Year of the Elephant. 50–60 days before Muhammad's birth, Abraha, the Viceroy of Yemen, reaches Mecca with his army of elephants to demolish the Kaaba...

Tags: Pre-Islamic Arabia, Mecca, Kaaba, Abraha, Elephants, Early Islam, Miracle, Religious Significance

Birth of Muhammad.

Tags: Prophet Muhammad, Islam, Mecca, Birth, Early Islam, Religious Leader, Founder, Historical Figure

Birth of Abu Bakr, the senior companion of Muhammad and his father-in-law.

Tags: Abu Bakr, Companion of the Prophet, Early Islam, Caliph, Leadership, Succession, Early Caliphate, Historical Figure

Birth of Uthman, the second cousin and twice son-in-law of Muhammad.

Tags: Uthman, Early Islam, Caliph, Companion of the Prophet, Leadership, Historical Figure, Mecca

Death of Aminah bint Wahb, the mother of Muhammad (approximate date).

Tags: Aminah bint Wahb, Mother of Muhammad, Early Life of Muhammad, Family, Mecca, Society, Historical Figure

Death of Abdul Muttalib, the grandfather of Muhammad (approximate date).

Tags: Abdul Muttalib, Grandfather of Muhammad, Early Life of Muhammad, Family, Mecca, Society, Historical Figure

Birth of Umar, the senior companion of Muhammad and his father-in-law.

Tags: Umar, Companion of the Prophet, Early Islam, Caliph, Leadership, Succession, Early Caliphate, Historical Figure

Muhammad leads Khadija's trade caravan to Syria and back (approximate date).

Tags: Muhammad, Khadija, Trade, Business, Mecca, Syria, Pre-Islamic Arabia, Early Life

Muhammad marries Khadija (approximate date).

Tags: Muhammad, Khadija, Marriage, Family, Mecca, Early Islam, Social Life, Historical Figures

Birth of Muhammad and Khadija's first child, Qasim ibn Muhammad.

Tags: Qasim ibn Muhammad, Son of Muhammad, Family, Early Islam, Children of Muhammad, Mecca

Birth of Ali ibn Abi Talib in the city of Mecca. The cousin of Muhammad and his son in law.

Tags: Ali ibn Abi Talib, Cousin of Muhammad, Son-in-law of Muhammad, Caliph, Shia Islam, Early Islam, Leadership, Historical Figure

Birth of Muhammad and Khadija's eldest daughter and second child Zainab.

Tags: Zainab, Daughter of Muhammad, Family, Early Islam, Children of Muhammad, Mecca

Death of Muhammad's first child Qasim.

Tags: Qasim ibn Muhammad, Son of Muhammad, Family, Early Islam, Death, Mecca

Birth of Muhammad's third child and second daughter Ruqayyah, wife of third caliph Uthman.

Tags: Ruqayyah, Daughter of Muhammad, Wife of Uthman, Family, Early Islam, Mecca

Birth of Umm Kulthum, third daughter of Muhammad. She became wife of Uthman after the death of her sister Ruqayyah.

Tags: Umm Kulthum, Daughter of Muhammad, Family, Early Islam, Children of Muhammad, Mecca

Muhammad helps rebuild the Ka'ba.[1]

Tags: Ka'ba, Mecca, Islam, Religious site, Pre-Islamic Arabia, Muhammad, Religious practice

24 July – Birth of Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad. She was the wife of Ali ibn Abu Talib and all of Muhammad's descendants are through her.

Tags: Prophet Muhammad, Family, Descendants, Shi'a Islam, Sunni Islam, Early Islam, Mecca, Islam

Birth of Hafsa, daughter of second caliph Umar and one of the wives of Muhammad.

Tags: Early Islam, Muhammad's wives, Umar, Companions of the Prophet, Family, Islam

9 February – The first announced revelation of the Qur'an in the cave at Hira. He is given his first revelation from the Angel Gabriel in the cave. Kh...

Tags: Quran, Revelation, Prophet Muhammad, Islam, Angel Gabriel, Early Islam, Mecca, Religious texts

Invitation of the close families of Muhammad to Islam

Tags: Prophet Muhammad, Early Islam, Islam, Conversion, Family, Mecca, Religious leadership

Declaration at Mount Safa inviting the general public to Islam

Tags: Prophet Muhammad, Islam, Early Islam, Mecca, Religious proclamation, Public announcement, Conversion

Birth of Aisha, Daughter of first caliph Abu Bakr and youngest wife of Muhammad.

Tags: Early Islam, Muhammad's wives, Abu Bakr, Companions of the Prophet, Family, Islam

Persecution of the Muslims by the Quraish. A party of Muslims migrates to Abyssinia.

Tags: Migration, Persecution, Quraish, Early Islam, Abyssinia, Religious freedom, Islam

Acceptance of Islam by Hamza and Umar

Tags: Conversion, Islam, Hamza, Umar, Early Islam, Mecca, Companions of the Prophet

Second migration to Abyssinia.

Tags: Migration, Persecution, Quraish, Early Islam, Abyssinia, Religious freedom, Islam

Boycott of the Hashemites and Muhammad by the Quraish.

Tags: Boycott, Quraish, Persecution, Hashemites, Prophet Muhammad, Social hardship, Islam

April/May – Lifting of the boycott. Deaths of Abu Talib and Khadija, Year of Sorrow.

Tags: Boycott, Abu Talib, Khadija, Prophet Muhammad, Early Islam, Mecca, Year of Sorrow, Islam

Visit to Taif, as well as Isra and Miraj.

Tags: Isra, Miraj, Prophet Muhammad, Ta'if, Early Islam, Mecca, Islamic theology, Islam

9 September – 20 September – Hijra—migration to Medina. First year of Islamic calendar.

Tags: Hijra, Migration, Prophet Muhammad, Medina, Early Islam, Islamic calendar, Mecca, Islam

January – Constitution of Medina. Establishment of the first Islamic state.

Tags: Constitution, Medina, Governance, Early Islam, Prophet Muhammad, Islamic state, Law, Islam

Battle of Badr. Expulsion of the Bani Qainuqa Jews from Medina. The direction of prayer is converted from Jerusalem to Mecca.[3]

Tags: Early Islam, Military Conflict, Muhammad, Medina, Jews, Ansar, Muhajirun, Religious Conversion, Islamic Expansion

Death of Ruqayyah daughter of Muhammad and wife of Uthman.

Tags: Early Islam, Family of Muhammad, Sahaba, Uthman ibn Affan, Death, Social History, Medina

Battle of Uhud. Expulsion of Banu Nadir Jews from Medina.

Tags: Early Islam, Military Conflict, Muhammad, Medina, Jews, Exile, Ansar, Muhajirun, Religious Tensions

Birth of Hasan ibn Ali, son of Ali and Fatimah and 2nd Shia imams.

Tags: Early Islam, Shia Islam, Imams, Ali ibn Abi Talib, Fatimah, Prophet's Family, Hasan, Religious Figures, Genealogy

Birth of Husayn ibn Ali, son of Ali and Fatimah and 3rd Shia imams.

Tags: Early Islam, Shia Islam, Imams, Ali ibn Abi Talib, Fatimah, Prophet's Family, Husayn, Religious Figures, Genealogy, Martyrdom

Battle of the Trench. Invasion of Banu Qurayza.

Tags: Early Islam, Military Conflict, Muhammad, Siege, Jews, Medina, Ansar, Muhajirun, Jewish Tribes

Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. Battle of Khaybar. Muhammad sends letters to various heads of states.

Tags: Early Islam, Treaties, Muhammad, Jewish Tribes, Military Campaigns, Diplomacy, Islamic Expansion, Medina

Muhammad pilgrimage to Mecca. Battle of Mu'ta.

Tags: Early Islam, Pilgrimage, Muhammad, Military Conflict, Byzantine Empire, Islamic Expansion, Mecca, Military Campaigns, Sahaba

Death of Zainab, eldest daughter of Muhammad and wife of Abu al-As

Tags: Early Islam, Family of Muhammad, Sahaba, Death, Social History, Prophet's Family

11 January – Conquest of Mecca. Battle of Hunayn. Battle of Autas. Siege of Ta'if.

Tags: Early Islam, Military Conquest, Muhammad, Mecca, Islamic Expansion, Military Campaigns, Polytheists, Siege

Death of Umm Kulthum daughter of Muhammad and wife of Uthman.

Tags: Early Islam, Family of Muhammad, Sahaba, Death, Social History, Uthman ibn Affan

Expedition to Tabouk, Ghassanids.

Tags: Early Islam, Military Campaign, Muhammad, Byzantine Empire, Ghassanids, Islamic Expansion, Border Conflicts

Death of Muhammad's son Ibrahim ibn Muhammad from Maria al-Qibtiyya.

Tags: Early Islam, Family of Muhammad, Death, Muhammad's Son, Social History

8 June – Death of Muhammad. Death of Fatimah, his daughter. Abu Bakr is chosen as caliph after a fight at Banu Saqifa among those who left the funeral...

Tags: Early Islam, Muhammad, Death, Caliphate, Abu Bakr, Succession, Wars of Ridda, Apostasy, Islamic Leadership

6 March – Farewell pilgrimage at Mecca.

Tags: Early Islam, Pilgrimage, Muhammad, Hajj, Religious Practice, Mecca, Islamic Theology

Muslims take Bahrain, Oman, Yemen, and Hadramaut. Raids in Iraq. Battle of Chains, Battle of Saniyy, Battle of Walaja, Battle of Ullais, Battle of Hir...

Tags: Early Islamic conquests, Ridda wars, Rashidun Caliphate, Military campaigns, Expansion of Islam, Battle of Chains, Battle of Walaja, Arabia, Iraq

22 August – Death of Abu Bakr, the first caliph of Islam. Umar ibn al-Khattab assumes power as the second caliph.

Tags: Rashidun Caliphate, Succession, Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Early Islam, Caliph, Islamic Leadership, Political transition

Battle of Bosra, Battle of Damascus, Battle of Ajnadin. Death of Abu Bakr. Battle of Namaraq, Battle of Saqatia.

Tags: Byzantine Empire, Early Islamic conquests, Military campaigns, Rashidun Caliphate, Battle of Ajnadin, Levant, Warfare, Conflict

Battle of Bridge, Battle of Buwaib, Conquest of Damascus, Battle of Fahl.

Tags: Early Islamic conquests, Rashidun Caliphate, Military campaigns, Conquest of Damascus, Battle of the Bridge, Byzantine Empire, Warfare, Conflict

Battle of Yarmuk, Battle of al-Qādisiyyah, Conquest of Madain. Naval raid by Muslims on at Tanah, near Mumbai.[4][5]

Tags: Battle of Yarmuk, Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, Early Islamic conquests, Rashidun Caliphate, Byzantine Empire, Sasanian Empire, Naval raid, Military campaigns, Expansion of Islam

Conquest of Syria, Conquest of Jerusalem, Battle of Jalula.

Tags: Early Islamic conquests, Rashidun Caliphate, Conquest of Jerusalem, Military campaigns, Byzantine Empire, Battle of Jalula, Expansion of Islam

Conquest of Jazirah.

Tags: Early Islamic conquests, Rashidun Caliphate, Military campaigns, Jazirah, Expansion of Islam

Conquest of Khuzistan. Advance into Egypt. Plague of Emmaus.

Tags: Early Islamic conquests, Rashidun Caliphate, Plague of Emmaus, Military campaigns, Expansion of Islam, Khuzistan, Egypt

Battle of Babylon in Egypt.

Tags: Early Islamic conquests, Rashidun Caliphate, Military campaigns, Battle of Babylon, Egypt, Warfare, Byzantine Empire

Conquest of Alexandria in Egypt.

Tags: Early Islamic conquests, Rashidun Caliphate, Alexandria, Military campaigns, Expansion of Islam, Egypt

Battle of Nihawand; Conquest of Egypt.

Tags: Early Islamic conquests, Rashidun Caliphate, Battle of Nihawand, Conquest of Egypt, Military campaigns, Expansion of Islam, Sasanian Empire

Conquest of Azarbaijan and Tabaristan (Mazandaran).

Tags: Early Islamic conquests, Rashidun Caliphate, Military campaigns, Azarbaijan, Tabaristan, Expansion of Islam

Conquest of Fars, Kerman, Sistan, Mekran and Kharan.

Tags: Early Islamic conquests, Rashidun Caliphate, Military campaigns, Fars, Kerman, Sistan, Expansion of Islam

Muslims take Khurasan, Armenia and Asia Minor.

Tags: Early Islamic conquests, Rashidun Caliphate, Military campaigns, Khurasan, Armenia, Asia Minor, Expansion of Islam

Muslims take North Africa. Conquest of the island of Cyprus.

Tags: Early Islamic conquests, Rashidun Caliphate, Military campaigns, North Africa, Cyprus, Expansion of Islam, Mediterranean

Muslims battle against the Byzantines.

Tags: Byzantine Empire, Early Islamic Conquests, Military Conflict, Expansion, Levant, Islamic History, Warfare, Arab-Byzantine Wars

First conflict between Arabs and Turks. Khazars defeated an Arab force led by Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah outside the Khazar town of Balanjar.

Tags: Arab-Khazar Wars, Khazars, Early Islamic History, Military Conflict, Central Asia, Expansion, Warfare, Turks

Disaffection against the rule of Uthman.

Tags: Uthman ibn Affan, Early Islamic History, Social Unrest, Political Tensions, Caliphate, Governance, Medina, Rise of Opposition

Naval battle of the Masts against the Byzantines.

Tags: Byzantine Empire, Naval Warfare, Early Islamic Conquests, Military Conflict, Mediterranean Sea, Expansion, Islamic History, Arab-Byzantine Wars

In the summer a band of tribesmen from Egypt comes to Medina and after unsuccessful negotiations they attack and kill Uthman, the third Caliph.[6] Ali...

Tags: Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib, Assassination, Caliphate, Early Islamic History, Political Transition, Fitna, Leadership

Ali shifts the capital from Medina to Kufa.

Tags: Ali ibn Abi Talib, Caliphate, Governance, Early Islamic History, Kufa, Political Strategy, Leadership, Capital City

Ali scores a major victory against the Kharijites at the Battle of Nahrawan.[9]

Tags: Ali ibn Abi Talib, Kharijites, Battle of Nahrawan, Early Islamic History, Civil War, Fitna, Religious Conflict, Military Conflict

Conquest of Egypt by Muawiyah I.

Tags: Muawiyah I, Expansion, Early Islamic History, Umayyad Caliphate, Conquest, Governance, Military Campaign, Egypt

Ali recaptures Hijaz and Yemen from Muawiyah. Muawiyah I declares himself as the caliph at Damascus.

Tags: Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muawiyah I, Caliphate, Early Islamic History, Power Struggle, Fitna, Leadership, Political Conflict

29 January – Ali, fourth Caliph, is assassinated in Kufa, reportedly by Kharijites.[9] He is buried in Najaf, Iraq.

Tags: Ali ibn Abi Talib, Assassination, Kharijites, Caliphate, Early Islamic History, Fitna, Religious Conflict, Leadership

Kharijites' revolts.

Tags: Kharijites, Early Islamic History, Revolts, Religious Conflict, Sectarianism, Fitna, Political Instability, Factionalism

Muawia bin Hudeij raids Sicily.[11] Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr,[12][13] Muhammad ibn Maslamah and Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan dies.

Tags: Sicily, Early Islamic Conquests, Military Conflict, Umayyad Caliphate, Expansion, Warfare, Arab-Byzantine Wars, Notable Deaths

Hasan ibn Ali, the second Imam of the Shiites died. Husayn ibn Ali becomes Imam of Ali ibn Abi Talib's followers.

Tags: Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Imamate, Shi'a Islam, Early Islamic History, Succession, Religious Leadership, Ali's Family

Advance in North Africa. Uqba bin Nafe founds the town of Kairouan in Tunisia.[14] Conquest of Kabul.

Tags: Uqba bin Nafe, Expansion, Early Islamic Conquests, Kairouan, North Africa, Kabul, Military Campaigns, Islamic History

Capture of the island of Rhodes. Muslims invade Khurasan.

Tags: Rhodes, Khurasan, Expansion, Early Islamic Conquests, Military Campaigns, Umayyad Caliphate, Territorial Control, Warfare

The Muslims cross the Oxus. Bukhara becomes a vassal state.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate, Transoxiana, Central Asia, Conquest, Bukhara, Oxus River, Early Islamic Expansion, Vassal State

Muhammad al-Baqir, the fifth imam of the Shiites is born.

Tags: Shi'a Islam, Imam, Muhammad al-Baqir, Ahl al-Bayt, Religious Figure, Succession, Early Islam, Islamic Theology

Occupation of Samarkand and Tirmiz. Siege of Constantinople.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate, Byzantine Empire, Siege, Samarkand, Tirmiz, Constantinople, Expansion, Early Islamic Conquests

28 April – Death of Muawiyah. Yazid I becomes caliph.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate, Muawiyah, Yazid I, Succession, Caliphate, Leadership Transition, Early Islamic Period

10 October – Battle of Karbala and Husayn bin Ali is killed along with his companions. Ali ibn Husayn becomes Imam of Ali ibn Abi Talib's followers.

Tags: Battle of Karbala, Husayn ibn Ali, Shia Islam, Umayyad Caliphate, Fitna, Martyrdom, Religious Schism, Islamic History, Ali ibn Husayn

North Africa Uqba bin Nafe marches to the Atlantic, is ambushed and killed at Biskra. The Muslims evacuate Kairouan and withdraw to Burqa.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate, Uqba ibn Nafe, North Africa, Expansion, Conquest, Kairouan, Biskra, Early Islamic Conquests

11 November – Death of Yazid I. Muawiya II becomes caliph.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate, Yazid I, Muawiya II, Succession, Caliphate, Leadership Transition, Fitna, Early Islamic Period

June – Muawiya II abdicated.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate, Muawiya II, Abdication, Succession Crisis, Fitna, Political Instability

Abd Allah ibn Zubayr declares himself as the caliph at Mecca. Marwan I becomes the caliph at Damascus. Battle of Marj Rahit.

Tags: Abd Allah ibn Zubayr, Marwan I, Battle of Marj Rahit, Fitna, Civil War, Umayyad Caliphate, Caliphate, Power Struggle

Death of Marwan I. Abd al-Malik becomes the caliph at Damascus. Battle of 'Ayn al-Warda.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate, Marwan I, Abd al-Malik, Succession, Caliphate, Leadership Transition, Fitna

Al-Mukhtar declares himself as the caliph at Kufa.

Tags: Al-Mukhtar, Kufa, Fitna, Umayyad Caliphate, Rebellion, Shi'a, Political Instability, Succession Crisis

Battle of Kufa between the forces of Mukhtar and Abd Allah ibn Zubayr. Mukhtar killed.

Tags: Battle of Kufa, Al-Mukhtar, Abd Allah ibn Zubayr, Fitna, Civil War, Umayyad Caliphate, Power Struggle

Battle of Maskin. Kufa falls to Abd al-Malik.

Tags: Battle of Maskin, Kufa, Abd al-Malik, Umayyad Caliphate, Fitna, Civil War, Political Control

October – The fall of Mecca. Death of ibn Zubayr. Abdul Malik becomes the sole caliph.

Tags: Abd al-Malik, Ibn Zubayr, Fall of Mecca, Umayyad Caliphate, Caliphate, Fitna, Civil War, Political Unification

Kharijites' revolts in Jazira and Ahwaz. Battle of the Karun. Muslims wage war against Kahina in North Africa. The Muslims once again withdraw to Barq...

Tags: Kharijites, Revolts, Jazira, Ahwaz, Kahina, North Africa, Umayyad Caliphate, Religious Conflict, Expansion

Muslims attack the pagan Berbers in North Africa and convert all of them to Islam in a short period of time. By the end of this century, the global Mu...

Tags: Berbers, North Africa, Islamization, Conversion, Early Islam, Religious Expansion, 7th Century, Muslim Population Growth

Ibn al-Ash'ath's rebellion in Iraq, battle of Dayr al-Jamajim.

Tags: Rebellion, Iraq, Umayyad Caliphate, Civil War, Dayr al-Jamajim, Political Instability, Early Islamic Period, 7th Century

Ja'far al-Sadiq, the sixth Imam of Shia Islam, is born.

Tags: Shia Islam, Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq, Religious Figure, Twelver Shia, Islamic Theology, 7th Century, Religious Leadership

Death of caliph Abd al-Malik. Accession of Al-Walid I as Umayyad Caliph.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate, Caliph, Al-Walid I, Leadership, Governance, Political Succession, 7th Century, Damascus

Conquest of Spain by Tariq ibn Ziyad and of Transoxiana by Qutayba ibn Muslim.

Tags: Conquest, Spain, Transoxiana, Tariq ibn Ziyad, Qutayba ibn Muslim, Islamic Expansion, Umayyad Caliphate, 8th Century

Conquest of Sindh by Muhammad ibn Qasim

Tags: Conquest, Sindh, Muhammad ibn Qasim, Islamic Expansion, Umayyad Caliphate, 8th Century, Indus Valley, South Asia

Ali ibn Husayn, the fourth Imam of Shia was poisoned and martyred. Muhammad al-Baqir becomes Imam. Conquest of Multan.

Tags: Ali ibn Husayn, Shia Islam, Imam, Martyrdom, Muhammad al-Baqir, Conquest, Multan, Umayyad Caliphate, 8th Century

Death of Walid I. Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik becomes Umayyad Caliph.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate, Caliph, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, Leadership, Governance, Political Succession, 8th Century

Beginning of the Second Arab siege of Constantinople. Death of Sulayman. Umar II becomes Umayyad Caliph. Pact of Umar.

Tags: Siege of Constantinople, Umayyad Caliphate, Byzantine Empire, Warfare, Umar II, Pact of Umar, 8th Century, Islamic Expansion

Death of Umar II. Yazid II becomes Umayyad Caliph.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate, Caliph, Umar II, Yazid II, Leadership, Governance, Political Succession, 8th Century

First Turgesh invasion into Transoxiana under Kursul.

Tags: Turgesh, Transoxiana, Invasion, Warfare, Central Asia, Umayyad Caliphate, 8th Century

Death of Yazid II. Hisham becomes Umayyad Caliph. Turgesh defeat Muslim ibn Sa'id al-Kilabi in the Day of Thirst.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate, Caliph, Hisham, Day of Thirst, Turgesh, Warfare, 8th Century, Political Succession

The Muslims occupy Nîmes in France.

Tags: Occupation, Nîmes, France, Islamic Expansion, Umayyad Caliphate, 8th Century, Western Europe

Khurasani army under Ashras ibn Abdallah al-Sulami scores a narrow victory over the Turgesh at the Battle of Baykand and recovers Bukhara. The retreat...

Tags: Battle of Baykand, Siege of Kamarja, Turgesh, Warfare, Khurasan, 8th Century, Central Asia

Khazars invade northwestern Iran and defeat the Umayyad forces at the Battle of Marj Ardabil, killing the Arab governor al-Djarrah al-Hakami and brief...

Tags: Khazars, Invasion, Iran, Battle of Marj Ardabil, Warfare, Umayyad Caliphate, 8th Century, Caucasus

Khurasani Arab army suffers horrendous casualties at the Battle of the Defile against the Turgesh. 20,000 Iraqi troops are sent to Khurasan to repleni...

Tags: Military, Umayyad Caliphate, Khurasan, Turgesh, Central Asia, Battle

The Battle of Tours in France.

Tags: Military, Umayyad Caliphate, Frankish Kingdom, Europe, Battle, Expansion, Charles Martel

Rebellion of al-Harith ibn Surayj erupts in Khurasan.

Tags: Rebellion, Khurasan, Umayyad Caliphate, Internal Conflict, Political Instability

Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri arrives in Khurasan and suppresses al-Harith's rebellion.

Tags: Leadership, Umayyad Caliphate, Khurasan, Military, Governance

The Muslims meet a reverse at Avignon in France.

Tags: Military, Umayyad Caliphate, France, Battle, Europe

Marwan ibn Muhammad (later Caliph Marwan II) poured across the Caucasus and eventually defeated a Khazar army led by Hazer Tarkhan, briefly occupying ...

Tags: Military, Umayyad Caliphate, Khazars, Caucasus, Expansion, Marwan II

At the Battle of Kharistan, Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri drives back the Turgesh invasion of Khurasan.

Tags: Military, Umayyad Caliphate, Khurasan, Turgesh, Battle

Shi'a Zaydi Revolt under Zayd ibn Ali. Berber revolt in North Africa. Battle of the Nobles. Battle of Akroinon against the Byzantines.

Tags: Shi'a, Zaydi, Berber, Revolt, Umayyad Caliphate, Fitna, Byzantine Empire

Battle of Bagdoura in North Africa.

Tags: Military, Umayyad Caliphate, Berbers, Battle, North Africa

The Muslim rule restored in Qairawan.

Tags: Governance, Umayyad Caliphate, North Africa, Qairawan, Administration

Muhammad al-Baqir is poisoned. Jafar al-Sadiq becomes Imam. Death of Hisham. Al-Walid II becomes Umayyad Caliph. Shi'a revolt in Khurasan under Yahya ...

Tags: Leadership, Shi'a Islam, Umayyad Caliphate, Imam, Succession, Religious Leaders

Deposition of Walid II. Yazid III becomes Umayyad Caliph and dies the same year. Ibrahim becomes Umayyad Caliph and is overthrown the same year. Battl...

Tags: Leadership, Umayyad Caliphate, Succession, Fitna, Civil War, Marwan II, Governance

Musa al-Kazim, the seventh Imam of Shiite is born. (Ismail bin Jafar is the 7th rightful Imam according to Ismaili Shia.)Kufa and Mosul occupied by th...

Tags: Shi'a Islam, Imam, Kharijites, Religious Leaders, Religious Movements

Battle of Rupar Thutha, Kufa and Mosul occupied by Marwan II.

Tags: Military, Umayyad Caliphate, Kufa, Mosul, Civil War, Marwan II

Revolt of Abu Muslim in Khurasan.

Tags: Revolt, Abbasid Revolution, Khurasan, Abu Muslim, Umayyad Caliphate, Factions

Battle of Ray (811).

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Military Conflict, Early Abbasid Period, Regional Conflict, Battle

Battle of Isfahan and Battle of Nihawand. Capture of Kufa by the Abbasids. Al-Saffah becomes the Abbasid Caliph at Kufa.

Tags: Abbasid Revolution, Military Conquest, Kufa, Early Abbasid Period, Political Transition

Battle of Zab. Fall of Damascus. End of the Umayyads.

Tags: Abbasid Revolution, Umayyad Caliphate, Political Revolution, Dynastic Change, Battle, Civil War

In the Battle of Talas, the Abbasid armies defeat Tang Dynasty of China.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Tang Dynasty, Military Conflict, Central Asia, Battle, Expansion

Conquest of Wasit by the Abbasids. Murder of the Minister Abu Salama.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Early Abbasid Period, Political Intrigue, Assassination, Governance

Death of al-Saffah. Accession of al-Mansur as the Caliph. Rebellion of al-Mansur's uncle Abdallah ibn Ali.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Leadership Transition, Caliph, Succession, Early Abbasid Period, Governance

Murder of Abu Muslim. Sunbadh revolt in Khurasan.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Rebellion, Political Intrigue, Khurasan, Factionalism, Early Abbasid Period

Abd-ar-rahman I founds the independent Umayyad state in Spain.

Tags: Umayyad Dynasty, Iberian Peninsula, Political Fragmentation, Expansion, Governance, Emirate of Cordoba

Khazar army under Ras Tarkhan invaded and temporarily occupied parts of Azerbaijan and Arran.

Tags: Khazars, Military Conflict, Regional Conflict, Caspian Sea, Invasion

Abbasid conquest of Tabaristan.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Military Conquest, Regional Expansion, Tabaristan, Governance

Abbasid heir Muhammad ibn al-Mansur (future caliph Al-Mahdi) married famous Abbasid princess Rayta bint al-Saffah as his first wife after his return f...

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Marriage, Political Alliance, Elite, Leadership

Revolt of Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya.

Tags: Alids, Rebellion, Abbasid Caliphate, Shi'a, Factionalism, Political Conflict

Foundation of Baghdad. Defeat of the Abbasids in Spain.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Capital City, Governance, Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba, Urbanization, Early Abbasid Period

Jafar al-Sadiq, who is the sixth imam of Shiite is poisoned. Musa al-Kazim becomes Imam. Ali ar Rida the eighth imam was born.

Tags: Shi'a Islam, Imam, Jafar al-Sadiq, Religious Leadership, Musa al-Kazim, Twelvers

Sayram in Central Asia taken from the Nestorians. Evangelical army of Arab Muslims and recent converts led by Abd al-Aziz.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Military Conquest, Central Asia, Expansion, Islamization, Sayram

Khariji state set up by Ibn Madrar at Sijilmasa. Ustad Sees revolt in Khurasan.

Tags: Kharijites, Revolt, Sijilmasa, Ustad Sees, Early Islamic States, 8th Century, North Africa, Abbasid Caliphate

Battle of Janbi in North Africa. Rustamid state set up in Morocco.

Tags: Rustamids, North Africa, Berber, Battle, Janbi, Early Islamic States, 8th Century, Governance

Death or the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur, accession of Al-Mahdi.

Tags: Abbasids, Caliph, Al-Mansur, Al-Mahdi, Succession, Leadership, 8th Century, Governance

Al-Mahdi's second wife was Asma, She grew up at the court. In 775–776, Al-Mahdi formed a sudden attachment for her. He married her, settling on her a ...

Tags: Marriage, Court, Al-Mahdi, Asma, Al-Khayzuran, Abbasids, 8th Century, Social customs

Siege of Saragossa in Spain.

Tags: Spain, Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba, Military Conflict, Saragossa, 8th Century, Reconquista, Warfare

Harun ibn al-Mahdi (future Harun al-Rashid) leads a huge expedition against the Byzantines and reaches Chalcedon. Harun was nominated as second heir o...

Tags: Harun al-Rashid, Byzantine Empire, Military Campaigns, Chalcedon, Abbasid Caliphate, 8th Century, Expansion, Warfare

Death of the Caliph Mahdi. Accession of Al-Hadi.

Tags: Abbasids, Caliph, Al-Mahdi, Al-Hadi, Succession, Leadership, 8th Century, Governance

Death of Hadi. Accession of Harun al-Rashid.

Tags: Abbasids, Caliph, Al-Hadi, Harun al-Rashid, Succession, Leadership, 8th Century, Governance

Alid rebellion in Mecca is suppressed in the Battle of Fakhkh.

Tags: Alids, Mecca, Battle of Fakhkh, Rebellion, Factions, Shi'a Islam, Abbasids, 8th Century

Idrisid state set up in the Maghreb. Death of Abd ar-Rahman I of Spain, and accession of Hisham I.

Tags: Idrisids, Maghreb, Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba, Hisham I, Governance, 8th Century, Early Islamic States, Spain

Invasion of South France.

Tags: Military Campaigns, France, Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba, 8th Century, Warfare, Expansion

Death of Hisham in Spain; accession of al-Hakam I.

Tags: Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba, Hisham, Al-Hakam I, Leadership, 8th Century, Succession, Governance, Spain

Defeat of an invasion by the Khazars.

Tags: Khazars, Military Conflict, Invasion, Abbasid Caliphate, 8th Century, Warfare, Caspian Sea

Musa al-Kazim is poisoned in prison of Harun al-Rashid. Ali al-Rida becomes Imam. Autonomous Aghlabid rule is established in North Africa.

Tags: Shia Islam, Imams, Musa al-Kazim, Ali al-Rida, Aghlabids, 8th Century, Governance, Religious leadership

Death of Rābiʿa al-ʿAdawiyya al-Qaysiyya famous Arab Muslim saint and Sufi mystic.

Tags: Sufism, Rabi'a al-Adawiyya, Mysticism, Saints, Islamic culture, 8th Century, Spirituality, Asceticism

The Mecca Protocol: Caliph Harun al-Rashid and the leading officials of the Abbasid Caliphate perform the hajj to Mecca, where the line of succession ...

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Succession, Harun al-Rashid, al-Amin, al-Ma'mun, Hajj, Islamic Law, Governance, Political Intrigue

Downfall of the Barmakids. Execution of Ja'far ibn Yahya. Marriage of caliph Harun al-Rashid and Umm Muhammad bint Salih.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Barmakids, Harun al-Rashid, Ja'far ibn Yahya, Power Struggle, Political Purge, Governance, Family, Marriage

Outbreak of revolt of Rafi ibn al-Layth in Khurasan.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Revolt, Khurasan, Rafi ibn al-Layth, Internal Conflict, Political Instability, Central Asia, Regionalism

Harun al-Rashid leads a huge campaign against the Byzantines.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Byzantine Empire, Warfare, Military Campaigns, Frontier Conflicts, Harun al-Rashid, Expansion, Raids

Death of Harun al-Rashid. Accession of al-Amin.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Harun al-Rashid, al-Amin, Succession, Caliph, Leadership, Governance, Political Transition, Death

Muhammad al-Taqi, the 9th Shia Imam was born.

Tags: Shia Islam, Imams, Muhammad al-Taqi, Religious Figures, Ali, Islamic Theology, Religious Leadership

Abbasid Civil War: Battle of Ray (811) in Persia.

Tags: Abbasid Civil War, Internal Conflict, al-Amin, al-Ma'mun, Battle of Ray, Factions, Power Struggle, War

Tahir ibn Husayn appointed as Governor of Mosul by Al-Ma'mun

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Tahir ibn Husayn, Governor, Mosul, Governance, Administration, Regional Power, Appointments

Zaydi revolt under Abu'l-Saraya in Iraq. Harthama ibn A'yan quells the revolt.

Tags: Zaydi, Revolt, Abu'l-Saraya, Harthama ibn A'yan, Internal Conflict, Political Instability, Factions, Shia

Shi'a revolt in Mecca; In al-Andalus the Umayyads capture the island of Corsica. Harthama ibn A'yan is executed.

Tags: Shia Revolt, Mecca, Umayyads, Corsica, Internal Conflict, Political Instability, Factions, Expansion, Al-Andalus

Ali al-Rida dies in Mashhad. Muhammad al-Taqi becomes Imam. The Umayyads of Spain capture the islands of Ibiza, Majorca, and Sardinia.

Tags: Ali al-Rida, Imam, Mashhad, Umayyads of Spain, Expansion, Balearic Islands, Religious Figures, Shia Islam

Tahir ibn Husayn, Caliph al-Ma'mun appointed Tahir as Governor of Khorasan. In 820 Abdallah ibn Tahir was appointed governor of Syria.

Tags: Tahir ibn Husayn, Abdallah ibn Tahir, Governor, Khorasan, Syria, Governance, Appointments, Administration

Death of al-Hakam I in Spain; accession of Abd ar-Rahman II.

Tags: Al-Andalus, Umayyads, al-Hakam I, Abd ar-Rahman II, Leadership, Succession, Caliph, Governance

Death of Tahir in Khurasan. Talha was appointed Governor by Al-Ma'mun in 822. Jafar ibn al-Mu'tasim (future Al-Mutawakkil) born in Baghdad.

Tags: Tahir, Khorasan, Jafar ibn al-Mu'tasim, Al-Mutawakkil, Leadership, Governance, Regional Power, Birth

Abdallah ibn Tahir, appointed as Governor of Egypt.

Tags: Abdallah ibn Tahir, Governor, Egypt, Governance, Administration, Appointments, Abbasid Caliphate

Ali al-Hadi, the 10th Shia Imam is born. Ma'mun declares the Mu'tazili creed as the state religion. Beginning of the Muslim conquest of Sicily.

Tags: Shia Islam, Mu'tazilism, Abbasid Caliphate, Conquest, Sicily, Religious Doctrine, Early Islamic Period, Imam

Abdallah ibn Tahir appointed as Governor of Khorasan by Al-Ma'mun in 828.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Khorasan, Governance, Administration, Regional Authority, Tahirid Dynasty, Political Appointment

9 August— Death of Ma'mun. Accession of al-Mu'tasim.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Caliph, Succession, Leadership Change, Political Transition, Golden Age of Islam, Samarra Period

Muhammad al-Taqi is poisoned. Ali al-Hadi becomes Imam.

Tags: Shia Islam, Imamate, Religious Leadership, Martyrdom, Abbasid Caliphate, Imam Ali al-Hadi, Twelver Shia Islam

al-Mu'tasim moves the capital to Samarra.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Capital City, Samarra, Governance, Political Center, Military Influence, Urban Planning

Revolt of the Jats.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Rebellion, Jats, Internal Conflict, Social Unrest, Military Uprising

Revolt of Babak Khorramdin in Azarbaijan suppressed. Sack of Amorium by al-Mu'tasim. Death of Abbasid prince Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Warfare, Byzantine Empire, Babak Khorramdin, Amorium, Military Campaign, Religious Conflict

Revolt of Mazyar in Tabaristan. The Muslims occupy South Italy. Capture of the city of Messina in Sicily.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Expansion, Conquest, Italy, Sicily, Mazyar, Military Campaign

5 January— Death of al-Mu'tasim, accession of al-Wathiq. Death of Qaratis, mother of al-Wathiq in August 16, 842.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Caliph, Succession, Leadership Change, Political Transition, Samarra Period, Mother of the Caliph

Revolts of the Arabs. Unsuccessful Byzantine attempt to reconquer the Emirate of Crete.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Revolts, Byzantine Empire, Crete, Internal Conflict, Military Campaign, Arab

Death of the Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani Governor of Khorasan. In 845 Abbasid caliph Al-Wathiq appointed Tahir ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir as governor ...

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Khorasan, Governance, Administration, Tahirid Dynasty, Succession, Political Appointment

Battle of Mauropotamos between Byzantines and Abbasids in Asia Minor.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Byzantine Empire, Warfare, Battle, Military Conflict, Asia Minor, Mauropotamos

Hasan al-Askari, the 11th Shia Imam is born.

Tags: Shia Islam, Imamate, Religious Leadership, Imam, Hasan al-Askari, Twelver Shia Islam

Death of Wathiq, accession of al-Mutawakkil.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Caliph, Succession, Leadership Change, Political Transition, Samarra Period

Al-Mutawakkil restores orthodoxy.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Religious Policy, Orthodoxy, Sunni Islam, Religious Doctrine, Mu'tazilism, Political Influence

Death of Abd ar-Rahman II of Spain;. accession of Muhammad I.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, Iberian Peninsula, Al-Andalus, Leadership, Succession, Dynasty, Political History

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari was appointed as Governor of Sind by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil. On 23 February 856, there was an exchange of ca...

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Sind, Governance, Diplomacy, Byzantine Empire, Captive Exchange, Regional Politics

Al-Mutawakkil founds the town of Jafariya.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, City Founding, Urban Development, Governance, Infrastructure

Assassination of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil; accession of al-Muntasir and beginning of the "Anarchy at Samarra". Birth of famous Arab poet and p...

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Civil War, Anarchy at Samarra, Succession Crisis, Leadership, Internal Conflict, Assassination

Abbasid conquest of Faruriyyah in Summer of 862. Al-Muntasir poisoned to death; accession of al-Musta'in.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Military Campaigns, Succession, Governance, Political Instability

The Battle of Lalakaon breaks the power of the emirate of Malatya. Start of the Byzantine counter-offensive.

Tags: Byzantine-Arab Wars, Military Conflict, Byzantine Empire, Malatya, Warfare, Counter-offensive

Zaydi state established in Tabaristan by Hasan ibn Zayd (Alavids).

Tags: Alavids, Zaydi, Religious Movement, Political Formation, Tabaristan, Dynasty, Expansion

Abbasid Civil War: Al-Musta'in flees from Samarra, his deposition and accession of al-Mu'tazz; Muhammad ibn Yusuf Al-Ukhaidhir, a descendant of Ali, e...

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Civil War, Internal Conflict, Political Fragmentation, Leadership, Ukhaidhir Kingdom, Rebellion

Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar founds the Saffarid rule in Sistan.

Tags: Saffarids, Dynasty, Regional Power, Expansion, Sistan, Military Campaigns, Political Formation

Ali al-Hadi is poisoned. Hasan al-Askari becomes Imam. Muhammad al-Mahdi, the last Imam of shiite is born. Ahmad ibn Tulun finds the Tulunid rule in E...

Tags: Shia Islam, Imam, Mahdi, Twelver Shia, Tulunids, Egypt, Political Formation, Leadership

The Abbasid Caliph Mu'tazz forced to abdicate, his death and accession of al-Muhtadi. Beginning of Zanj Rebellion in Basra.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Succession, Zanj Rebellion, Rebellion, Internal Conflict, Leadership, Political Instability

Turks revolt against Muhtadi, his death and accession of al-Mu'tamid. Fragmentation of Abbasid Empire into several autonomous dynasties like; Samanid,...

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Turks, Military, Fragmentation, Dynasties, Samanids, Saffarids, Tulunids, Sajids, Political Instability

Bari is captured by Louis II of Italy, ending the Emirate of Bari.

Tags: Emirate of Bari, Italian Peninsula, Military Conflict, Conquest, Warfare, Byzantine-Arab Wars

Muhammad ibn Tahir, the governor of Khorasan was overthrew by rebels.

Tags: Khorasan, Local Rebellion, Regional Politics, Abbasid Rule, Political Instability

Hasan al-Askari is poisoned. Muhammad al-Mahdi becomes Imam. Zanji state established at al-Muktara during the Zanj Rebellion in South Iraq. Death of t...

Tags: Shia Islam, Imam, Mahdi, Zanj Rebellion, Samanids, Succession, Religious Movement, Twelver Shia

Death of Abbasid official, Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Yazdad al-Marwazi. Death of Muhammad ibn Ahmad Abbasid vassal Emir of Ifriqiya.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Ifriqiya, Death, Officials, Emirates, 870s, Early Islamic Period

April 8 – Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul: Abbasid forces, led by Al-Muwaffaq, halt a Saffarid rebellion on the River Tigris. The rebel Ya'qub ibn al-Layth tr...

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Saffarids, Rebellion, Battle, Military Conflict, 870s, Political Instability

Death of Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar in Sistan, accession of Amr bin Layth.

Tags: Saffarids, Leadership Transition, Death, Succession, 870s, Military Leaders, Early Islamic Period

Fall of Syracuse to the Muslims.

Tags: Conquest, Muslim Expansion, Sicily, Aghlabids, Military Campaigns, 870s, Islamic Conquests

Zanj Rebellion: The Abbasid Caliphate concentrates its efforts against the Zanj rebels in Mesopotamia. The Abbasid general Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad (future c...

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Zanj Rebellion, Rebellion, Military Conflict, Civil War, 870s, Slavery, Social Unrest

End of Zanj Rebellion

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Zanj Rebellion, Rebellion, Military Conflict, Civil War, 880s, Slavery, Social Unrest, End of conflict

Abdullah ibn Umar al'Habbari (884-913) succeeded his father as ruler of Sindh. His father Umar ended up creating a hereditary dynasty in Sindh because...

Tags: Sindh, Habbari Dynasty, Dynasty, Governance, Succession, 880s, Decentralization, Early Islamic Period

Death of Ahmad ibn Tulun in Egypt, accession of Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun.

Tags: Tulunids, Leadership Transition, Death, Succession, 880s, Egypt, Autonomous Rule

Death of Muhammad I the Umayyad ruler of Spain, accession of al-Mundhir. Death of Abdullah ibn Umar the Habbari ruler of Sind.

Tags: Umayyads of Cordoba, Habbari Dynasty, Death, Succession, 880s, Leadership Changes, Early Islamic Period

Death of Mundhir the Umayyad ruler of Spain, accession of Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi.

Tags: Umayyads of Cordoba, Death, Succession, 880s, Iberian Peninsula, Leadership Changes

The Qarmatian state established at Bahrain.

Tags: Qarmatians, State Formation, Religious Movement, Political Power, 890s, Bahrain, Ismailis

Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tamid death. al-Mu'tadid becomes Caliph. Death of the Samanid ruler Nasr, accession of Ismail I.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Samanids, Leadership Transition, Death, Succession, 890s, Early Islamic Period, Dynasties

Zaydi Imamate is established in Yemen by al-Hadi Yahya ibn al-Husayn ibn al-Qasim

Tags: Zaidiyyah, Imamate, Religious Leadership, Yemen, 890s, Religious Movements, Shi'a Islam

The Rustamids become the vassals of Spain.

Tags: Rustamids, Vassalage, Political Alliances, 890s, North Africa, Umayyads of Cordoba

Death of Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun; accession of Abu 'l-Asakir Jaysh.

Tags: Tulunids, Leadership Transition, Death, Succession, 890s, Egypt, Autonomous Rule

Assassination of Abu 'l-Asakir Jaysh; accession of Abu Musa Harun.

Tags: Assassination, Leadership Change, Abbasid Caliphate, Political Intrigue, Military Leaders, 8th-10th Centuries

Qarmatians sack Basra. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 3 percent of the total.

Tags: Qarmatians, Sack, Basra, Population Growth, Demographics, Social Impact, 9th Century, Muslim World

Birth of Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Mu'tadid the future Abbasid caliph Al-Qahir, he ruled from 932 to 934.

Tags: Birth, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Qahir, Caliphate, Leadership, 9th-10th Centuries

Death of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tadid; al-Muktafi becomes Caliph. Death of the Saffarid ruler Amr bin Laith. Fall of Taormina signals the completion...

Tags: Death, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muktafi, Sicily, Conquest, Leadership Change, Military Campaigns, Umayyads

Assassination of the Qarmatian ruler Abu-Sa'id Jannabi; accession of Abu Tahir al-Jannabi.

Tags: Assassination, Qarmatians, Leadership Change, Abu Tahir al-Jannabi, Political Intrigue, 9th-10th Centuries

Abdallah bin Hamdan founds the Hamdanid rule in Mosul and Jazira. End of the Tulunid rule in Egypt.

Tags: Hamdanids, Tulunids, Dynastic Rule, Governance, Mosul, Jazira, Egypt, Political Shifts

Death of the Abbasid Caliph Muktafi; accession of al-Muqtadir. End of the Saffarid rule, annexation of their territories by the Samanids.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Leadership Change, Saffarids, Samanids, Dynastic Transitions, Political Fragmentation

Sa'id ibn Husayn, with the help of his chief missionary-commander Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i overthrows the Aghlabids and founds the Fatimid rule in North ...

Tags: Fatimid Caliphate, Aghlabids, Expansion, North Africa, Imam Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah, Religious Influence, Shia Islam, 9th-12th Centuries

Death of the Umayyad ruler Abdallah ibn Muhammad in Spain, accession of Abd al-Rahman III.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, Abd al-Rahman III, Leadership Change, Iberian Peninsula, Dynastic Rule, Political Transitions, 9th-10th Centuries

Assassination of the Samanid ruler Ahmad, accession of Nasr II.

Tags: Samanids, Assassination, Leadership Change, Political Intrigue, 9th-10th Centuries, Nasr II

Invasion of Iraq by the Qarmatians under Abu Tahir.

Tags: Qarmatians, Invasion, Iraq, Military Conflict, Abu Tahir, 9th-10th Centuries

Mardavij ibn Ziyar founds the Ziyarid rule in Tabaristan.

Tags: Ziyarids, Tabaristan, Dynastic Rule, Governance, Mardavij ibn Ziyar, Local Dynasties, 10th Century

Sack of Mecca by the Qarmatian ruler Abu Tahir al-Jannabi. Th Qarmatians carry away the Black Stone from the Kaaba. In Spain, Abd al-Rahman III declar...

Tags: Qarmatians, Mecca, Sack of Mecca, Black Stone, Abd al-Rahman III, Caliph of Cordoba, Religious Significance, 10th Century

Deposition and restoration of the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Al-Muqtadir, Deposition, Restoration, Leadership Instability, Political Intrigue

Death of the Abbasid Caliph Muqtadir; accession of al-Qahir.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Al-Muqtadir, Al-Qahir, Leadership Change, Political Instability, 10th Century

Deposition of the Abbasid Caliph al-Qahir; accession of ar-Radi. Death of the Fatimid Caliph Ubaidullah; accession of al Qaim; Imad al-Dawla establish...

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Fatimid Caliphate, Buwayhids, Caliph, Dynastic Succession, Political Instability, 9th-10th centuries, Shia Islam

Rukn al-Dawla conquers Ray and establishes the Buwayhid government there. Assassination of the Ziyarid ruler Mardavij; accession of Vushmgir. Death of...

Tags: Buwayhids, Ziyarids, Hamdanids, Succession, Political Power, Regional Dynasties, 9th-10th centuries, Military Leaders

By coup, Ibn Raiq becomes the Amir al-Umara under Abbasid Caliph ar-Radi.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Amir al-Umara, Power Struggle, Political Intrigue, Military Leaders, 9th-10th centuries, Governance

By another coup, power at Baghdad is captured by Bajkam.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Military Leaders, Power Grab, Political Instability, 9th-10th centuries, Governance, Baghdad

Death of the Abbasid Caliph ar-Radi, accession of al-Muttaqi.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Caliph, Succession, Political Instability, 9th-10th centuries, Governance, Leadership

Death of Bajkam, capture of power by Kurtakin.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Military Leaders, Power Struggle, Political Intrigue, 9th-10th centuries, Governance, Baghdad

Ibn Raiq recaptures power in Baghdad.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Amir al-Umara, Power Struggle, Political Instability, Military Leaders, 9th-10th centuries, Governance

Abu Abdallah al-Baridi captures power. The Abbasid Caliph al-Muttaqi is forced to seek refuge with the Hamdanids. Nasir al-Dawla captures power at Bag...

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Hamdanids, Tuzun, Samnids, Political Instability, Power Struggle, Dynastic Succession, 9th-10th centuries

al-Muttaqi is blinded and deposed, accession of al-Mustakfi. Abu Tahir al-Jannabi dies.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Caliph, Qarmatians, Political Intrigue, Succession, 9th-10th centuries, Leadership, Religious Conflicts

Death of Tuzun. Shirzad becomes Amir al-Umara. Mu'izz al-Dawla captures power and establishes the Buwayhid dynasty in Iraq. Deposition of the Abbasid ...

Tags: Buwayhids, Abbasid Caliphate, Amir al-Umara, Power Grab, Dynastic Shift, Political Instability, 9th-10th centuries, Leadership

Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Qaim. Accession of Mansur. Death of the Ikhshidid ruler Muhammad bin Tughj, accession of Abu'l-Qasim Unujur ibn al-Ikhs...

Tags: Fatimid Caliphate, Ikhshidids, Hamdanids, Succession, Dynastic Shift, Regional Powers, 9th-10th centuries, Leadership

Death of the Buwayhid shah of Fars, 'Imad al-Dawla. Accession of 'Adud al-Dawla.

Tags: Buwayhids, Dynastic Succession, Power Transition, Political Leadership, 9th-10th centuries, Fars

The Qarmatians restore the Black Stone to the Kaaba.

Tags: Qarmatians, Mecca, Black Stone, Religious Significance, 9th-10th centuries, Controversy, Islam, Pilgrimage

Death of the Samanid ruler Nuh I, accession of 'Abd al-Malik I.

Tags: Samanids, Succession, Dynastic Shift, 9th-10th centuries, Leadership

Death of the Samanid ruler 'Abd al-Malik I, accession of Mansur I.

Tags: Samanids, Succession, Dynastic Shift, 9th-10th centuries, Leadership

Death of the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Rahman III in Spain; accession of al-Hakam II. Death of the Ikhshidid ruler Unujur, accession of Abu'l-Hasan Ali ib...

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, Ikhshidids, Succession, Leadership Transition, Islamic Spain, Egypt, Dynastic Change, Political Instability

Turkic mameluk Alptigin founds the rule of the Ghazanavids.

Tags: Ghaznavids, Turkic Mamluks, Dynastic Rule, Central Asia, Military Leaders, Foundation, Amirate, Early Islamic Period

Death of the Qarmatian ruler Abu Mansur; accession of Hasan Azam. Assassination of the Ikhshidid ruler Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid; power captured ...

Tags: Qarmatians, Ikhshidids, Byzantine Empire, Military Conflict, Political Intrigue, Assassination, Territorial Loss, Defense, Fatimid Caliphate

Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Mu'izz al-Dawla, accession of 'Izz al-Dawla. Death of the Hamdanid ruler Sayf al-Dawla.

Tags: Buwayhids, Hamdanids, Succession, Leadership Change, Political Shifts, Regional Powers, Shi'a Dynasties, Fragmentation

Death of the Ikhshidid ruler Abu al-Misk Kafur; accession of Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali.

Tags: Ikhshidids, Eunuchs, Leadership Succession, Military Rule, Egypt, Dynastic Decline

Byzantines occupy Antioch and force Aleppo to become a protectorate. The Fatimids conquer Egypt.

Tags: Byzantine Empire, Fatimids, Expansion, Conquest, Antioch, Egypt, Military Campaigns, Shia Caliphate

Buluggin ibn Ziri founds the rule of the Zirids in Algeria.

Tags: Zirids, Berber Dynasties, North Africa, Dynastic Rule, Foundation, Political Fragmentation, Early Islamic Period, Ifriqiya

Shi'a–Sunni disturbances in Baghdad; power captured in Baghdad by the Turkish General Sabuktigin.

Tags: Shi'a, Sunni, Religious Conflict, Baghdad, Turbulence, Military Intervention, Buwayhids, Political Instability, Sectarianism

Abdication of the Abbasid Caliph al-Muti; accession of at-Ta'i.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Caliph, Succession, Political Intrigue, Baghdad, Leadership Changes, Declining Power

Death of the Fatimid Caliph al-Muizz, accession of Al-Aziz Billah.

Tags: Fatimids, Caliph, Succession, Leadership Change, Egypt, Shia Dynasty, Expansion, Political Power

The Buwayhid Sultan 'Izz al-Dawla recaptures power with the help of his cousin 'Adud al-Dawla. Death of the Samanid ruler Mansur I, accession of Nuh I...

Tags: Buwayhids, Samanids, Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, Succession, Civil War, Dynastic Change, Political Instability, Leadership

Sabuktigin becomes the amir of Ghaznavids.

Tags: Ghaznavids, Sabuktigin, Amir, Leadership, Turkic Mamluks, Military Leadership, Expansion, Ghazna

Death of the Buwayhid Sultan 'Izz al-Dawla, power captured by 'Adud al-Dawla who ruled former in Fars. The Hamdanids of Aleppo overthrown by the Buway...

Tags: Buwayhids, Hamdanids, Leadership Change, Political Conflict, Overthrow, Dynastic Rivalry, Military Campaigns, Fragmentation

End of the Qarmatian rule at Bahrain.

Tags: Qarmatians, Decline, Political Collapse, Bahrain, Religious Movement, Political Fragmentation, Succession

Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Adud al-Dawla; accession of Samsam al-Dawla.

Tags: Buwayhids, Succession, Leadership Change, Political Intrigue, Dynastic Struggles, Decentralization, Regional Powers

Death of the Zirid dynasty ruler Buluggin, accession of al-Mansur ibn Buluggin.

Tags: Zirids, Dynastic Succession, North Africa, Berber Dynasties, Leadership, Political Transition, Maghreb, Middle Ages

The Buwayhid Sultan Samsam al-Dawla overthrown by Sharaf al-Dawla.

Tags: Buwayhids, Factionalism, Civil War, Shia Islam, Leadership, Political Instability, Iraq, Iran

Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Sharaf al-Dawla, accession of Baha al-Dawla.

Tags: Buwayhids, Dynastic Succession, Shia Islam, Leadership, Political Transition, Iraq, Iran, Middle Ages

Deposition of the Abbasid Caliph at-Ta'i, accession of al-Qadir.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Caliphate, Leadership, Political Intrigue, Succession, Sunni Islam, Iraq, Middle Ages

Death of the Zirid dynasty ruler Mansur, accession of Badis ibn Mansur.

Tags: Zirids, Dynastic Succession, North Africa, Berber Dynasties, Leadership, Political Transition, Maghreb, Middle Ages

Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Aziz Billah, accession of Al-Hakim.

Tags: Fatimid Caliphate, Caliphate, Shia Islam, Leadership, Succession, Egypt, Middle East, North Africa

Death of the Samanid ruler Nuh II, accession of Mansur II.

Tags: Samanids, Dynastic Succession, Persianate Empires, Leadership, Political Transition, Central Asia, Middle Ages

Death of the Samanid ruler Mansur II, accession of 'Abd al-Malik II. Mahmud of Ghaznavid becomes the Amir of Ghazni.

Tags: Samanids, Ghaznavids, Mahmud of Ghazni, Leadership, Rise of Ghaznavids, Political Transition, Central Asia, Middle Ages

Bughra Khan of Karahan Turks capture Bukhara. End of the Samanids.

Tags: Samanids, Karahanids, Central Asia, Conquest, Political Collapse, Middle Ages, Turkic Empires

By the end of this century, global Muslim population was estimated at 10 million.

Tags: Demographics, Muslim Population, Spread of Islam, Global History, Early Islam, Middle Ages

Mahmud of Ghazni defeats the Hindu Shahis at Peshawar.[2]

Tags: Ghaznavids, Mahmud of Ghazni, Expansion, Conquest, Hindu Shahis, Military Campaigns, South Asia, Middle Ages

Mahmud of Ghazni captures Bhatiya.

Tags: Ghaznavids, Mahmud of Ghazni, Expansion, Conquest, Military Campaigns, South Asia, Middle Ages

Mahmud of Ghazni captures Multan and Ghur.

Tags: Ghaznavids, Mahmud of Ghazni, Expansion, Conquest, Military Campaigns, South Asia, Middle Ages

Mahmud of Ghazni defeats the Rajput confederacy.

Tags: Ghaznavids, Mahmud of Ghazni, Expansion, Conquest, Rajputs, Military Campaigns, South Asia, Middle Ages

Abdication of Hisham II in Spain. Accession of Muhammad II.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, Caliphate, Leadership, Succession, Iberian Peninsula, Political Instability, Middle Ages, Al-Andalus

In Spain Muhammad II is overthrown by Sulaiman II.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, Taifa Period, Succession, Iberian Peninsula, Political Instability, Berber

In Spain, power is captured by Bani Hamud. Death of the Buwayhid Baha' al-Dawla, accession of Sultan al-Dawla.

Tags: Taifa Period, Buwayhids, Bani Hamud, Succession, Political Fragmentation, Iberian Peninsula

Berber Muslims massacre and pillage the inhabitants of Cordoba, including a large number of Jews. It is said that 2000 of them were killed.[3][4][5][6...

Tags: Berber, Cordoba, Massacre, Religious Violence, Jewish Community, Taifa Period, Iberian Peninsula

Death of the Zirid ruler Nasir al-Dawla Badis; accession of Al Muizz.

Tags: Zirids, Succession, North Africa, Leadership, Political Instability

In Spain, power is captured by Abd-ar-Rahman IV.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, Taifa Period, Iberian Peninsula, Leadership, Succession, Political Instability

Conshest of the Punjab by Mahmud of Ghazni.

Tags: Ghaznavids, Mahmud of Ghazni, Punjab, Conquest, Expansion, India, Military Campaign

The Buwayhid Sultan al-Dawla is overthrown by Musharrif al-Dawla. Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al Hakim, accession of Ali az-Zahir.

Tags: Buwayhids, Fatimid Caliphate, Succession, Leadership, Political Instability, Cairo, Fitna

In Spain, assassination of Abd-ar-Rahman V.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, Taifa Period, Assassination, Leadership, Political Instability, Iberian Peninsula

Death of the Buwayhid Musharrif al-Dawla, accession of Jalal al-Dawla. Mahmud of Ghazni raids Gujarat, plundering the Somnath temple and breaking its ...

Tags: Buwayhids, Mahmud of Ghazni, Gujarat, Raids, Somnath temple, Ghaznavids, Military Campaign

In Spain, death of Mustaft, accession of Hisham III.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, Succession, Leadership, Taifa Period, Iberian Peninsula, Political Instability

Death of Mahmud of Ghazni.

Tags: Ghaznavids, Mahmud of Ghazni, Leadership, Death, Ghaznavid Empire, Punjab

In Spain, deposition of Hisham III, and end of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba. Death of the Abbasid Caliph al-Qadir, accession of al-Qa'im.

Tags: Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, Decline, Taifa Period, Abbasid Caliphate, Leadership, End of Caliphate, Iberian Peninsula

In a pogrom in Fez, Morocco, Berber Muslims kill more than 6000 Jews and take away their women and belongings.[8][9][10][11]

Tags: Berber, Pogrom, Religious Violence, Jewish Community, Fez, North Africa, Conflict

Under attacks by King War Jabi, his Almoravid allies and many other African Muslims, the Serer community in West Africa faces pressure to embrace Isla...

Tags: Islamization, Serer, Jihads, West Africa, Religious Conversion, Almoravids, Expansion

Death of the Fatimid Caliph Ali az-Zahir, accession of Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah. Toghrül is crowned as the king of the Seljuqs.

Tags: Fatimid Caliphate, Seljuqs, Toghrül, Leadership, Succession, Shia Islam

Seljuq Turks under Tuğrul Bey sack the city of Ghazni.

Tags: Seljuq Empire, Ghaznavids, Conquest, Tuğrul Bey, Military Campaigns, 11th Century, Turkic migrations, Central Asia

Battle of Dandanaqan, the Seljuqs defeat the Ghazanavids. Deposition of Mas'ud I of Ghazni Sultan, accession of Mohammad Ghaznavi. Al Moravids come to...

Tags: Seljuq Empire, Ghaznavids, Battle, Military Defeat, Tuğrul Bey, Mohammad Ghaznavi, 11th Century, Rise of Empires

The Ghaznavid Sultan Mohammad Ghaznavi is overthrown by Maw'dud Ghaznavi.

Tags: Ghaznavids, Succession, Leadership, Internal Conflict, 11th Century, Political Instability

Death of the Buwayhid Jalal al-Dawla, accession of Abu Kalijar.

Tags: Buwayhids, Succession, Leadership, 11th Century, Dynastic Politics, Shia Islam

Basasiri captures power in Baghdad.

Tags: Basasiri, Baghdad, Abbasids, Fatimid Caliphate, Factions, 11th Century, Political Intrigue

The Zirids in North Africa repudiate allegiance to the Fatimid and transfer allegiance to the Abbasids.

Tags: Zirids, Fatimid Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate, Religious Schism, Political Alignment, 11th Century, North Africa

Death of the Buwayhid Abu Kalijar, accession of Malik al-Rahim.

Tags: Buwayhids, Leadership, Succession, 11th Century, Dynastic Politics

Yusuf ibn Tashfin comes to power in the Maghrib.

Tags: Almoravids, Leadership, Maghrib, 11th Century, North Africa, Berber Dynasties

Tuğrul Bey overthrows the Buwayhids.

Tags: Seljuq Empire, Buwayhids, Conquest, Tuğrul Bey, Baghdad, 11th Century, Political Shift, Governance

Basasiri recaptures power in Baghdad, deposes Al-Qa'im and offers allegiance to the Fatimid Caliph.

Tags: Basasiri, Baghdad, Abbasids, Fatimid Caliphate, Factions, 11th Century, Political Intrigue

Tuğrul Bey recaptures power in Baghdad, Al-Qa'im is restored as the Caliph.

Tags: Seljuq Empire, Baghdad, Abbasids, Tuğrul Bey, Political Conflict, 11th Century, Governance

Ibrahim of Ghazna becomes the Sultan. Yusuf ibn Tashfin founds the city of Marrakesh. The Zirids abandon their capital Ashir and establish their capit...

Tags: Ghaznavids, Almoravids, Zirids, Leadership, Marrakesh, Bougie, 11th Century, Urban Development

Death of the Zirid ruler Al Muizz, accession of Tamin.

Tags: Zirids, Leadership, Succession, 11th Century, Dynastic Politics

Death of the Seljuq Sultan Tuğrul Bey accession of Alp Arslan.

Tags: Seljuq Empire, Leadership, Succession, Alp Arslan, 11th Century, Governance, Military Leaders

Seljuk army under Alp Arslan captured Ani and slaughtered its population.[17]

Tags: Seljuq Empire, Alp Arslan, Conquest, Ani, Military Campaign, 11th Century, Expansion, Genocide

The Fatimid governor of Ramla rescues the Great German Pilgrimage which had come under attack by local Bedouin bandits.[18]

Tags: Fatimid Caliphate, Pilgrimage, Ramla, Governance, Defense, Bedouin, Middle Ages

Battle of Manzikert, the Byzantine emperor Romanos IV is taken captive by the Seljuq Turks.

Tags: Seljuk Empire, Byzantine Empire, Battle, Warfare, Military History, Anatolia, Expansion, Romanos IV

Death of Alp Arslan, accession of Malik Shah. Badr al-Jamali takes power as the vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate.

Tags: Seljuk Empire, Fatimid Caliphate, Leadership, Vizier, Succession, Alp Arslan, Malik Shah, Badr al-Jamali

Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Qa'im, accession of Al-Muqtadi.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Caliphate, Leadership, Succession, Al-Qa'im, Al-Muqtadi, Islam

Seljuq Turks found Sultanate of Rûm in Turkey.

Tags: Seljuk Empire, Sultanate of Rum, Anatolia, Expansion, Dynasty, Turkish History, Governance, Middle Ages

The Almoravids conquer Algeria.

Tags: Almoravids, North Africa, Expansion, Conquest, Berber Dynasties, Military History, Islam

After a four-year siege, Toledo delivers itself up to Alfonso VI.

Tags: Reconquista, Spain, Toledo, Christian Kingdoms, War, Conflict, Alfonso VI, Iberian Peninsula

Death of Suleyman I of Rum, accession of Kilij Arslan I.

Tags: Sultanate of Rum, Leadership, Succession, Kilij Arslan I, Turkish History, Byzantine Empire

Battle of Zallakha. The Almoravids defeat the Christians in Spain.

Tags: Almoravids, Battle, Reconquista, Spain, Warfare, Military History, Iberian Peninsula, Zallakha

Hassan-i Sabbah captures Alamut, making it an Isma'ilite stronghold.

Tags: Isma'ilism, Nizaris, Hassan-i Sabbah, Alamut, Religious Movements, Fortress, Iran, Assassins

The Normans conquer the island of Sicily; end of the Muslim rule.

Tags: Normans, Sicily, Conquest, Expansion, Muslim Rule, Southern Italy, Military History

Death of the Seljuq Sultan Malik Shah I, accession of Mahmud I of Great Seljuq.

Tags: Seljuk Empire, Malik Shah I, Leadership, Succession, Fragmentation, Great Seljuk, Dynasty

Death of Seljuq Sultan Mahmud I; accession of Barkiyaruq. Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtadi, accession of Mustahzir.

Tags: Seljuk Empire, Abbasid Caliphate, Leadership, Succession, Barkiyaruq, Mustahzir, Dynastic Politics

The First Crusade.

Tags: Crusades, War, Religious Conflict, Christianity, Holy Land, European History, Military History, Jerusalem

Kilij Arslan I loses his capital of Nicea and the battle of Dorylaeum.

Tags: Sultanate of Rum, Kilij Arslan I, Nicea, Battle of Dorylaeum, Crusades, Byzantine Empire, War, Military History

The crusaders capture Jerusalem. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 5 per cent of the total.

Tags: Crusades, Jerusalem, Ayyubid dynasty, Fatimid Caliphate, Religious Conflict, Military History, Frankish Kingdom of Jerusalem

Death of the Fatimid Caliph al-Musta'li, accession of al-Amir Bi-Ahkamillah.

Tags: Fatimid Caliphate, Shia Islam, Succession, Caliph, Ismailism

Death of the Seljuk Sultan Barkiyaruq, accession Of Mehmed I of Great Seljuk.

Tags: Seljuk Empire, Sultan, Succession, Sunni Islam, Turkish Dynasties

Death of the Al Moravid Yusuf bin Tashfin.

Tags: Almoravid Dynasty, Maghreb, Islamic Spain, Berber Dynasty, Military Leader, North Africa

Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan Kilij Arslan I, succession of Malik Shah of Rüm.

Tags: Seljuk Sultanate of Rüm, Succession, Sultan, Byzantine Empire, Asia Minor

Death of the Zirid dynasty ruler Tamin, accession of Yahya of Zirid.

Tags: Zirid Dynasty, Berber Dynasties, North Africa, Succession, Ifriqiya

Persian Islamic jurist and philosopher Al-Ghazali dies.

Tags: Al-Ghazali, Islamic Philosophy, Sufism, Theology, Ash'ari School, Intellectual History, Sunni Islam

Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah; accession of Mas'ud of Rüm.

Tags: Seljuk Sultanate of Rüm, Sultan, Succession, Byzantine Empire, Asia Minor

Death of the Seljuk Sultan Muhammad; accession of Mahmud II of Great Seljuk. Death of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustazhir, accession of al-Mustarshid. In ...

Tags: Seljuk Empire, Abbasid Caliphate, Succession, Sultan, Caliph, Reconquista, Zaragoza

Death of the Fatimid ruler Al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah, accession of Al-Hafiz.

Tags: Fatimid Caliphate, Shia Islam, Caliph, Succession, Ismailism

Imad ad-Din Zengi establishes the Zengid dynasty rule In Mosul.

Tags: Zengid Dynasty, Mosul, Military History, Anti-Crusader Campaigns, Atabegs, Syria, Governance

Death of the Khawarzam Shah Qutb ud Din Muhammad; accession of Atsiz.

Tags: Khwarazmian Dynasty, Khwarazm, Sultan, Central Asia

Death of the Seljuk Sultan Mahmud II of Great Seljuk; accession of Toghrül II.

Tags: Seljuk Empire, Sultan, Succession, Great Seljuk

Assassination of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustarshid; accession of al-Rashid. Death of the Seljuk Sultan Toghrül II, accession of Mas'ud of Great Seljuk....

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Seljuk Empire, Assassination, Caliph, Sultan, Sunni Islam, Internal Conflicts

Deposition of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Rashid, accession of Al-Muqtafi.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Caliph, Deposition, Succession, Governance

Zengi captures Edessa from the Christians, Second Crusade.

Tags: Crusades, Zengids, Edessa, Military Conquest, Second Crusade, Islamic Warfare, Frankish States, Seljuk Empire, Jihad

Death of Zengi, accession of Nur ad-Din.

Tags: Zengi, Nur ad-Din, Succession, Leadership Transition, Military Leaders, Seljuk Dynasty, Islamic Dynasties, Political History, Middle Ages

In the Maghreb Al Moravids overthrown by the Almohad under Abd al-Mu'min.

Tags: Almohads, Almoravids, North Africa, Dynastic Change, Political Upheaval, Islamic Empires, Maghreb, Religious Reform, Ibn Tumart

End of the Zirid dynasty rule' in North Africa. Siege of Damascus repulsed, thus effectively winning the Second Crusade.

Tags: Zirids, Damascus, Second Crusade, Military Campaigns, North Africa, Military History, Islamic Dynasties, Political Instability, Seljuks

Death of the Fatimid Caliph al-Hafiz, accession of Az-Zafir.

Tags: Fatimid Caliphate, Succession, Ismaili Shi'a, Leadership Transition, Political History, Egypt, Islamic Dynasties, Caliphate, North Africa

Death of the Seljuk Sultan Mas'ud of Great Seljuk, accession of Malik Shah III. Hamadid rule extinguished in North Africa.

Tags: Seljuk Sultanate, Mas'ud, Hamadid Dynasty, Succession, Dynastic Decline, Islamic Dynasties, Political Fragmentation, North Africa, Great Seljuk Empire

Death of the Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah III, accession of Mehmed II of Great Seljuk.

Tags: Seljuk Empire, Malik Shah III, Mehmed II, Succession, Political Intrigue, Islamic Dynasties, Great Seljuk Empire, Leadership, Iran

Death of the Fatimid Caliph az-Zafir, accession of Al-Faiz.

Tags: Fatimid Caliphate, Az-Zafir, Al-Faiz, Succession, Political Instability, Ismaili, Egypt, Islamic Dynasties, Leadership

Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan Mas'ud of Rüm, accession of Kilij Arslan II.

Tags: Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, Mas'ud, Kilij Arslan II, Succession, Anatolia, Byzantine Empire, Islamic Dynasties, Turkish History, Leadership

Death of the Seljuk Sultan Mehmed II of Great Seljuk, accession of Suleiman.

Tags: Seljuk Empire, Mehmed II, Suleiman, Succession, Political Intrigue, Islamic Dynasties, Great Seljuk Empire, Leadership, Iran

Death of the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtafi, accession of al-Mustanjid. Death of the Fatimid Caliph al-Faiz, accession of al-Adid.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Fatimid Caliphate, al-Muqtafi, al-Mustanjid, Al-Faiz, al-Adid, Caliphate, Succession, Islamic Dynasties

Death of the Seljuk Süleyman of Great Seljuk, accession of Arslan Shah.

Tags: Seljuk Empire, Süleyman, Arslan Shah, Succession, Political Intrigue, Islamic Dynasties, Great Seljuk Empire, Leadership, Iran

Death of the Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min, accession of Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph.

Tags: Almohads, Abd al-Mu'min, Yusuf I, Succession, North Africa, Political Stability, Islamic Dynasties, Maghreb, Leadership

Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustanjid, accession of Al-Mustadi.

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, al-Mustanjid, Al-Mustadi, Succession, Caliphate, Political History, Islamic Dynasties, Leadership, Iraq

Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Adid. End of the Fatimid caliphate. Saladin founds the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt.

Tags: Fatimid Caliphate, Al-Adid, Ayyubid Dynasty, Saladin, End of Fatimids, Egypt, Succession, Islamic Dynasties, Political Transition

Death of the Khawarzam Shah Arsalan, accession of Sultan Shah.

Tags: Khwarazmian Empire, Succession, Leadership, Central Asia, 12th Century, Dynastic Politics

The Khawarzam Shah Sultan Shah is overthrown by Tukush Shah, Muhammad of Ghor crowned in Ghazni

Tags: Khwarazmian Empire, Ghurids, Succession, Central Asia, 12th Century, Dynastic Conflict

Saladin annexes Syria.

Tags: Saladin, Ayyubid Dynasty, Syria, Expansion, Military Campaigns, 12th Century

The Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor expeditions in Indian subcontinent begins with the conquest of Multan from the Ismail Muslims.

Tags: Ghurids, Indian Subcontinent, Military Campaigns, Conquest, 12th Century, Multan

Death of the Seljuk Sultan Arslan Shah, accession of Toghrül III.

Tags: Seljuk Empire, Succession, Leadership, 12th Century, Dynastic Politics

Muhammad of Ghor captured Uch from either the Bhati Rajputs or more likely from the Qarmatians.

Tags: Ghurids, Military Campaigns, Uch, 12th Century, Conquest, Indian Subcontinent

Muhammad of Ghor routed in Mount Abu by Chaulukya ruler Mularaja II

Tags: Ghurids, Chaulukyas, Mount Abu, Military Defeat, 12th Century, Indian Subcontinent

Death of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustadi, accession of an-Nasir, Muhammad of Ghor annexed Peshawar

Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Succession, Leadership, Peshawar, Ghurids, 12th Century

Muhammad of Ghor captured Sindh

Tags: Ghurids, Sindh, Military Campaigns, Conquest, 12th Century, Indian Subcontinent

Death of the Almohad ruler Abu Yaqub Yusuf, accession of Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, Khusrau Malik laid siege to Sialkot, but was driven away by Husain...

Tags: Almohad Caliphate, Succession, Leadership, Sialkot, 12th Century, Dynastic Politics

The Ghurids overthrow the Ghaznavid in the Punjab.

Tags: Ghurids, Ghaznavids, Punjab, Conquest, Military Campaigns, 12th Century, Indian Subcontinent

Saladin recaptures Jerusalem from the Christians, Third Crusade.

Tags: Saladin, Ayyubids, Crusades, Jerusalem, Military Campaigns, 12th Century

Ghiyath al-Din Ghori and Muhammad Ghori along with their allies routed Sultan Shah in Battle of Merv.

Tags: Ghurids, Khwarazmian Empire, Battle of Merv, Military Conflicts, Central Asia, 12th Century

First Battle of Tarain between the Rajputs and the Ghurids, where the former emerged victorious

Tags: Ghurids, Rajputs, Battle of Tarain, Military Conflicts, Indian Subcontinent, 12th Century

Second Battle of Tarain, Ghurids defeated the Rajputs.

Tags: Ghurids, Rajputs, Battle of Tarain, Military Campaigns, Indian Subcontinent, 12th Century

Death of Saladin; accession of Al-Aziz Uthman, Minhaj-i-Siraj, the author of Tabaqat i-Nasiri born.

Tags: Ayyubids, Saladin, Leadership, Succession, Medieval Period, Death, Islamic World, Egypt

Occupation of Delhi by the Muslims. End of the Seljuk rule.

Tags: Delhi Sultanate, Seljuks, Ghurids, Conquest, Expansion, Islamic Rule, Medieval India, Military Campaigns

Death of the Khawarzam Shah Tukush Shah. Death of the Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur; accession of Muhammad an-Nasir. Conquest of Northern In...

Tags: Ghurids, Khwarazm, Almohads, Conquest, Leadership, Succession, Military Expansion, Medieval Period

Bakhtiyar Khalji conquers large parts of Bengal.

Tags: Bakhtiyar Khalji, Bengal, Ghurids, Conquest, Expansion, Military Campaigns, Islamic Rule, Medieval India

Ghurid ruler Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad died of illness in Herat on 13 March 1203, succeeded by his younger brother Muizzuddin Muhammad Ghori.

Tags: Ghurids, Leadership, Succession, Death, Medieval Period, Islamic World

Muizzuddin Ghori suffered a reverse near the Oxus river in Battle of Andhkhud against the Khwarazmian ruler Ala ad-Din Muhammad II aided by contingent...

Tags: Ghurids, Khwarazm, Battle, Military Conflict, Central Asia, Warfare, Medieval Period

Muizzuddin Ghori assassinated by sect of rival Muslims near Indus. Qutbu l-Din Aibak laid the foundation of Delhi Sultanate in north Indian plain.

Tags: Ghurids, Delhi Sultanate, Qutb ud-Din Aibak, Assassination, Foundation, Leadership, Islamic Rule, Medieval India

Assassination of the Ghurid Sultan Mahmud, accession of Sam. Death of Qutb ud Din Aibak, accession of Aram Shah in India.

Tags: Ghurids, Delhi Sultanate, Succession, Leadership, Death, Islamic World, Medieval Period

End of the Ghurid rule, their territories annexed by the Khawarzam Shahs. In India Aram Shah overthrown by Iltutmish.

Tags: Ghurids, Khwarazm, Delhi Sultanate, Iltutmish, End of Dynasty, Expansion, Islamic Rule, Medieval Period

Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Spain, end of the Almohad rule in Spain. The Almohads suffer defeat by the Christians in Spain at the Las Navas de To...

Tags: Almohads, Battle, Reconquista, Christian Kingdoms, Decline, Warfare, Spain, Medieval Spain

The Marinids under their leader Abdul Haq occupy north eastern part of Morocco. The Almohad suffer defeat by the Marinids at the Battle of Nakur.

Tags: Marinids, Almohads, Battle, Warfare, North Africa, Conflict, Medieval Period

The Marinids suffer defeat in the battle fought on the banks of the Sibu river. Abdul Haq is killed and the Marinids evacuate Morocco.

Tags: Marinids, Battle, Conflict, North Africa, Warfare, Medieval Period

Death of the Ayyubid ruler Al-Adil I, accession of Al-Kamil. The Marinids return to Morocco under their leader Othman and occupy Fez.

Tags: Ayyubids, Marinids, Leadership, Succession, Death, Islamic World, Medieval Period

Death of the Khwarezmid Shah Muhammad II of Khwarezm, accession of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu.

Tags: Khwarazm, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, Leadership, Succession, Death, Medieval Period, Islamic World

Death of the Almohad ruler Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph, accession of Abdul-Wahid I, Almohad Caliph. In Spain a brother of Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph declar...

Tags: Almohads, Leadership, Succession, Death, Fragmentation, Decline, Medieval Period

Death of the Almohad ruler Abd al-Wahid I, accession of Abdallah, Almohad Caliph.

Tags: Almohads, Caliphate, Maghreb, Dynastic Succession, North Africa, Berber Dynasties

Death of the Abbasid Caliph An-Nasir, accession of Az-Zahir.

Tags: Abbasids, Caliphate, Baghdad, Dynastic Succession, Islamic World, Middle Ages

Assassination of the Almohad ruler Abdullah Adil, accession of his son, Yahya.

Tags: Almohads, Political Intrigue, Caliphate, Maghreb, Dynastic Succession, North Africa

Death of the Almohad ruler Yahya, accession of Idris I. The Ayyubid Al-Kamil restores Jerusalem to the Christians.

Tags: Almohads, Ayyubids, Jerusalem, Crusades, Caliphate, Dynastic Succession

End of the Khwarezmid Empire.

Tags: Khwarezmid Empire, Mongol Invasions, Empire Collapse, Central Asia, Islamic World, Political Fragmentation

Death of the Almohad ruler Idris I, accession, of Abdul Wahid II.

Tags: Almohads, Caliphate, Maghreb, Dynastic Succession, North Africa, Berber Dynasties

Death of the Ayyubid ruler Al-Kamil, accession of Al-Adil II.

Tags: Ayyubids, Egypt, Syria, Dynastic Succession, Islamic World, Crusades

Death of Delhi Sultan Altamash. Accession of Rukn ud din Firuz.

Tags: Delhi Sultanate, Mamluk Dynasty, India, Dynastic Succession, Islamic Rule, South Asia

Accession of Razia Sultan as Delhi Sultan.

Tags: Delhi Sultanate, Razia Sultan, India, Female Ruler, Islamic Rule, South Asia, Mamluk Dynasty

Death of Razia Sultan, accession of Muiz ud din Bahram.

Tags: Delhi Sultanate, Razia Sultan, Dynastic Succession, India, Islamic Rule, South Asia, Mamluk Dynasty

Death of Muiz ud din Bahram, accession of Ala ud din Masud as Delhi Sultan. Death of the Almohad ruler Abd al-Wahid II, accession of Abu al-Hasan as-S...

Tags: Delhi Sultanate, Almohads, Abbasids, Caliphate, Dynastic Succession, Islamic World

The Almohad defeat the Marinids at the battle of Abu Bayash. The Marinids evacuate Morocco.

Tags: Almohads, Marinids, Battle, Maghreb, North Africa, Military Conflict

The Muslims reconquer Jerusalem.

Tags: Jerusalem, Muslim Conquest, Ayyubids, Crusades, Holy Land, Expansion

Death of the Delhi Sultan Ala ud din Masud, accession of Nasiruddin Mahmud.

Tags: Delhi Sultanate, Dynastic Succession, India, Islamic Rule, South Asia, Mamluk Dynasty

Death of the Almohad ruler Abu al-Hasan as-Said al-Mutadid, ambushed in an attack to Tlemcen. Accession of Umar, Almohad Caliph.

Tags: Almohads, Caliphate, Maghreb, Dynastic Succession, North Africa, Berber Dynasties

The Marinids return to Morocco, and occupy a greater part thereof.

Tags: Marinids, Morocco, North Africa, Dynastic Shift, Political Control, Almohad Caliphate, 13th Century

Battle of Baghdad (1258) - The Mongols sack Baghdad. Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta'sim. End of the Abbasid rule. The Mongols under Hulagu Khan...

Tags: Mongols, Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad, Hulagu Khan, Berke Khan, Golden Horde, Islamic History, 13th Century, Destruction, Political Fragmentation

the Hafsid ruler Abd Allah Muhammad declares himself as the Caliph and assumes the name of Al Mustansir.

Tags: Hafsids, Caliphate, North Africa, Political Claim, Al-Mustansir, Dynastic Politics, 13th Century

Battle of Ayn Jalut in Syria. The Mongols are defeated by the Mamluks of Egypt, and the spell of the invincibility of the Mongols is broken. Baibars b...

Tags: Mamluks, Mongols, Ayn Jalut, Baibars, Military Victory, Islamic History, 13th Century, Syria, Egypt, Crusades

Death of Baha-ud-din Zakariya in Multan who is credited with the introduction of the Suhrawardiyya Sufi order in the South Asia.

Tags: Sufism, Suhrawardiyya, South Asia, Religious Leaders, Spiritual Influence, 13th Century, Multan, Islamic Mysticism

Death of Hulagu Khan. Death of Fariduddin Ganjshakar the Chishti saint of the South Asia.

Tags: Mongols, Hulagu Khan, Chishti Order, Fariduddin Ganjshakar, Sufism, South Asia, 13th Century, Religious Figures

Death of Berke Khan, the first ruler of the Golden Horde to be converted to Islam. The Eighth Crusade: the crusaders invade Tunisia; failure of the cr...

Tags: Berke Khan, Golden Horde, Islam, Crusades, Tunisia, Islamic History, 13th Century, Conversion, Military Campaigns

Malik ul Salih establishes the first Muslim state of Samudra Pasai in Indonesia. Umar, Almohad Caliph seeks the help of the Christians, and the Spania...

Tags: Samudra Pasai, Indonesia, Almohads, Marinids, Spain, North Africa, Dynastic Politics, 13th Century, Political Control, Islamic Expansion

Idris II, Almohad Caliph is overthrown by the Marinids, End of the Almohad. The Marinids come to power in Morocco under Abu Yaqub.

Tags: Almohads, Marinids, Morocco, Dynastic Change, North Africa, Governance, 13th Century, Political Transition

Death of Mansa Wali the founder of the Muslim rule in Mali.

Tags: Mali, Mansa Wali, West Africa, Leadership, Islamic Rule, 13th Century

Death of Muhammad I of Granada the founder of the Emirate of Granada. Yaghmurason invades Morocco but meets a reverse at the battle

Tags: Granada, Muhammad I, Iberian Peninsula, Marinids, Al-Andalus, 13th Century, Dynasty, Political Conflict

Death of Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi.

Tags: Rumi, Sufism, Mysticism, Islamic Culture, Persian Literature, Mevlevi Order, 13th Century, Poetry, Spiritual Thought

Death of Nasir al-Din Tusi. The Marinids wrest Sijilmasa from the Ziyyanids. Ninth Crusade under Edward I of England. The crusade ends in fiasco and E...

Tags: Nasir al-Din Tusi, Crusades, Edward I, Islamic Scholarship, Ilkhanate, 13th Century, Religious Conflict, Military Campaigns

Death of Baibars.

Tags: Baibars, Mamluks, Egypt, Leadership, Military Leader, 13th Century, Anti-Crusader, Islamic History

Battle of Hims.

Tags: Hims, Mamluks, Ilkhanate, Military Conflict, Syria, 13th Century

Death of Yaghmurasan. Accession of his son Othman.

Tags: Ziyyanids, Succession, Maghreb, North Africa, Dynasty, Leadership, Political history

Tunisia splits in Tunis and Bougie.

Tags: Tunisia, Political fragmentation, Regionalism, Governance, North Africa, Political geography

Death of Ghiyas ud din Balban. Death of Abu Yusuf Yaqub. Bughra Khan declares his independence in Bengal under the name of Nasiruddin.

Tags: Delhi Sultanate, Bengal, Independence, Succession, Leadership, Political fragmentation, South Asia

End of the slave dynasty in India Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji comes into power. Othman embarks on a career of conquest and, by 1290, most of the Centra...

Tags: Delhi Sultanate, Ziyyanids, Khalji Dynasty, Conquest, Leadership, Expansion, Maghreb, South Asia

Death of Iranian poet Saadi.

Tags: Persian Literature, Poetry, Culture, Saadi, Islamic Golden Age, Iran

Alauddin Khalji ascended the throne of Delhi.

Tags: Delhi Sultanate, Khalji Dynasty, Leadership, Succession, South Asia, Governance

Mongols invade Syria. The Marinids besiege Tlemcen, the capital of the Ziyyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen. By the end of this century, global Muslim populati...

Tags: Mongols, Marinids, Ziyyanids, Warfare, Syria, Tlemcen, Maghreb, South Asia

In Bengal, Rukunuddin Kaikaus, the king of Bengal dies and is succeeded by his brother Shamsuddin Firoz Shah.

Tags: Bengal Sultanate, Succession, Leadership, Dynasty, South Asia, Governance

In Granada, Muhammad II dies and is succeeded by Muhammad III.

Tags: Nasrid Dynasty, Granada, Leadership, Succession, Iberian Peninsula, Governance

In the Mongol Ilkhanate, Ghazan dies and is succeeded by his brother Khudabanda Oljeitu.

Tags: Ilkhanate, Mongols, Succession, Leadership, Iran, Governance

In Algeria, Uthman dies and is succeeded by his son Abu Zayyan Muhammad.

Tags: Ziyyanids, Succession, Leadership, Maghreb, Governance, North Africa

In the Khalji Empire, Alauddin Khalji conquers Rajputana.

Tags: Delhi Sultanate, Khalji Dynasty, Conquest, Expansion, Rajputana, South Asia

In the Chagatai Khanate, Duwa dies and is succeeded by his son Konchek.

Tags: Chagatai Khanate, Mongols, Succession, Leadership, Central Asia, Governance

In Morocco, the Marinid Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf is assassinated; Abu Thabit accedes to the throne.

Tags: Marinids, Assassination, Succession, Leadership, Morocco, Governance

In the Chagatai Khanate, Konchek is deposed and Taliqu takes power.

Tags: Chagatai Khanate, Mongols, Leadership, Power Struggle, Central Asia, Governance

In Algeria, Abu Zayyan Muhammad and is succeeded by his brother Abu Hammu Musa. In Morocco, Abu Thabit is overthrown by Abu'l-Rabi Sulayman.

Tags: Dynastic Succession, Maghreb, Almohads, Marinids, Zayyanids, Berber Dynasties, Political Instability

In the Chagatai Khanate, Taliku is assassinated and Kebek accedes.

Tags: Chagatai Khanate, Mongol Empire, Succession, Central Asia, Khan, Political Intrigue, Turkic

In Granada, Muhammad III is overthrown by his uncle Abul Juyush Nasr.

Tags: Nasrid Dynasty, Granada, Iberian Peninsula, Succession, Al-Andalus, Reconquista, Political Intrigue

In the Chagatai Khanate, Kebek is overthrown by his brother Isan Buga.

Tags: Chagatai Khanate, Mongol Empire, Succession, Central Asia, Khan, Political Intrigue, Turkic

In Morocco, Abu'l Rabi Sulayman is overthrown by Abu Said Uthman.

Tags: Marinids, Morocco, Succession, Berber Dynasties, Maghreb, Political Instability

In the Khaljis empire, Alauddin conquers the Deccan.

Tags: Khalji Dynasty, Deccan, Conquest, South Asia, Military Campaigns, Expansion, Delhi Sultanate

In Tunisia, Abul Baqa is overthrown by Al Lihiani.

Tags: Hafsids, Tunisia, Succession, Maghreb, Political Instability

In the Golden Horde Empire, Toktu dies and is succeeded by his nephew Uzbeg.

Tags: Golden Horde, Succession, Islamization, Mongol Empire, Eastern Europe, Political Change, Uzbeg Khan

The Ilkhanate invades Syria, but the Mongols are repulsed.

Tags: Ilkhanate, Syria, Mamluks, Mongol Empire, Military Conflict, Levant, Battle

In Granada, Abul Juyush is overthrown by his nephew Abul Wahid Ismail.

Tags: Nasrid Dynasty, Granada, Iberian Peninsula, Succession, Al-Andalus, Reconquista, Political Intrigue

In Kashmir, Rinchan, an adventurer from Baltistan, overthrows Sinha Deva the Raja of Kashmir. Rinchan is converted to Islam and adopts the name of Sul...

Tags: Islamization, Kashmir, Conversion, Sufism, Sultanate, South Asia, Religious Conversion

In Tunisia, War breaks out between Bougie and Tunis; Lihani is defeated and killed. Abu Bakr becomes the ruler of Bougie and Tunis.

Tags: Hafsids, Civil War, Tunisia, Maghreb, Military Conflict, Political Instability, Berber Dynasties

In the Ilkhanate, Oljeitu dies and is succeeded by Abu Said.

Tags: Ilkhanate, Mongol Empire, Succession, Persia, Political Change, Abu Said, Ilkhan

In the Khaljis Empire, Alauddin dies and Shahabuddin Umar accedes; Malik Kafur, a Hindu convert, usurps power.

Tags: Khalji Dynasty, Delhi Sultanate, Succession, Malik Kafur, Usurpation, South Asia, Political Intrigue

In the Khalji Empire, Malik Kafur is assassinated, Shahabuddin Umar is deposed, and Qutbuddin Mubarak accedes. In the Chagatai Khanate, Isan Buga is o...

Tags: Khalji Dynasty, Delhi Sultanate, Succession, Assassination, Malik Kafur, Chagatai Khanate, Political Intrigue

In the Khalji Empire, Qutbuddin Mubarak is assassinated; Khusro Khan, a Hindu convert, usurps power. Khusro Khan is overthrown by Ghazi Malik. End of...

Tags: Delhi Sultanate, Khalji Dynasty, Usurpation, Ghazi Malik, Khusro Khan, Succession, Political Instability, Dynastic Change

In Tunisia, Abu Bakr is expelled from Tunis by Abu Imran.

Tags: Tunisia, Political Instability, Succession, Abu Imran, North Africa, Regional Conflicts

In the Tughluq empire, Ghazi Malik founds the Tughluq dynasty.

Tags: Tughluq Dynasty, Delhi Sultanate, Ghazi Malik, Succession, Dynastic Change, Political Restructuring

In Bengal, Shamsuddin Firuz dies. The kingdom is divided into two parts. Ghiasuddin Bahadur becomes the ruler of East Bengal with the capital at Sonar...

Tags: Bengal, Shamsuddin Firuz, Succession, Political Division, Regional Conflicts, Ghiasuddin Bahadur, Shahabuddin

In the Chagatai Khanate, Kebek is succeeded by Hebbishsi, who is later overthrown by Duwa Timur.

Tags: Chagatai Khanate, Succession, Political Instability, Kebek, Duwa Timur, Mongol Empire, Regional Power

In the Chagatai Khanate, Duwa Timur is overthrown by Tarmashirin, who converts to Islam.

Tags: Chagatai Khanate, Islam, Conversion, Tarmashirin, Mongol Empire, Religious Influence, Central Asia

In Bengal, Shahabuddin dies and is succeeded by his brother Nasiruddin.

Tags: Bengal, Succession, Nasiruddin, Political Instability, Regional Politics

In the Tughluq Empire, Ghazi Malik (Ghiasuddin Tughluq) dies and is succeeded by his son Muhammad Tughluq.

Tags: Tughluq Empire, Succession, Muhammad Tughluq, Ghiasuddin Tughluq, Delhi Sultanate, Dynastic Change

In Granada, Abul Wahid Ismail is assassinated; he is succeeded by his son Muhammad IV, who is himself assassinated. His brother Abul Hallaj Yusuf acce...

Tags: Granada, Samudra Pasai, Succession, Assassination, Political Instability, Regional Conflicts, Malik al Tahir I, Malik al Tahir II, Abul Wahid Ismail, Muhammad IV

In Bengal, with the help of Ghiasuddin Tughluq, Nasiruddin over-throws Ghiasuddin Bahadur and unites Bengal.

Tags: Bengal, Unification, Ghiasuddin Bahadur, Nasiruddin, Political Consolidation, Regional Power

In the Ottoman Empire, Osman I dies and is succeeded by Orhan. Orhan conquers Bursa and makes it his capital.

Tags: Ottoman Empire, Osman I, Orhan, Succession, Capital, Bursa, Expansion, State Formation

The Ottoman Turks capture the city of (Iznik).

Tags: Ottoman Empire, Iznik, Conquest, Expansion, Military, Byzantine Empire, Territorial Control

In the Tughluq empire, Muhammad Tughluq shifts the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad in the Deccan.

Tags: Tughluq Empire, Muhammad Tughluq, Daulatabad, Capital Shift, Governance, Delhi Sultanate, Administrative Change

In the Chagatai Khanate, Tarmashirin dies and is succeeded by Changshahi. Amir Hussan establishes the Jalairid Sultanate at Baghdad. In Tunisia, Abu B...

Tags: Chagatai Khanate, Jalairid Sultanate, Bengal, Political Instability, Succession, Regional Conflicts, Tarmashirin, Amir Hussan, Abu Bakr, Ghiasuddin Bahadur

In the Marinid Empire, Abu Said Othman dies and is succeeded by Abul Hasan. The Tughluqs annex Bengal.

Tags: Marinid Empire, Tughluq Empire, Bengal, Succession, Abu Said Othman, Abul Hasan, Annexation, Territorial Expansion

In the Ilkhanate, Abu Said dies, and Arpa Koun assumes power. In the Chagatai Khanate, Changshahi is assassinated; Burun accedes to the throne.

Tags: Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate, Mongol Empire, Succession, Political instability, Central Asia, Abu Said, Arpa Koun, Changshahi, Burun

In the Ilkhanate, Arpa is defeated and killed, and Musa succeeds him. Amir Timur is born. In the Jalayar empire, Amir Hussain dies and is succeeded by...

Tags: Ilkhanate, Timur, Ottoman Empire, Jalayirids, Karesi, Bengal Sultanate, Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah, Birth, Leadership change

In the Ilkhanate, Musa is overthrown, and Muhammad becomes the Sultan. In the Sarbadaran Empire, on the disintegration of the II-Khan rule, Abdur Raza...

Tags: Ilkhanate, Muzaffarid Empire, Sarbadaran, Ottoman Empire, Marinids, Expansion, Dynastic shift, Power vacuum, Fragmentation, İzmit

In the Ilkhanate, Muhammad is overthrown and succeeded by Sati Beg. Sati Beg marries Sulaiman who becomes the co-ruler.

Tags: Ilkhanate, Sati Beg, Succession, Dynastic marriage, Political intrigue, Mongol rulers, Sulaiman

In Kashmir, Sadrud Din dies, and his throne is captured by a Hindu, Udyana Deva. In the Chagatai Khanate, Burun is deposed by Isun Timur. In Bengal, t...

Tags: Kashmir, Bengal Sultanate, Chagatai Khanate, Succession, Political instability, Dynastic change, Udyana Deva, Alauddin Ali Shah

The Muzaffarid Empire conquers Kirman. In the Chagatai Khanate, Isun Timur is deposed by Muhammad.

Tags: Muzaffarid Empire, Chagatai Khanate, Kirman, Conquest, Political instability, Territorial expansion, Isun Timur

In the Golden Horde empire, Uzbeg dies and is succeeded by his son Tini Beg.

Tags: Golden Horde, Succession, Uzbeg, Tini Beg, Mongol Empire, Leadership change, Political dynamics

In the Golden Horde empire, Tini Beg is overthrown by his brother Jani Beg.

Tags: Golden Horde, Jani Beg, Tini Beg, Succession, Coup, Political instability, Mongol Empire

In the Chagatai Khanate, Muhammad is overthrown, and power is captured by Kazan. In Bengal, Ilyas, an officer of Alauddin, murders his patron and capt...

Tags: Chagatai Khanate, Bengal Sultanate, Ilyas, Succession, Rebellion, Political fragmentation, Kazan

In the Ilkhanate, Sulaiman is deposed by Anusherwan.

Tags: Ilkhanate, Succession, Political intrigue, Mongol Empire, Anusherwan, Sulaiman

In the Samudra Pasai Empire, Malik al Tahir II dies and is succeeded by Tahir III. His rule lasts throughout the 14th century. In Bengal, llyas capt...

Tags: Samudra Pasai, Tahir III, Bengal Sultanate, Ilyas, Unification, Expansion, Capital established, Gaur

In the Chagatai Khanate, Kazan is deposed by Hayan Kuli. In Tunisia, Abu Bakr dies and is succeeded by his son Fadal. In Kashmir, Udyana Deva dies and...

Tags: Chagatai Khanate, Shah Mir Dynasty, Shah Mir, Tunisia, Succession, Political change, Kashmir, Marinids

The Marinids capture Tunisia. In the Bahmanid Empire, Hasan Gangu declares his independence and establishes a state in the Deccan with the capital at ...

Tags: Marinids, Bahmanid Empire, Hasan Gangu, Independence, Deccan, Gulbarga, Expansion, Dynastic change

In Kashmir, Shah Mir dies and is succeeded by his son Jamsbed. In Algeria, The Zayanids under Abu Said Othman recapture Algeria.

Tags: Kashmir, Shah Mir, Zayyanids, Succession, Algeria, Political change, Jamsbed

In the Sarbadaran Empire, a revolt erupts against Abdur Razaq. Power is captured by Amir Masud. In Tunisia, Fadal is deposed and succeeded by his brot...

Tags: Sarbadaran, Revolt, Tunisia, Kashmir, Political instability, Internal conflict, Amir Masud, Alauddin Ali Sher

In the Marinid Empire, Abul Hasan dies, and is succeeded by Abu Inan. In the Tughluq Empire, Muhammad Tughluq dies and Firuz Shah Tughluq assumes powe...

Tags: Succession, Marinid Empire, Tughluq Empire, Dynasty, Political Change, North Africa, Indian Subcontinent

The Marinids again capture Algeria. Abu Said Othman is taken captive and killed.

Tags: Marinids, Algeria, Military, North Africa, Conquest, Territorial Control, Conflict

The Ilkhanate ends. The Ottoman Empire acquires the fortress of Tympa on the European side of the Hollespoint. The Muzaffarids conquer Shiraz and est...

Tags: Ilkhanate, Ottoman Empire, Decline, Expansion, Byzantine Empire, Anatolia, Eastern Europe, Fortress, Muzaffarids

The Muzaffarids annex Isfahan. In Granada, Abu Hallaj Yusuf is assassinated; his son Muhammad V succeeds him.

Tags: Muzaffarids, Granada, Isfahan, Succession, Iberian Peninsula, Political Change

In the Jalayar Empire, Death of Hasan Buzurg, succession of his son Owaia.

Tags: Jalayir Empire, Succession, Dynasty, Political Instability, Middle East

In the Golden Horde Empire, Death of Jani Beg, succession of Berdi Beg.

Tags: Golden Horde, Succession, Political Instability, Dynasty, Eastern Europe, Central Asia

In the Bahmanid Empire, Death of Hasan Gangu, accession of his son Muhammad Shah. In the Muzaffarid Empire, Death of Mubarazuddin Muhammad; accession ...

Tags: Succession, Bahmanid Empire, Muzaffarid Empire, Marinid Empire, Bengal Sultanate, Dynasty, Political Instability

In the Ottoman Empire, Death of Orhan, succession of Murad I. In the Muzaffarid Empire, Shah Shuja deposed by his brother Shah Mahmud. In Tunisia, Abu...

Tags: Ottoman Empire, Muzaffarid Empire, Marinid Empire, Zayyanids, Granada, Golden Horde, Civil War, Palace Revolution, Succession, Political Instability, Factionalism

In the Muzaffarid Empire, Death of Shah Mahmud. Shah Shuja recaptures power. In the Chagatai Khanate, Power captured by Tughluq Timur. In Granada, Ism...

Tags: Muzaffarid Empire, Granada, Chagatai Khanate, Civil War, Succession, Palace Revolution, Political Instability

In the Ottoman Empire, Murad I conquers a part of Thrace and establishes his capital at Edirne(Hadriaunus) in Thrace. In the Golden Horde empire, Kulp...

Tags: Ottoman Empire, Expansion, Golden Horde, Marinid Empire, Conflict, Political Instability, Eastern Europe, North Africa

In the Golden Horde empire, State of anarchy. During 20 years as many as 14 rulers came to the throne and made their exit. In Granada, Abu Said overth...

Tags: Golden Horde, Anarchy, Granada, Kashmir, Succession, Political Instability, Civil War

In the Ottoman Empire, The Turks defeat a Christian army at the battle of Maritza (Sirp Sindigi). The Byzantine ruler becomes a vassal of the Turks.