares independence from the Spanish empire (recognized May 15).

Tags: Independence, Colonialism, Spanish Empire, Nation Building, South American History

Independence of Chile.

Tags: Independence, Chile, Colonialism, Spanish Empire, Revolution

Mexico gains independence from Spain with the Treaty of Córdoba.

Tags: Independence, Colonialism, Nationalism, Political Change, Revolution

Monroe Doctrine declared by US President James Monroe in cooperation with Britain.

Tags: US Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Imperialism, American Expansionism

Independence of Bolivia.

Tags: Independence, Colonialism, Spanish Empire, Nationalism

Spanish Inquisition officially ends.

Tags: Catholicism, Inquisition, Religious Violence, Religious Institutions, Enlightenment, Reform

1874–1875: First Republic in Spain.

Tags: Republic, Political Instability, Monarchy, Civil War, European History, Government, Failed State

1884–1885: The Berlin Conference signals the start of the European "scramble for Africa".

Tags: Imperialism, Colonialism, Scramble for Africa, European Expansion, Diplomacy, International Relations, Otto von Bismarck

June 12: Philippine Independence from Spain is declared by Filipino revolutionaries, led by Pres. Emilio Aguinaldo, in Kawit, Cavite.

Tags: Nationalism, Independence Movements, Colonialism, Revolution, Political Change

April 14: The Second Spanish Republic is declared.

Tags: Republic, Republicanism, Government, Civil War, Monarchy

April 1: End of Spanish Civil War; Francisco Franco becomes dictator of Spain.

Tags: Dictatorship, Civil War, Fascism, Authoritarianism, Political Violence, Totalitarianism

November 20: Death of Francisco Franco.

Tags: Dictatorship, Authoritarianism, Political Transition, Democratization

November 22: Juan Carlos I becomes King of Spain.

Tags: Monarchy, Political Transition, Constitutional Monarchy

December 29: The current Constitution of Spain comes into effect, which for some marks the completion of the Spanish transition to democracy.

Tags: Constitution, Democracy, Political Reform, Civil Rights, European Union

January 1: Portugal and Spain joins the European Communities.

Tags: European Union, European Integration, Trade, International Relations, Cold War

February 7: The Maastricht Treaty is signed, creating the European Union.

Tags: European Integration, European Union, Treaty, International Relations, Political Union, Globalization, Multilateralism, Sovereignty, Economic Cooperation

November 1: The Maastricht Treaty comes in to effect.

Tags: European Union, Treaty, European Integration, Political Union, International Relations

December 13: 27 EU member states sign the Treaty of Lisbon, with the treaty coming into effect on December 1, 2009.

Tags: European Union, Treaty, Political Integration, International Relations, Law, EU Enlargement, Governance

Occupy movement inspires worldwide protests.

Tags: Protest, Social Justice, Globalization, Financial Crisis, Activism, Democracy

June 19: King Juan Carlos I of Spain abdicates; his son becomes King Felipe VI.

Tags: Monarchy, Succession, Abdication

Twelve Catalan independence movement leaders found guilty of sedition and misuse of public funds and they were sentenced to 9 to 13 years in prison.

Tags: Independence Movement, Separatism, Regionalism, European Union

March 18: The Spanish Congress of Deputies passes the euthanasia law.

Tags: Law, Legislation, Healthcare, Bioethics, Human Rights