💣 History of Antisemitism

💣 History of Antisemitism - a timeline

A timeline of the history of antisemitism and persecution of Jewish people.

Timeline Events

Assyrian Captivity and Exile of Israelites
Date: -740
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
During the Assyrian captivity (or the Assyrian exile), several thousand Israelites of ancient Samaria are resettled as captives by Assyria. The Northern Kingdom of Israel is then conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
Tags: Ancient Israel, Assyrian Empire, Exile, Northern Kingdom of Israel, Samaria, Forced Migration, Ancient History, Mesopotamia, Neo-Assyrian Empire
Destruction of the First Temple and Babylonian Exile
Date: -586
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
During the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar II, the Neo-Babylonian Empire destroys the temple in Jerusalem and captures the Kingdom of Judah, expelling as many as 10,000 families to Babylon. Judeans are seen here by the Babylonians as a uniform group, marking the beginning of collective persecution.
Tags: Babylonian Exile, First Temple, Kingdom of Judah, Neo-Babylonian Empire, Jerusalem, Diaspora, Ancient History, Religious Persecution, Nebuchadnezzar II
Haman's Plot in the Book of Esther
Date: -475
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Haman is said in the Book of Esther to attempt genocide against the Jews. While this book is considered fictional by historians, it alludes to a history of conquest by non-Levantine groups for the people of Judea.
Tags: Book of Esther, Purim, Genocide, Ancient Persia, Mythology, Religious Text, Antisemitism, Ancient History
Antiochus IV Epiphanes' Persecution of Jews
Date: -175
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Deuterocanonical First and Second Books of the Maccabees record that Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempts to erect a statue of Zeus in Jerusalem and persecutes Jews who follow Jewish law. He arrests a mother and her seven sons and tries to force them to eat pork. When they refuse, he tortures and kills the sons one by one. The Talmud tells a similar story, as do 4 Maccabees and Josippon. The festival of Hanukkah commemorates the uprising of the Maccabees against this attempt.
Tags: Hasmonean Dynasty, Maccabees, Hellenistic Period, Religious Persecution, Jerusalem, Hanukkah, Jewish Law, Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Expulsion of Jews from Rome by Scipio Hispanus
Date: -139
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Hispanus expels all Jews from the city of Rome.
Tags: Roman Republic, Expulsion, Rome, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Hispanus, Antisemitism, Ancient Rome, Jewish Diaspora
Pompey's Conquest and Jewish Deaths
Date: -63
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
12,000 Jews are killed by the Romans and many more are sent into the diaspora during Pompey's conquest of the East.
Tags: Roman Empire, Pompey, Jewish Diaspora, First Jewish-Roman War, Jerusalem, Ancient History, Siege, Military Conquest
Cicero's Antisemitic Remarks
Date: -59
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Cicero criticizes Jews, claiming they are too influential in public assemblies. He also refers to Jews and Syrians as "races born to be slaves."
Tags: Cicero, Antisemitism, Ancient Rome, Roman Republic, Racial Slur, Political Discourse, Prejudice
Appearance of the Judensau
Date: 13
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Germany. Appearance of Judensau: obscene and dehumanizing imagery of Jews, ranging from etchings to Cathedral ceilings. Its popularity lasted for over 600 years.
Tags: Judensau, Medieval antisemitism, Visual Antisemitism, Propaganda, Dehumanization, Art, Church, Germany
Tiberius Expels Jews from Rome
Date: 19
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Roman Emperor Tiberius expels Jews from Rome. Their expulsion is recorded by the Roman historical writers Suetonius, Josephus, and Cassius Dio.
Tags: Roman Empire, Tiberius, Expulsion, Rome, Jewish Diaspora, Antisemitism, Ancient Rome
Jewish Deaths in Mainz During the Black Death
Date: 24
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
6,000 Jews are burned to death in Mainz as a part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions. When the angry mob charged, the Jews initially fought back, killing around 200 of their attackers.
Tags: Black Death, Persecution, Pogrom, Mainz, Scapegoating, Middle Ages, Religious Violence
Alexandrian Pogrom
Date: 38
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Thousands of Jews killed by mobs in the Alexandrian pogrom, as recounted by Philo of Alexandria in Flaccus. Synagogues are defiled, Jewish leaders are publicly scourged, and the Jewish population is confined to one quarter of the city.
Tags: Alexandria, Pogrom, Philo of Alexandria, Religious Violence, Roman Empire, Riots, Antisemitism, Persecution
Claudius Restricts Jewish Assemblies and Expels Jews from Rome
Date: 50
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Jews are ordered by Roman Emperor Claudius "not to hold meetings", in the words of Cassius Dio (Roman History, 60.6.6). Claudius later expelled Jews from Rome, according to both Suetonius ("Lives of the Twelve Caesars", Claudius, Section 25.4) and Acts 18:2.
Tags: Roman Empire, Claudius, Expulsion, Rome, Jewish Diaspora, Restrictions, Ancient Rome
Tiberius Julius Alexander's Massacre in Alexandria
Date: 66
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Under the command of Tiberius Julius Alexander, Roman soldiers killed about 50,000 Jews in the Alexandria riot.
Tags: Alexandria, Roman Empire, Massacre, Jewish-Roman War, Tiberius Julius Alexander, Riots, Antisemitism
First Jewish–Roman War and Destruction of Jerusalem
Date: 66
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The First Jewish–Roman War against the Romans is crushed by Vespasian and Titus. Titus refuses to accept a wreath of victory, because there is "no merit in vanquishing people forsaken by their own God." (Philostratus, Vita Apollonii). The events of this period were recorded in detail by the Jewish–Roman historian Josephus. His record is largely sympathetic to the Roman point of view and it was written in Rome under Roman protection; hence it is considered a controversial source. Josephus describes the Jewish revolt as being led by "tyrants," to the detriment of the city, and he describes Titus as having "moderation" in his escalation of the Siege of Jerusalem (70).
Tags: Jewish-Roman War, First Temple, Jerusalem, Vespasian, Titus, Josephus, Diaspora, Siege of Jerusalem, Religious Persecution
Destruction of the Second Temple
Date: 70
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Over 1,000,000 Jews perish and 97,000 are taken as slaves following the destruction of the Second Temple.
Tags: Second Temple, Jewish-Roman War, Destruction, Diaspora, Jerusalem, Roman Empire, Vespasian, Titus, Jewish History
Pogrom in Damascus
Date: 70
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Pogrom against jews in Damascus
Tags: Roman Empire, Pogrom, Violence, Jewish Community, Damascus
Apion's Fabrications and Anti-Jewish Polemic by Juvenal
Date: 94
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Fabrications of Apion in Alexandria, Egypt, including the first recorded case of blood libel. Juvenal writes anti-Jewish poetry. Josephus picks apart contemporary and old antisemitic myths in his work Against Apion.
Tags: Roman Empire, Anti-Semitism, Blood Libel, Polemic, Alexandria, Juvenal, Josephus, Apion
Execution of Titus Flavius Clemens
Date: 96
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Titus Flavius Clemens, nephew of the Roman Emperor Vespasian and supposed convert to Judaism is put to death on charges of atheism.
Tags: Roman Empire, Religious Persecution, Martyrdom, Jewish Convert, Rome
Tacitus' Anti-Jewish Polemic in *Histories*
Date: 100
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Tacitus writes anti-Jewish polemic in his Histories (book 5). He reports on several old myths of ancient antisemitism (including that of the donkey's head in the Holy of Holies), but the key to his view that Jews "regard the rest of mankind with all the hatred of enemies" is his analysis of the extreme differences between monotheistic Judaism and the polytheism common throughout the Roman world.
Tags: Roman Empire, Anti-Semitism, Tacitus, Historiography, Ancient Rome, Religious Difference, Monotheism
Massacre of Jews in Egypt, Cyprus, and Cyrenaica
Date: 115
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Thousands of Jews are killed during civil unrest in Egypt, Cyprus, and Cyrenaica, as recounted by Cassius Dio.
Tags: Roman Empire, Massacre, Civil Unrest, Diaspora, Violence, Cassius Dio
Hadrian Bans Circumcision
Date: 119
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Roman Emperor Hadrian bans circumcision, making Judaism de facto illegal.
Tags: Roman Empire, Hadrian, Religious Persecution, Circumcision, Legal Restrictions, Judaism
Bar Kokhba Revolt Crushed and Jewish Diaspora Begins
Date: 132
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Crushing of the Bar Kokhba revolt. According to Cassius Dio 580,000 Jews are killed. Hadrian orders the expulsion of Jews from Judea, which is merged with Galilee in order to form the province of Syria Palaestina. Although large Jewish populations remain in Samaria and Galilee, with Tiberias as the headquarters of exiled Jewish patriarchs, this is the start of the Jewish diaspora. Hadrian constructs a pagan temple to Jupiter at the site of the Temple in Jerusalem, builds Aelia Capitolina among the ruins of Jerusalem.
Tags: Roman Empire, Bar Kokhba Revolt, Diaspora, Hadrian, Massacre, Judea, Jerusalem, Syria Palaestina
Jerusalem Renamed Aelia Capitolina and Jews Banned
Date: 136
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Hadrian renames Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina and builds a Roman monument over the site of the Temple Mount. Jews are banned from visiting. Judea is renamed to Syria Palestina, referring to the Greek words for both the Levant as well as the region at the time.
Tags: Roman Empire, Hadrian, Jerusalem, Aelia Capitolina, Jewish Diaspora, Religious Persecution, Syria Palaestina
Earliest Known Accusation of Jewish Deicide
Date: 167
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Earliest known accusation of Jewish deicide (the notion that Jews were held responsible for the death of Jesus), made in a sermon On the Passover, attributed to Melito of Sardis.
Tags: Early Christianity, Deicide, Religious Accusation, Melito of Sardis, Anti-Semitism, Theology, Passover
Apollinaris Writes Books Against the Jews
Date: 175
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Apollinaris the Apologist writes two books against the Jews.
Tags: Early Christianity, Apologetics, Anti-Judaism, Religious Polemic, Apollinaris the Apologist
Destruction of the Jewish Community of Nehardea
Date: 259
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jewish community of Nehardea is destroyed.
Tags: Sasanian Empire, Babylonian Jewry, Nehardea, Community Destruction, Violence
Synod of Elvira Bans Jewish-Christian Relations
Date: 306
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Synod of Elvira bans intermarriage and sexual intercourse between Christians and Jews and forbids Jews and Christians from eating together.
Tags: Early Christianity, Synod of Elvira, Intermarriage, Social Exclusion, Religious Laws, Segregation
Constantine's Laws Regarding Jews
Date: 315
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Constantine I enacts various laws regarding the Jews: Jews are not allowed to own Christian slaves or to circumcise their slaves. Conversion of Christians to Judaism is outlawed. Congregations for religious services are restricted, but Jews are also allowed to enter the restituted Jerusalem on the anniversary of the Temple's destruction.
Tags: Roman Empire, Constantine I, Legal Restrictions, Conversion, Religious Law, Slavery, Jewish Community
Jews Expelled and Banned from Jerusalem
Date: 325
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled and banned from Jerusalem.
Tags: Roman Empire, Jerusalem, Expulsion, Religious Persecution, Christianity, Jewish Community
First Council of Nicaea and Separation of Easter from Passover
Date: 325
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea. The Christian Church separates the calculation of the date of Easter from the Jewish Passover: "It was ... declared improper to follow the custom of the Jews in the celebration of this holy festival, because, their hands having been stained with crime, the minds of these wretched men are necessarily blinded.... Let us, then, have nothing in common with the Jews, who are our adversaries. ... avoiding all contact with that evil way. ... who, after having compassed the death of the Lord, being out of their minds, are guided not by sound reason, but by an unrestrained passion, wherever their innate madness carries them. ... a people so utterly depraved. ... Therefore, this irregularity must be corrected, in order that we may no more have any thing in common with those parricides and the murderers of our Lord. ... no single point in common with the perjury of the Jews."
Tags: Early Christianity, Council of Nicaea, Easter, Passover, Religious Separation, Anti-Judaism, Theology, Deicide
Rabbah bar Nahmani's Forced Flight and Death
Date: 330
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Rabbah bar Nahmani is forced to flee to the forest where he dies.
Tags: Talmudic Period, Rabbis, Persecution, Sasanian Empire, Religious Leaders, Flight, Death
Intermarriage Between Christians and Jews Banned
Date: 339
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Intermarriage between Christians and Jews is banned in the Roman Empire, declaring the punishment death.
Tags: Roman Empire, Legislation, Intermarriage, Christianity, Religious Law, Social Control, Discrimination
Book Burning of Jewish Texts in Persia
Date: 351
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Book burning of Jewish texts in Persia.
Tags: Sasanian Empire, Book Burning, Jewish Texts, Religious Persecution, Violence, Cultural Destruction, Religious Intolerance
Jewish Revolt Against Constantius Gallus and Resulting Violence
Date: 351
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus. Jews rise up against the corrupt rule of Gallus. Many towns are destroyed, thousands are killed.
Tags: Roman Empire, Jewish Revolt, Violence, Massacre, Persecution, Religious Conflict, Rebellion, Constantius Gallus
Law Regarding Christian Conversion to Judaism
Date: 353
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Constantius II institutes a law stating that any Christian who converts to Judaism will have their property confiscated.
Tags: Roman Empire, Legislation, Conversion, Christianity, Property Confiscation, Religious Discrimination, Social Control
St. Gregory of Nyssa's Antisemitic Rhetoric
Date: 380
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
St. Gregory of Nyssa calls Jews "murders of the Lord, assassins of the prophets, rebels and detesters of God, companions of the devils, a race of vipers."
Tags: Christianity, Ideology, Antisemitism, Religious Rhetoric, Hate Speech, Theology, St. Gregory of Nyssa
John Chrysostom's Adversus Judaeos Homilies
Date: 386
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
John Chrysostom of Antioch writes eight homilies called Adversus Judaeos (lit: Against the Judaizers). See also: Christianity and antisemitism.
Tags: Christianity, Ideology, Antisemitism, Religious Rhetoric, Hate Speech, Homilies, John Chrysostom
Synagogue Burning in Callinicum and Imperial Response
Date: 388
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
1 August: A Christian mob incited by the local bishop plunders and burns down a synagogue in Callinicum. Theodosius I orders that those responsible be punished, and the synagogue is rebuilt at the Christians' expense. Ambrose of Milan insists in his letter that the whole case be dropped. He interrupts the liturgy in the emperor's presence with an ultimatum that he will not continue until the case is dropped. Theodosius complies.
Tags: Roman Empire, Synagogue, Burning, Violence, Religious Conflict, Ambrose of Milan, Theodosius I
Honorius Declares Judaism 'Superstitio Indigna' and Confiscates Synagogue Funds
Date: 399
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Western Roman Emperor Honorius calls Judaism superstitio indigna (unworthy superstition) and confiscates gold and silver collected by the synagogues for Jerusalem.
Tags: Roman Empire, Legislation, Religious Discrimination, Confiscation, Judaism, Honorius
Roman Laws Prohibit Mocking Christianity in Jewish Rituals
Date: 408
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Roman laws pass which prohibit Jews from setting fire to Haman, stating that they are mocking Christianity.
Tags: Roman Empire, Legislation, Religious Law, Purim, Christianity, Social Control, Religious Practices
Jewish Expulsion and Violence in Alexandria
Date: 415
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A Jewish uprising in Alexandria claims the lives of many Christians. Bishop Cyril forces his way into the synagogue, expels the Jews (some authors estimate the numbers of Jews expelled up to 100 thousand) and gives their property to the mob. Later, near Antioch, Jews are accused of ritual murder during Purim. Christians confiscate the synagogue. Jews call it "415 C.E. Alexandria Expulsion".
Tags: Alexandria, Expulsion, Violence, Riots, Christianity, Cyril of Alexandria, Pogrom
Imperial Ban on New Synagogues and Jewish Conversions
Date: 415
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
An edict issued by the Emperors Honorius and Theodosius II ban building new Synagogues and converting non-Jews to Judaism.
Tags: Roman Empire, Legislation, Synagogues, Conversion, Religious Discrimination, Building Restrictions, Honorius, Theodosius II
Forced Conversions and Synagogue Burning in Menorca
Date: 418
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The first record of Jews being forced to convert or face expulsion. Bishop Severus of Menorca, claimed to have forced 540 Jews to accept Christianity upon conquering the island. The synagogue in Magona, now Port Mahon the capital of Menorca, is burned.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Violence, Menorca, Christianity, Synagogue Burning, Religious Persecution, Bishop Severus
Monk Barsauma's Destruction of Synagogues in Palestine
Date: 419
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The monk Barsauma (not to be confused with the famous Bishop of Nisibis) gathers a group of followers and for the next three years, he destroys synagogues throughout the province of Palestine.
Tags: Violence, Synagogue Destruction, Religious Conflict, Palestine, Monk Barsauma, Religious Persecution, Vandalism
Execution of Gamaliel VI and End of the Jewish Patriarchate
Date: 425
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The final nasi of the ancient Sanhedrin Gamliel VI is executed by the Roman Empire. This subsequently ended the Jewish patriarchate.
Tags: Jewish Patriarchate, Roman Empire, Political Persecution, Gamaliel VI, Sanhedrin, Leadership, End of an Era
Theodosius II Seizes Jewish School Funds
Date: 429
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The East Roman Emperor Theodosius II orders that all funds raised by Jews to support their schools be turned over to his treasury.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Taxation, Education, Religious Persecution, Eastern Roman Empire, Theodosius II
Monks Attack Jews in Jerusalem
Date: 438
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Theodosius II's wife visits Jerusalem, and arranges for Jews to visit and pray at the ruins of the Temple Mount. This leads to Jews emigrating to Jerusalem, where some are killed after being stabbed and stoned by local monks. At the trial for the deaths the monks claimed that the stones fell from heaven and thus they were acquitted.
Tags: Jerusalem, Religious Violence, Byzantine Empire, Temple Mount, Christianity, Holy Land, Pilgrimage
Theodosian Code Restricts Jewish Rights
Date: 439
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Codex Theodosianus, the first imperial compilation of laws. Jews are prohibited from holding important positions involving money, including judicial and executive offices. The ban against building new synagogues is reinstated. The anti-Jewish statutes also apply to the Samaritans. The Code is also accepted by Western Roman Emperor, Valentinian III.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Roman Law, Codex Theodosianus, Legal Discrimination, Samaritans, Civil Rights, Western Roman Empire
Yazdegerd II Orders Execution of Jewish Leaders
Date: 451
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Sassanid ruler Yazdegerd II of Persia's decree abolishes the Sabbath and orders executions of Jewish leaders, including the Exilarch Mar Nuna.
Tags: Sasanian Empire, Persecution, Exilarch, Religious Violence, Execution, Judaism
Council of Vannes Prohibits Clergy from Jewish Feasts
Date: 465
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Council of Vannes, Gaul prohibited the Christian clergy from participating in Jewish feasts.
Tags: Christianity, Council of Vannes, Religious Law, Social Exclusion, Clergy, Gaul
Massacre of Jews in Isfahan and Forced Conversions
Date: 469
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Half of the Jewish population of Isfahan is put to death and their children are brought up as 'fire-worshippers' over the alleged killing of two Magi Priests.
Tags: Sasanian Empire, Forced Conversion, Massacre, Isfahan, Religious Violence, Magi Priests
Exilarch Huna V Executed in Persia
Date: 470
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Exilarch Huna V is executed as a result of persecution under King Peroz (Firuz) of Persia.
Tags: Sasanian Empire, Exilarch, Execution, Persecution, Religious Persecution
Exilarch Mar-Zutra II Crucified in Babylon
Date: 502
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
After the Jews of Babylon revolt and gain a short period of independence, the Persian King Kobad crucifies the Exilarch Mar-Zutra II on the bridge of Mahoza.
Tags: Babylon, Exilarch, Crucifixion, Revolt, Persia, Religious Violence
Synagogue of Daphne Destroyed and Inhabitants Massacred
Date: 506
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Synagogue of Daphne is destroyed and its inhabitants are massacred by a Christian mob celebrating the result of a chariot race.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Pogrom, Religious Violence, Synagogue, Daphne, Mob Violence
Council of Epaone Bans Christians from Jewish Feasts
Date: 517
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Christians are banned from participating in Jewish feasts as a result of the Council of Epaone.
Tags: Council of Epaone, Religious Law, Social Exclusion, Christianity, Feasts, Religious Practices
Synagogues Rebuilt in Ravenna After Mob Violence
Date: 519
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Ravenna, Italy. After the local synagogues were burned down by the local mob, the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great orders the town to rebuild them at its own expense.
Tags: Ostrogothic Kingdom, Synagogue, Rebuilding, Mob Violence, Theodoric the Great
Justinian's Laws Restrict Jewish Rights
Date: 529
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Byzantine Emperor Justinian the Great publishes Corpus Juris Civilis. New laws restrict citizenship to Christians. These regulations determined the status of Jews throughout the Empire for hundreds of years: Jewish civil rights restricted: "they shall enjoy no honors". The principle of Servitus Judaeorum (Servitude of the Jews) is established: the Jews cannot testify against Christians. The emperor becomes an arbiter in internal Jewish matters. The use of the Hebrew language in worship is forbidden. Shema Yisrael ("Hear, O Israel, the Lord is one"), sometimes considered the most important prayer in Judaism, is banned as a denial of the Trinity. Some Jewish communities are converted by force, their synagogues turned into churches.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Justinian I, Corpus Juris Civilis, Servitus Judaeorum, Legal Discrimination, Religious Persecution, Shema Yisrael
Justinian Censorship of Jewish Liturgy
Date: 531
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Emperor Justinian rules that Jews cannot testify against Christians. Jewish liturgy is censored for being "anti-trinitarian."
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Justinian I, Liturgy, Censorship, Religious Persecution, Anti-Trinitarian
Justinian Orders Synagogue Closure in Borion
Date: 535
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Synagogue of Borion is closed and all Jewish practices are prohibited by order of Justinian.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Justinian I, Synagogue, Closure, Religious Persecution, Borion
Council of Clermont Bans Jews from Public Office
Date: 535
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The First Council of Clermont prohibits Jews from holding public office.
Tags: Council of Clermont, Public Office, Social Exclusion, Religious Law, Christianity
Third Council of Orléans: Restrictions on Jewish Employment and Public Appearance
Date: 538
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Third Council of Orléans forbids Jews to employ Christian servants or possess Christian slaves. Jews are prohibited from appearing in the streets during Passion Week: "their appearance is an insult to Christianity". The Merovingian king Childebert approves the measure.
Tags: Early Middle Ages, Church Councils, Merovingian Dynasty, Religious Law, Discrimination, Christianity, Legal Restrictions, Jewish-Christian Relations
Massacre of Jews and Samaritans in Caesarea
Date: 547
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jews and Samaritans in the Caesaria are massacred after a failed revolt.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Revolts, Violence, Persecution, Jewish Communities, Caesarea, Religious Conflict, Roman Empire, Palestinian History
Bishop Avitus of Clermont Orders Jews to Convert or Leave
Date: 576
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
In Clermont, Gaul, Bishop Avitus offers Jews a choice: accept Christianity or leave Clermont. Most emigrate to Marseilles.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Religious Persecution, Exile, Clermont, Gaul, Bishop Avitus, Jewish Communities, Early Middle Ages
Merovingians Order Baptism for All Jews
Date: 582
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Merovingians order that all Jews of the kingdom are to be baptized.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Merovingian Dynasty, Religious Law, Baptism, Christianity, Religious Persecution, Early Middle Ages, Legal Coercion, Jewish-Christian Relations
Council of Narbonne Bans Jewish Burial Practices; Council of Toledo Restricts Jewish Rights
Date: 589
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Council of Narbonne, Septimania, forbids Jews from chanting psalms while burying their dead. Anyone violating this law is fined 6 ounces of gold. The third Council of Toledo, held under Visigothic King Reccared, bans Jews from slave ownership and holding positions of authority, and reiterates the mutual ban on intermarriage. Reccared also rules children out of such marriages to be raised as Christians.
Tags: Church Councils, Visigothic Kingdom, Religious Law, Discrimination, Intermarriage, Slave Ownership, Jewish Burial, Legal Restrictions, Early Middle Ages
Execution of Exilarch Haninai
Date: 590
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Exilarch Haninai is executed by Khosrau II for supporting Mihrevandak. This halted all forms of Jewish self-governance for over 50 years.
Tags: Exilarch, Sasanian Empire, Jewish Leadership, Persecution, Jewish Autonomy, Political Intrigue, Babylonian Jewry, Exile, Jewish History
Punishment of the Jewish Population of Antioch
Date: 592
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The entire Jewish population of Antioch is punished because a Jew violated a law.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Collective Punishment, Antioch, Jewish Communities, Religious Persecution, Legal Actions, Discrimination, Early Middle Ages
Bishop Victor Seizes Synagogues in Palermo; Pope Gregory I Issues Sicut Iudaeis
Date: 598
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Bishop Victor of Palermo seizes the local synagogues and repurposes them into churches. In response, Pope Gregory I issues a letter of papal promise of protection for the Jews, the Sicut Iudaeis, which sets out the papal policy and will be later re-issued by various of his successors.
Tags: Papal Bull, Sicut Iudaeis, Pope Gregory I, Palermo, Synagogues, Religious Tolerance, Jewish-Christian Relations, Papal Policy, Protection of Jews
Massacres of Jews in the Byzantine Empire
Date: 608
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Massacres of Jews all across the Byzantine Empire.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Pogroms, Massacres, Violence, Religious Conflict, Persecution, Anti-Jewish Violence, Early Middle Ages
King Sisebur Bans Judaism in Hispania
Date: 610
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
After many of his anti-Jewish edicts were ignored, King Sisebur prohibits Judaism in Hispania and Septimania. Those not baptized fled. This was the first incidence where a prohibition of Judaism affected an entire country.
Tags: Visigothic Kingdom, Forced Conversion, Religious Law, Expulsion, Hispania, King Sisebur, Religious Persecution, Legal Discrimination, Judaism
Fifth Council of Paris: Jews in Public Office Must Convert
Date: 614
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Fifth Council of Paris decrees that all Jews holding military or civil positions must accept baptism, together with their families.
Tags: Church Councils, Forced Conversion, Public Office, Discrimination, Religious Law, Legal Restrictions, Early Middle Ages, Jewish-Christian Relations
Jewish Revolt Against Heraclius
Date: 614
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jewish revolt against Heraclius. The last serious attempt to gain Jewish autonomy in the Land of Israel prior to modern times.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Revolt, Jewish Autonomy, Heraclius, Jewish Resistance, Land of Israel, Military Conflict, Byzantine-Jewish Relations
Earliest Referral to the Juramentum Judaeorum (Jewish Oath)
Date: 615
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Italy. The earliest referral to the Juramentum Judaeorum (the Jewish Oath): the concept that no heretic could be believed in court against a Christian. The oath became standardized throughout Europe in 1555.
Tags: Juramentum Judaeorum, Jewish Oath, Legal Discrimination, Religious Prejudice, Medieval Europe, Anti-Jewish Stereotypes, Legal System, Discrimination
Persians Forbid Jewish Settlement Near Jerusalem
Date: 617
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
After breaking their promise of Jewish autonomy in Jerusalem, the Persians forbid Jews from settling within three miles of the city.
Tags: Persian Empire, Jerusalem, Exile, Jewish Settlement, Religious Conflict, Political Restrictions, Land of Israel, Jewish History
Council of Clichy: Converts to Public Office
Date: 626
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Council of Clichy declared that any Jew who accepts public office must convert.
Tags: Council of Clichy, Forced Conversion, Public Office, Discrimination, Religious Law, Early Middle Ages, Legal Restrictions, Jewish-Christian Relations
Massacre of Banu Qurayza
Date: 627
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Between 600 and 900 Jewish male captives including any boys showing signs of puberty are beheaded by Muslims on Muhammed's orders, many in front of their families, and the rest of the Jews are taken or sold into slavery in the Massacre of Banu Qurayza.
Tags: Early Islam, Muhammad, Massacre, Slavery, Arabia, Military Conflict, Jihad, Religious Violence, Tribal Warfare, 600s
Battle of Khaybar and Safiyya's Enslavement
Date: 628
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
93 Jews are killed in the Battle of Khaybar. Among others, the 17-year-old Jew Safiyya bint Huyayy is enslaved by Muslims, bought by Muhammed to his bed on the very night of the day when her husband was tortured and beheaded and her family is slaughtered, and later manumitted and married to him.
Tags: Early Islam, Muhammad, Enslavement, War, Arabia, Military Conflict, Religious Violence, Khaybar, 600s, Forced Conversion
Massacre of Jews in Jerusalem
Date: 629
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Byzantine Emperor Heraclius with his army marches into Jerusalem. Jewish inhabitants support him after his promise of amnesty. Upon his entry into Jerusalem the local priests convince him that killing Jews is a good deed. The only Jews that survived were the ones who fled to Egypt or the mountains.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Jerusalem, Religious Violence, Heraclius, Pogrom, 600s, Forced Conversion, Jewish History, Martyrdom, Persecution
Unknown Event
Date: 629
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Forced Baptisms under Heraclius
Date: 632
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The first case of officially sanctioned forced baptism. Emperor Heraclius violates the Codex Theodosianus, which protected them from forced conversions.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Forced Conversion, Heraclius, Christianity, Legislation, Religious Persecution, 600s, Codex Theodosianus, Conversion, Religious Law
Jizya Imposed in the Levant
Date: 634
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Jews living in the Levant are forced to pay the Jizya as a result of the Arab-Islamic Conquest of the Levant
Tags: Jizya, Arab-Islamic Conquest, Levant, Taxation, Religious Law, Dhimmi, Islamic Rule, 600s, Economic Discrimination, Islamic Empire
Expulsion of Jews from Arabia
Date: 640
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled by Caliph Umar from Arabia.
Tags: Expulsion, Arabia, Caliph Umar, Islamic Rule, 600s, Forced Migration, Persecution, Dhimmi, Religious Persecution, Early Islam
Jizya Imposed in North Africa
Date: 642
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Jizya is imposed on the native Jews of Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan.
Tags: Jizya, North Africa, Islamic Rule, Taxation, Religious Law, Dhimmi, Economic Discrimination, 600s, Islamic Conquest, Persecution
Forced Conversions or Expulsion in Toledo
Date: 653
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Jews of Toledo are forced to convert or be expelled.
Tags: Visigoths, Toledo, Forced Conversion, Expulsion, Religious Persecution, Conversion, 7th Century, Spain, Religious Violence, Persecution
Burning of the Talmud and Jewish Books in Toledo
Date: 681
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Twelfth Council of Toledo enacts antisemitic laws including the burning of the Talmud and Jewish books.
Tags: Visigoths, Toledo, Burning of Books, Talmud, Religious Law, 7th Century, Spain, Antisemitism, Censorship, Persecution
Erwig's Anti-Jewish Laws
Date: 682
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Visigothic king Erwig begins his reign by enacting 28 anti-Jewish laws. He presses for the "utter extirpation of the pest of the Jews" and decrees that all converts must be registered by a parish priest, who must issue travel permits. All holidays, Christian and Jewish, must be spent in the presence of a priest to ensure piety and to prevent the backsliding.
Tags: Visigoths, Erwig, Anti-Jewish Laws, Legislation, Religious Persecution, 7th Century, Spain, Forced Conversion, Social Control, Religious Discrimination
Quinisext Council's Antisemitic Decrees
Date: 692
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Quinisext Council in Constantinople forbids Christians on pain of excommunication to bathe in public baths with Jews, employ a Jewish doctor or socialize with Jews.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Quinisext Council, Antisemitism, Religious Law, Social Exclusion, 7th Century, Religious Discrimination, Council of Trullo, Segregation, Persecution
17th Council of Toledo: Confiscations and Child Abduction
Date: 694
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
17th Council of Toledo. King Ergica believes rumors that the Jews had conspired to ally themselves with the Islamic invaders and forces Jews to give all land, slaves and buildings bought from Christians, to his treasury. He declares that all Jewish children over the age of seven should be taken from their homes and raised as Christians.
Tags: Visigoths, Toledo, Child Abduction, Confiscation, Religious Persecution, Forced Conversion, 7th Century, Spain, Ergica, Legislation
Possible Date of the Pact of Umar
Date: 717
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Possible date for the Pact of Umar, a document that specified severe restrictions on Jews and Christians (dhimmi) living under Islamic rule. However, academic historians believe that this document was actually compiled at a much later date.
Tags: Pact of Umar, Dhimmi, Islamic Rule, Religious Law, 7th Century, 8th Century, Islamic Law, Persecution, Social Control, Restrictions
Jewish Worship Banned on the Temple Mount
Date: 720
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Caliph Omar II bans Jewish worship on the Temple Mount.
Tags: Temple Mount, Caliph Omar II, Religious Persecution, Islamic Rule, Jerusalem, 700s, Jewish History, Restrictions, Religious Discrimination, Banning
Byzantine Jews Forced to Convert
Date: 722
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Byzantine emperor Leo III forcibly converts all Jews and Montanists in the empire into mainstream Byzantine Christianity.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Byzantine Empire, Religious Persecution, Eastern Christianity, Anti-Judaism, Leo III, Early Middle Ages, Religious Law
Ban on Christians Eating with Jews in York
Date: 740
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
First Archbishop of York Ecgbert bans Christians from eating with Jews.
Tags: Social Segregation, Dietary Laws, Christianity, Archbishop Ecgbert, Early Middle Ages, Cultural Conflict, Religious Discrimination
Empress Irena Condemns Forced Conversions
Date: 787
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Empress Irena decries the practice of forced conversion against Jews.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Religious Tolerance, Forced Conversion, Byzantine Politics, Irena, Early Middle Ages, Religious Persecution
Idriss I Attacks Jewish Communities in North Africa
Date: 788
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Idriss I attacks Jewish communities, imposes high per capita taxes, and forces them to provide annual virgins for his harem for refusing to attack other Jewish communities. According to Maghrebi tradition, the Jewish tribe Ubaid Allah left and settled in Djerba.
Tags: Violence, North Africa, Islamic World, Taxation, Religious Persecution, Idriss I, Early Islamic Period
Jews Forced to Wear Yellow Belts in Abbasid Caliphate
Date: 807
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid orders all Jews in the Caliphate to wear a yellow belt, with Christians to wear a blue one.
Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Dhimmi, Religious Discrimination, Clothing Laws, Social Segregation, Harun al-Rashid, Early Islamic Period
Agobard of Lyons Demands Segregation of Christians and Jews
Date: 820
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Agobard, Archbishop of Lyons, declares in his essays that Jews are accursed and demands a complete segregation of Christians and Jews. In 826 he issues a series of pamphlets to convince Emperor Louis the Pious to attack "Jewish insolence", but fails to convince the Emperor.
Tags: Anti-Judaism, Religious Doctrine, Christian Theology, Agobard of Lyons, Early Middle Ages, Segregation, Ideology
Dhimmi Forced to Wear Distinctive Garments
Date: 850
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Caliph Al-Mutawakkil decrees that Dhimmi — Jews and Christians — wear the zunnar, honey-coloured outer garments and badge-like patches on their servants' clothing to distinguish them from Muslims. Further, their places of worship are to be destroyed with demonic effigies nailed to the door and they are to be allowed little involvement in government or official matters.
Tags: Dhimmi, Islamic Law, Social Discrimination, Clothing Laws, Religious Persecution, Caliph Al-Mutawakkil, Early Islamic Period
Jewish Cemeteries Flattened in Egypt
Date: 870
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Ahmad ibn Tulun flattens Jewish cemeteries and replaces them with Muslim tombs.
Tags: Cemetery Desecration, Ahmad ibn Tulun, Islamic World, Early Islamic Period, Cultural Destruction
Basil I Orders Forced Baptism of Jews
Date: 874
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Basil I decrees that all Byzantine Jews are to be baptized, by force if necessary.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Byzantine Empire, Religious Persecution, Eastern Christianity, Anti-Judaism, Basil I, Early Middle Ages, Religious Law
Massacre of Foreign Merchants in Guangzhou
Date: 878
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Around 120,000–200,000 foreign merchants (including Jews, Muslim Arabs, Muslim Persians, Zoroastrian Persians, and Christians) are slaughtered in Guangzhou, China.
Tags: Guangzhou, Massacre, Foreign Merchants, Trade, Violence, Tang Dynasty
Jews Excluded from Civil and Military Positions
Date: 884
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Basil I reinforces law that prohibits Jews from holding any civil or military position in Epanagoge.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Discrimination, Exclusion, Civil Service, Military, Epanagoge, Basil I, Social Exclusion
Church Council Forbids Eating with Jews
Date: 888
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Church council in Metz forbids Christians and Jews from eating together.
Tags: Social Segregation, Dietary Laws, Christianity, Church Council, Early Middle Ages, Cultural Conflict, Religious Discrimination
Jews and Christians Forced to Wear Distinctive Patches
Date: 888
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Aghlabids issue decrees according to which Jews and Christians are to wear a patch (ruq'a) of white fabric on their shoulder of their outer garment, with the patch for Jews depicting an ape and that for the Christians depicting a pig.
Tags: Clothing Laws, Dhimmi, Social Segregation, Religious Discrimination, Islamic World, Aghlabids, Early Islamic Period
Jewish Community of Oria Raided
Date: 925
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jews of Oria are raided by a Muslim mob during a series of attacks on Italy. At least ten rabbinical leaders and many more are taken as captives. Among those captured is 12-year-old Shabbethai Donnolo , who would go on later to be a famous physician and astronomer.
Tags: Oria, Raid, Captivity, Shabbethai Donnolo, Early Middle Ages, Violence, Jewish Community
Jews Temporarily Expelled from Verona
Date: 931
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Bishop Ratherius of Verona begs the town elders to expel the Jews from the city until they agree to temporarily expel them.
Tags: Expulsion, Verona, Ratherius of Verona, Early Middle Ages, Religious Persecution, Jewish Community
Byzantine Decree of Forced Conversion
Date: 931
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Romanos I Lekapenos decreed that all Jews should be forced to convert and subjugated if they refuse. This leads to the death of hundreds of Jews and the destruction of numerous synagogues.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Forced Conversion, Religious Persecution, Antisemitism, Romanos I Lekapenos, Jewish Communities, Persecution, Eastern Roman Empire
Mob Violence in Bari
Date: 932
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jewish quarter of Bari, Italy is destroyed by a mob and a number of Jews are killed.
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, Jewish Quarter, Italy, Mob Violence, Antisemitism, Jewish Communities
Byzantine Jews Flee to Khazaria
Date: 943
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Byzantine Jews from all over the Empire flee from persecution into Khazaria. The King of Khazaria at the time, who was Jewish, subsequently cut ties with the Byzantine Empire.
Tags: Byzantine Empire, Khazaria, Migration, Persecution, Religious Freedom, Jewish Kingdom, Political Conflict, Antisemitism
Venetian Ban on Jewish Vessels
Date: 945
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Venice bans Jews from using Venetian vessels.
Tags: Venice, Trade, Economic Discrimination, Legislation, Restrictions, Antisemitism, Maritime Trade
Expulsion of Jews from Sparta
Date: 985
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Entire Jewish population of Sparta is expelled after Nikon the Metanoeite says it will rid the city of a plague.
Tags: Sparta, Expulsion, Plague, Religious Belief, Superstition, Antisemitism, Religious Persecution
Jewish Massacre in Barcelona
Date: 985
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A number of Jewish residents in Barcelona are killed by the Muslim leader Almanzor. All Jewish owned land is handed over to the Count of Barcelona.
Tags: Massacre, Barcelona, Muslim Rule, Jewish Land, Antisemitism, Religious Conflict, Violence
Restrictions Against Jews in the Fatimid Empire
Date: 1008
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ("the Mad") issues severe restrictions against Jews in the Fatimid Empire. All Jews are forced to wear a heavy wooden "golden calf" around their necks. Christians had to wear a large wooden cross and members of both groups had to wear black hats.
Tags: Fatimid Empire, Religious Discrimination, Clothing Laws, Social Exclusion, Caliph Al-Hakim, Antisemitism, Persecution
Destruction of Synagogues and Jewish Artifacts
Date: 1009
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah orders the destruction of synagogues, Torah scrolls and Jewish artifacts among other non-Muslim buildings.
Tags: Fatimid Empire, Synagogue Destruction, Religious Vandalism, Jewish Artifacts, Caliph Al-Hakim, Antisemitism, Violence, Persecution
Jews in Limoges Face Baptism or Exile
Date: 1010
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Jews of Limoges are given the choice of baptism or exile.
Tags: Limoges, Forced Conversion, Exile, Religious Persecution, Antisemitism, Baptism, Jewish Communities
Baghdad Manifesto Accusations
Date: 1011
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Abbasid Caliph Al-Qadir publishes the Baghdad Manifesto, which accuses the Fatimids of being descended from Jews, instead of being "family of the prophet."
Tags: Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad Manifesto, Genealogy, Religious Propaganda, Political Intrigue, Antisemitism, Fatimid Dynasty
Attack on a Jewish Funeral Procession
Date: 1011
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A Muslim mob attacks a Jewish funeral procession, resulting in the arrest of 23 Jews.
Tags: Funeral, Violence, Jewish Community, Abbasid Caliphate, Arrests, Antisemitism, Religious Conflict
Pogrom in Córdoba
Date: 1011
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Pogrom against Sephardic Jews in Córdoba by a Muslim mob.
Tags: Córdoba, Pogrom, Muslim Mob, Violence, Jewish Community, Al-Andalus, Antisemitism
Jews Expelled from Mainz
Date: 1012
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
One of the first known persecutions of Jews in Germany: Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor expels Jews from Mainz.
Tags: Mainz, Expulsion, Holy Roman Empire, Henry II, Antisemitism, Jewish Communities
Massacre in Córdoba
Date: 1013
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
During the fall of the city, Sulayman's troops looted Córdoba and massacred citizens of the city, including many Jews. Prominent Jews in Córdoba, such as Samuel ibn Naghrela were forced to flee to the city in 1013.
Tags: Córdoba, Massacre, Political Instability, Jewish Leadership, Samuel ibn Naghrela, Violence, Antisemitism
Jews of Kairouan Forced to Convert or Leave
Date: 1016
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Jewish community of Kairouan, Tunisia is forced to choose between conversion and expulsion.
Tags: Kairouan, Conversion, Exile, Jewish Community, Religious Persecution, Antisemitism, Expulsion
Roman Jews Burned at the Stake After Earthquake Blamed on Them
Date: 1021
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A violent earthquake occurs, which some Greeks maintain is caused by a desecration of Jesus by the Jews. For this a number of Roman Jews are burnt at the stake.
Tags: Earthquake, Blame, Persecution, Religious Violence, Italy, Early Middle Ages
Raoul Glaber Blames Jews for Destruction of Holy Sepulchre
Date: 1026
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Probable date of the chronicle of Raoul Glaber. The French chronicler blamed the Jews for the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which was destroyed in 1009 by Islamic Caliph Al-Hakim. As a result, Jews were expelled from Limoges and other French towns.
Tags: Chronicler, Blame, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Expulsion, France, Early Middle Ages
Fez Massacre: 6,000 Jews Killed
Date: 1033
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Temim ibn Ziri conquers Fez, Morocco and decimates the Jewish community, massacring 6,000 Jews during the Fez massacre.
Tags: Massacre, Morocco, Fez, Islamic World, North Africa, Early Middle Ages
Sixty Jews Killed in Castrojeriz Revolt
Date: 1035
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Sixty Jews are put to death in Castrojeriz during a revolt, because the Jews were considered "property" of the kingdom by the locals.
Tags: Revolt, Spain, Castrojeriz, Jewish Property, Early Middle Ages
Jewish Vizier Murdered in Muslim Mob Attack
Date: 1039
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
A Muslim mob raids the palace of the Jewish vizier and kills him after the ruler al-Mondhir is assassinated.
Tags: Assassination, Vizier, Mob Violence, Islamic World, Iran, Early Middle Ages
Exilarch Hezekiah Gaon Tortured and Killed
Date: 1040
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Exilarch Hezekiah Gaon is imprisoned and tortured to death by the Buyyids. The death of Hezekiah ended the line of the Geonim, which had begun four centuries earlier.
Tags: Exilarch, Buyyids, Geonim, Imprisonment, Iraq, Early Middle Ages
Council of Narbonne Forbids Christians in Jewish Homes
Date: 1050
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Council of Narbonne, France forbids Christians to live in Jewish homes.
Tags: Council, Segregation, Housing, France, Early Middle Ages
Granada Massacre: Jewish Community Massacred
Date: 1066
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Granada massacre: Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred most of the Jewish population of the city. "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day."
Tags: Massacre, Granada, Spain, Islamic Spain, Al-Andalus, Middle Ages
Jerusalem Falls to Seljuk Turks, Restrictions on Jews Increase
Date: 1071
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Jerusalem falls to the Seljuk Turks, many synagogues are destroyed and life for Jews in Jerusalem becomes much more restricted.
Tags: Jerusalem, Seljuk Turks, Restrictions, Islamic World, Middle Ages
Council of Girona: Jews Required to Pay Taxes for Church Support
Date: 1078
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Council of Girona decrees Jews to pay taxes for support of the Catholic Church to the same extent as Christians.
Tags: Taxation, Church, Spain, Girona, Middle Ages, Religious Law
Granada Jewish Community Attacked by Almoravides
Date: 1090
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jewish community of Granada, which had recovered after the attacks of 1066, attacked again at the hands of the Almoravides led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, bringing the golden age of Jewish culture in Spain to end.
Tags: Granada, Almoravides, Spain, Islamic Spain, Golden Age, Middle Ages
Synod of Szabolcs: Jews Forbidden to Work on Sunday and Marry Christians
Date: 1092
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Synod of Szabolcs prohibits Jews from working on Sunday or marrying Christians.
Tags: Synod, Sunday work, Marriage restrictions, Hungary, Middle Ages, Religious Law
First Crusade: Massacres of Jews in Rhineland
Date: 1096
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The First Crusade. Three hosts of crusaders pass through several Central European cities. The third, unofficial host, led by Count Emicho, decides to attack the Jewish communities, most notably in the Rhineland, under the slogan: "Why fight Christ's enemies abroad when they are living among us?" Eimicho's host attacks the synagogue at Speyer and kills all the defenders. 800 are killed in Worms. Another 1,200 Jews commit suicide in Mainz to escape his attempt to forcibly convert them (see German Crusade, 1096), and 600 are massacred in Mainz on 27 May. Attempts by the local bishops remained fruitless. All in all, 5,000 Jews were murdered.
Tags: Crusades, Rhineland, Massacre, Germany, France, Middle Ages
Jerusalem Falls to Crusaders, Jews Massacred
Date: 1099
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jews fight side by side with Muslim soldiers to defend Jerusalem against the Crusaders and face massacres when it falls. According to the Muslim chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi, "The Jews assembled in their synagogue, and the Franks burned it over their heads." However, a contemporary Jewish communication does not corroborate the report that Jews were actually inside of the Synagogue when it was set on fire. This letter was discovered among the Cairo Geniza collection in 1975 by historian Shelomo Dov Goitein. Historians believe that it was written just two weeks after the siege, making it "the earliest account on the conquest in any language." However, all sources agree that a synagogue was indeed burned during the siege.
Tags: Crusades, Jerusalem, Massacre, Siege, Middle East, Middle Ages
Massacre of Jews after Battle of Uclés
Date: 1108
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Many Jews are massacred and their houses and synagogues are burned following a Muslim victory at the Battle of Uclés (1108). Of those murdered is Solomon ibn Farissol, the leader of the Castile community. This incident greatly impacted the Hebrew poet Judah HaLevi, and completely shifted the focus of his poetry.
Tags: Massacre, Uclés, Spain, Battle, Middle Ages, Jewish Community
Riots and Plundering in Kiev After Sviatopolk II's Death
Date: 1113
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Upon the death of Sviatopolk II of Kiev, leader of the Kievan Rus', widespread riots and plundering of Jewish homes commenced.
Tags: Kievan Rus', Pogrom, Mob Violence, Eastern Europe, Medieval Period, Political Instability
Jewish Quarter of Kyiv Destroyed by Arson
Date: 1124
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jewish quarter of Kyiv is destroyed by arson.
Tags: Kievan Rus', Arson, Urban Violence, Medieval Period, Eastern Europe, Property Destruction
Muslim Mob Attacks Jewish Homes in Córdoba
Date: 1135
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A Muslim mob in Córdoba storms into Jewish homes, takes their possessions and kills a number of them.
Tags: Al-Andalus, Córdoba, Mob Violence, Religious Conflict, Medieval Period, Muslim World
Jews of Oxford Forced to Pay Ransom During The Anarchy
Date: 1141
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
During The Anarchy, the fight for succession between Matilde and Stephen, the Jews of Oxford are forced to pay ransom to both sides of the conflict or their houses are to be burned. Stephen burns the house of Aaron son of Isaac and threatens the rest of the community if they do not pay him.
Tags: The Anarchy, Ransom, Economic Exploitation, Medieval England, Political Instability, Protection Money
150 Jews Killed in Ham, Somme
Date: 1143
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
150 Jews are killed in Ham, Somme.
Tags: Pogrom, Massacre, Medieval Period, Northern France, Religious Violence
The William of Norwich Blood Libel Case
Date: 1144
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The case of William of Norwich, a contrived accusation of murder by Jews in Norwich, England.
Tags: Blood Libel, Norwich, False Accusation, Medieval Period, Antisemitic Trope, Religious Propaganda
Massacre of Jews in Sijilmasa After Refusing Conversion
Date: 1145
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Abd al-Mu'min gives the Jewish population of Sijilmasa the choice of converting to Islam or death. At least 150 Jews who refuse to convert are massacred.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Massacre, Almoravid Dynasty, Religious Persecution, North Africa, Islamic World
Massacres by Almohad Caliphate in Fez and Marrakesh
Date: 1146
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
100,000 Jews are massacred by the Almohad Caliphate in Fez, Morocco and 120,000 in Marrakesh.
Tags: Almohad Caliphate, Massacre, North Africa, Religious Persecution, Fez, Marrakech
Jews Expelled from al-Andalus
Date: 1147
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from al-Andalus (Muslim-ruled Iberia).
Tags: Al-Andalus, Expulsion, Forced Migration, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, Iberian Peninsula
Destruction of the Jewish Community of Lucena
Date: 1148
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The mostly-Jewish town Lucena, Córdoba is captured by the Almohad Caliphate and local Jews are given the choice of Islam or death. This was the end of the Jewish community of Lucena.
Tags: Almohad Caliphate, Lucena, Forced Conversion, Massacre, Religious Violence, Iberian Peninsula
Almohad Rule and Forced Conversions in Granada
Date: 1148
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Rule of the Almohad Caliphate in al-Andalus. Only Jews who had converted to Christianity or Islam were allowed to live in Granada. One of the refugees was Maimonides, who settled first in Fez and later in Fustat near Cairo.
Tags: Almohad Caliphate, Forced Conversion, Religious Persecution, Granada, Maimonides, Exile
Bishop William Orders End to Palm Sunday Beatings
Date: 1160
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Appalled by the annual practice of beating Jews during Palm Sunday, Bishop William issues an order which would excommunicate any priest who continues the practice.
Tags: Palm Sunday, Religious Ritual, Bishop William, Anti-Jewish Practice, Medieval Period, Religious Tolerance
Forced Conversions in Yemen
Date: 1165
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Forced mass conversions of Jews to Islam in Yemen.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Religious Persecution, Yemen, Islamic World, Mass Violence
Forced Conversions and Death in Fez
Date: 1165
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
New Almohad ruler decrees that all Jews in Fez must convert to Islam or face death. Judah ha-Kohen ibn Shushan is burnt alive for refusing and Maimonides was displaced and permanently leaves for Egypt.
Tags: Almohad Caliphate, Fez, Forced Conversion, Maimonides, Religious Persecution, Exile
The Discovery of Harold of Gloucester and the Spread of the Blood Libel
Date: 1168
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Harold of Gloucester is found floating in a river. The local Benedictine monks use the discovery to claim that "the child had been spirited away by the Jews on the 21st February for them to torture him to death on the night of 16th March". It established that the mythology created around William of Norwich's death could be used as a template for explaining later deaths.
Tags: Blood Libel, Ritual Murder, Anti-Jewish Propaganda, Medieval Period, Gloucester, Religious Myth
Jews Burned at the Stake in Blois for Blood Libel
Date: 1171
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
In Blois, France 31 Jews were burned at the stake for blood libel including Pulcelina of Blois
Tags: Blood Libel, France, Medieval Period, Religious Persecution, Pogrom, Antisemitism, Martyrdom, Blois, 12th Century
Jews Expelled from Bologna
Date: 1171
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews of Bologna are expelled for no known reason.
Tags: Expulsion, Italy, Medieval Period, Religious Persecution, Bologna, Antisemitism, 12th Century
Mieszko III of Poland Forbids Violence Against Jews
Date: 1173
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Following multiple church-inspired riots, Mieszko III of Poland forbids all kinds of violence against the Jews of Poland.
Tags: Poland, Medieval Period, Protection of Jews, Religious Tolerance, Legal Protection, Mieszko III, Antisemitism, 12th Century
Alfonso II of Aragon Defines Jews as Royal Property
Date: 1177
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Alfonso II of Aragon creates a charter which defines the status of Jews in Teruel. Jews are defined as "slaves of the king, belonging entirely to the royal treasury." The fee for killing a Jew is half of what the fee is for killing a Christian and is to be paid directly to the king (since Jews are considered property of the crown).
Tags: Spain, Medieval Period, Legal Status of Jews, Property, Taxation, Royal Decree, Alfonso II, Antisemitism, 12th Century
Third Lateran Council Restricts Jewish Rights
Date: 1179
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Third Council of the Lateran, Canon 26, forbids Jews to be plaintiffs or witnesses against Christians in the courts or withhold inheritance from descendants who had accepted Christianity.
Tags: Catholic Church, Medieval Period, Religious Law, Discrimination, Legal Restrictions, Council of the Lateran, Antisemitism, 12th Century
Jews Murdered in Boppard after Christian Girl's Death
Date: 1179
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The body of a Christian girl is found near the shore. The Jews of Boppard are blamed for her death, resulting in 13 Jews being murdered.
Tags: Blood Libel, Germany, Medieval Period, Pogrom, Religious Persecution, Antisemitism, Boppard, 12th Century
Philip II of France Imprisons and Ransoms Jews
Date: 1180
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Philip II of France, after four months in power, imprisons all the Jews in his lands and demands a ransom for their release.
Tags: France, Medieval Period, Financial Exploitation, Imprisonment, Ransom, Philip II, Antisemitism, 12th Century
Philip Augustus II Annuls Loans and Confiscates Jewish Property
Date: 1181
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Philip Augustus II annuls all loans made by Jews to Christians and takes a percentage for himself. A year later, he confiscates all Jewish property and expels the Jews from Paris.
Tags: France, Medieval Period, Financial Discrimination, Confiscation of Property, Philip Augustus II, Antisemitism, 12th Century
Assize of Arms Confiscates Weapons from English Jews
Date: 1181
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Assize of Arms of 1181 orders that all weapons held by Jews must be confiscated, claiming they have no use for them. This led to the Jewish community of England being a lot more vulnerable during anti-Jewish riots.
Tags: England, Medieval Period, Disarmament, Vulnerability, Assize of Arms, Antisemitism, 12th Century
Jews Expelled from Orléans, 99 Burned in Brie-Comte-Robert
Date: 1182
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from Orléans. 99 Jews are burned alive in Brie-Comte-Robert.
Tags: Expulsion, France, Medieval Period, Massacre, Orleans, Brie-Comte-Robert, Antisemitism, 12th Century
Elhanan, Son of Isaac ben Samuel, Murdered for Refusing Conversion
Date: 1184
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Jewish martyr Elhanan, the son of Isaac ben Samuel, is murdered for refusing to convert.
Tags: Martyrdom, Forced Conversion, Medieval Period, Religious Persecution, Individual Violence, Antisemitism, 12th Century
Saladin Tithe Discriminates Against Jews
Date: 1188
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Saladin tithe: Jews are taxed 25% of their income and personal worth, while Christians are taxed 10%.
Tags: England, Taxation, Medieval Period, Financial Discrimination, Saladin Tithe, Antisemitism, 12th Century
Frederick Barbarossa Orders Priests Not to Preach Against Jews
Date: 1189
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, orders priests not to preach against Jews.
Tags: Germany, Holy Roman Empire, Medieval Period, Religious Tolerance, Frederick Barbarossa, Antisemitism, 12th Century
Pogroms in London and England Following Richard the Lionheart's Coronation
Date: 1189
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A Jewish deputation attending coronation of Richard the Lionheart was attacked by the crowd. Pogroms in London followed and spread around England.
Tags: Pogrom, England, Medieval Period, Richard the Lionheart, Coronation, Antisemitism, 12th Century, London
Jews Slaughtered in Norwich, England
Date: 1190
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
All the Jews of Norwich, England found in their houses were slaughtered, except a few who found refuge in the castle.
Tags: Pogrom, England, Medieval Period, Slaughter, Norwich, Antisemitism, 12th Century
Massacre of Jews in St. Edmunds
Date: 1190
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
57 Jews in St. Edmunds are killed in a massacre on Palm Sunday.
Tags: Pogrom, Massacre, Middle Ages, Religious Violence, England, Anti-Judaism, Palm Sunday, Christianity
York Massacre of Jews
Date: 1190
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
500 Jews of York were massacred after a six-day siege by departing members of the Third Crusade, backed by several people indebted to Jewish money-lenders.
Tags: Pogrom, Massacre, Middle Ages, Crusades, Religious Violence, England, Anti-Judaism, Debt, York
Saladin Lifts Ban on Jews in Jerusalem
Date: 1190
Category: Other
Subcategory: Other
Saladin conquers the Kingdom of Jerusalem from the Crusaders and lifts the ban for Jews to live in Jerusalem.
Tags: Jerusalem, Saladin, Crusades, Jewish History, Middle Ages, Religious Tolerance, Ayyubid dynasty
Jews Burned at the Stake in Bray-sur-Seine
Date: 1191
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
More than 80 Jews in Bray-sur-Seine are burned at the stake after trying to execute a murderer who had killed an Israelite.
Tags: Persecution, Religious Violence, Middle Ages, France, Martyrdom, Anti-Judaism, Christianity
Murder and Mutilation of Rabbi's Daughter and Death of Rabbi Isaac bar Asher ha-Levi
Date: 1195
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
After falsely being accused of ritual murder with no evidence, the daughter of Rabbi Isaac bar Asher ha-Levi is murdered, dismembered and her body parts are hung around the market place for days. Ha-Levi was killed the following day along with 8 other Jews after trying to recover what was left of his daughter's body from the mob.
Tags: Ritual Murder Accusation, Individual Violence, Middle Ages, France, Pogrom, Anti-Judaism, Religious Violence
Christians Barred From Trading with Jews
Date: 1197
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
In an attempt to isolate the Jewish population economically, Christians were barred from buying food from Jews or having conversations with them under the threat of excommunication.
Tags: Economic Restrictions, Middle Ages, Persecution, Christianity, Social Exclusion, Anti-Judaism
Jews Readmitted to Paris & Forced Conversions in Yemen
Date: 1198
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Philip Augustus readmits Jews to Paris, only after another ransom was paid and a taxation scheme was set up to procure funds for himself. August: Saladin's nephew al-Malik, caliph of Yemen, summons all the Jews and forcibly converts them.
Tags: Taxation, Forced Conversion, Middle Ages, France, Yemen, Anti-Judaism, Economic exploitation, Slavery
Jewish Quarter Burned in Constantinople
Date: 1203
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jewish quarter of Constantinople is burned down by crusaders during the Siege of Constantinople (1203).
Tags: Crusades, Pogrom, Byzantine Empire, Religious Violence, Middle Ages, Anti-Judaism, Constantinople
Papal Decree Requiring Jewish Segregation and Distinctive Clothing
Date: 1204
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
In 1204 the papacy required Jews to segregate themselves from Christians and to wear distinctive clothing.
Tags: Segregation, Clothing Laws, Middle Ages, Papacy, Social Exclusion, Anti-Judaism, Discrimination
Jews Expelled from Spanish Villages and Towns
Date: 1205
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from villages and towns all around Spain by Muslims.
Tags: Expulsion, Middle Ages, Spain, Persecution, Religious Conflict, Anti-Judaism
Jewish Community of Halle Expelled After Violence
Date: 1206
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jewish homes are burned, looted, Israelites are killed and the remaining Jewish population of Halle is expelled.
Tags: Pogrom, Expulsion, Middle Ages, Germany, Violence, Anti-Judaism
Massacre of Béziers Inhabitants, Including Jews
Date: 1209
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Béziers is stormed and its inhabitants are massacred. Among those were 200 Jews. All Jewish children who survived, and did not flee, were forcibly baptized.
Tags: Albigensian Crusade, Massacre, Middle Ages, France, Religious Violence, Forced Conversion, Anti-Judaism
Raymond VI Forced to Implement Social Restrictions Against Jews
Date: 1209
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, humiliated and forced to swear that he would implement social restrictions against Jews.
Tags: Social Restrictions, Middle Ages, France, Persecution, Anti-Judaism, Religious Conflict
King John Imprisons Jews for Ransom
Date: 1210
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
King John of England imprisoned much of the Jewish population until they paid up 66,000 marks.
Tags: Imprisonment, Ransom, Middle Ages, England, Economic Exploitation, Anti-Judaism
Forced Conversions and Mass Murder in Toledo
Date: 1212
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Forced conversions and mass murder of the Jewish community of Toledo.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Massacre, Middle Ages, Spain, Religious Violence, Anti-Judaism
Fourth Lateran Council's Decree on Jewish Dress
Date: 1215
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Fourth Lateran Council headed by Pope Innocent III declares: "Jews and Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress." (Canon 68). See Judenhut. The Fourth Lateran Council also noted that the Jews' own law required the wearing of identifying symbols. Pope Innocent III also reiterated papal injunctions against forcible conversions, and added: "No Christian shall do the Jews any personal injury...or deprive them of their possessions...or disturb them during the celebration of their festivals...or extort money from them by threatening to exhume their dead."
Tags: Medieval Period, Catholic Church, Lateran Council, Canon Law, Jewish Identity, Clothing, Segregation, Innocent III
Imprisonment and Forced Conversions in Toulouse
Date: 1217
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
French noblewoman Alix de Montmorency imprisons the Jewish population of Toulouse for refusing to convert. She eventually released them all except for children under six, who were taken and adopted by Christians.
Tags: Medieval Period, Forced Conversion, Religious Persecution, Toulouse, Children, Alix de Montmorency
Anti-Jewish Riot and Destruction in Erfurt
Date: 1221
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
An anti-Jewish riot erupts in Erfurt, where the Jewish quarter is destroyed along with two synagogues. Around 26 Jews are killed, and others throw themselves into fire rather than be forcibly converted. Samuel of Speyer was among those martyred.
Tags: Medieval Period, Pogrom, Erfurt, Synagogue, Martyrdom, Samuel of Speyer
Council of Oxford Restricts Jewish Rights
Date: 1222
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Council of Oxford: Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton forbids Jews from building new synagogues, owning slaves or mixing with Christians.
Tags: Medieval Period, Council of Oxford, Synagogue, Economic Restrictions, Stephen Langton, Segregation
Louis VIII's Prohibition on Recording Jewish Debts
Date: 1223
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Louis VIII of France prohibits his officials from recording debts owed to Jews, reversing his father's policy of seeking such debts.
Tags: Medieval Period, Debt, Economic Persecution, Louis VIII, Financial Restrictions
Synod of Narbonne Reaffirms Anti-Semitic Decrees
Date: 1227
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Synod of Narbonne reaffirms the anti-Semitic decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council.
Tags: Medieval Period, Synod, Narbonne, Religious Law, Repetition
Raymond VII Forced to Implement Social Restrictions
Date: 1229
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, heir of Raymond VI, also forced to swear that he would implement social restrictions against Jews.
Tags: Medieval Period, Raymond VII, Social Restrictions, Toulouse, Political Pressure
Jews Banned from Jerusalem
Date: 1229
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Treaty of Jaffa is signed between Frederick II and the Sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt. Jews are once again banned from residing in Jerusalem.
Tags: Medieval Period, Jerusalem, Religious Restrictions, Treaty of Jaffa, Frederick II, Al-Kamil
Theodore Komnenos Doukas and Jewish Execution
Date: 1230
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Theodore Komnenos Doukas is defeated. Since Theodore decreed many anti-Jewish laws and seized Jewish property, he was handed over to two Jews by John Asen II to personally kill him. After having pity on him and refusing to kill Theodore, the Czar had the Jews thrown off a cliff.
Tags: Medieval Period, Byzantine Empire, Execution, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, John Asen II, Violence
Forced Mass Conversions and Killing in Marrakesh
Date: 1232
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Forced mass conversions in Marrakesh, over 1,000 Moroccan Jews are killed.
Tags: Medieval Period, Forced Conversion, Massacre, Marrakesh, Religious Persecution
Emperor Frederick II Investigates Ritual Murder Accusation
Date: 1235
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Jews of Fulda, Germany were accused of ritual murder. To investigate the blood libel, Emperor Frederick II held a special conference of Jewish converts to Christianity at which the converts were questioned about Jewish ritual practice. Letters inviting prominent individuals to the conference still survive. At the conference, the converts stated unequivocally that Jews do not harm Christian children or require blood for any rituals. In 1236 the Emperor published these findings and in 1247 Pope Innocent IV, the Emperor's enemy, also denounced accusations of the ritual murder of Christian children by Jews. In 1272, the papal repudiation of the blood libel was repeated by Pope Gregory X, who also ruled that thereafter any such testimony of a Christian against a Jew could not be accepted unless it is confirmed by another Jew. Unfortunately, these proclamations from the highest sources were not effective in altering the beliefs of the Christian majority and the libels continued.
Tags: Medieval Period, Blood Libel, Ritual Murder, False Accusation, Frederick II, Pope Innocent IV, Papal Bull
Crusaders Attack Jewish Communities and Attempt Baptisms
Date: 1236
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Crusaders attack Jewish communities of Anjou and Poitou and attempt to baptize all the Jews. Those who resisted (est. 3,000) were slaughtered.
Tags: Medieval Period, Crusades, Forced Conversion, Massacre, Anjou, Poitou
Riot in Narbonne after Jewish-Christian Confrontation
Date: 1236
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A Jew and a Christian fisherman get into a heated argument about prices, which turns physical. It ends when the Jew deals a devastating blow to the Gentile's head which leads to his death. This enrages the local Christian population, who attack the Jewish quarter of Narbonne. Don Aymeric, the governor of Narbonne prevents a massacre and restores all stolen Jewish property to their rightful owner.
Tags: Medieval Period, Narbonne, Violence, Riot, Christian-Jewish Relations, Don Aymeric
John I of Brittany Expels Jews
Date: 1240
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
John I, Duke of Brittany expels Jews from Brittany.
Tags: Medieval Period, Expulsion, Brittany, John I, Forced Removal
Disputation of Paris: Talmud on Trial
Date: 1240
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Disputation of Paris. Pope Gregory IX puts Talmud on trial on the charges that it contains blasphemy against Jesus and Mary and attacks on the Church.
Tags: Medieval Period, Disputation, Paris, Talmud, Religious Controversy, Pope Gregory IX, Blasphemy
Pogrom in Frankfurt: Judenschlacht
Date: 1241
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A pogrom against the Jews of Frankfurt takes place after conflicts over Jewish-Christian marriages and the enforced baptism of interfaith couples. 180 Jews are killed as a result and 24 agree to be baptized. This became known as the Judenschlacht (German for Slaughter of the Jews).
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, Persecution, Religious conflict, Marriage laws, Baptism, Frankfurt, Middle Ages, Anti-Jewish violence
Royal Levies Against Jewish Finances in England
Date: 1241
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
In England, first of a series of royal levies against Jewish finances, which forced the Jews to sell their debts to non-Jews at cut prices.
Tags: Finance, Taxation, Royal Authority, Economic persecution, Debts, Middle Ages, England, Discrimination, Legal discrimination
Talmud Burnings in Paris
Date: 1242
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Following a show trial, the Talmud is "convicted" of corrupting the Jews. 24 cart-loads of hand-written Talmudic manuscripts, some 10,000 volumes and comprising most of the extant volumes in France, are burned in the streets of Paris.
Tags: Religious persecution, Talmud, Book burning, Anti-Jewish sentiment, Show trial, France, Middle Ages, Ideology, Religious extremism
Conversion Sermons Ordered in Aragon
Date: 1242
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
James I of Aragon orders Jews to listen to conversion sermons and to attend churches. Friars are given power to enter synagogues uninvited.
Tags: Forced conversion, Religious persecution, Aragon, Catholic Church, Middle Ages, Spain, Coercion, Religious pressure
Host Desecration Accusation and Burning in Beelitz
Date: 1243
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The first ever accusation of Host Desecration. The entire Jewish population of Beelitz was burned at the stake after being accused of torturing Jesus and the spot it happened was named "Judenberg."
Tags: Host desecration, Blood libel, Violence, Accusation, Beelitz, Middle Ages, Germany, Persecution, Religious extremism
Blood Libel and Torture in Kitzingen
Date: 1243
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
11 Jews are tortured to death following a blood libel in Kitzingen Germany.
Tags: Blood libel, Violence, Torture, Kitzingen, Persecution, Middle Ages, Germany, Accusation, Anti-Jewish violence
Pope Orders Burning of Talmud Copies
Date: 1244
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Pope Innocent IV orders Louis IX of France to burn all Talmud copies.
Tags: Religious persecution, Talmud, Book burning, Pope Innocent IV, Louis IX, France, Middle Ages, Anti-Jewish sentiment, Ideology, Catholic Church
Expulsion of Jews from Poitiers
Date: 1249
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Alphonse of Poitiers orders the expulsion of all Jews in Poitiers.
Tags: Expulsion, Poitiers, France, Alphonse of Poitiers, Middle Ages, Persecution, Forced migration
Ritual Murder Accusation in Saragossa
Date: 1250
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Saragossa Spain: death of a choirboy Saint Dominguito del Val prompts ritual murder accusation. His sainthood was revoked in the 20th century but reportedly a chapel dedicated to him still exists in the Cathedral of Saragossa.
Tags: Ritual murder, Blood libel, Saragossa, Spain, Anti-Jewish sentiment, Middle Ages, False accusation, Religious extremism, Saint Dominguito del Val
Badge of Shame Decree in Maghreb
Date: 1250
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Hafsid caliph in the Magrheb issues a decree that Jews and Christians must wear a distinguishing badge. The so-called shikla continues to be in use for Tunisian Jews into the nineteenth century.
Tags: Badge of shame, Discrimination, Segregation, Maghreb, Tunisia, Hafsid Caliphate, Medieval, Persecution, Forced identification
Shepherds' Crusade Attacks in Northern France
Date: 1251
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Shepherds' Crusade attacks Jewish communities across northern France.
Tags: Crusade, Violence, Persecution, France, Shepherds' Crusade, Middle Ages, Religious violence, Anti-Jewish violence
Statute of Jewry Introduced in England
Date: 1253
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Henry III of England introduces harsh anti-Jewish laws. These are known as the Statute of Jewry.
Tags: Statute of Jewry, Discrimination, Legislation, England, Henry III, Middle Ages, Anti-Jewish laws, Legal discrimination
Louis IX Threatens Expulsion for Talmud Possession
Date: 1254
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Louis IX threatens any Jew who keeps a copy of the Talmud or engages in moneylending with expulsion.
Tags: Talmud, Expulsion threat, Moneylending, Louis IX, France, Middle Ages, Religious persecution, Legal restrictions, Anti-Jewish laws
Henry III Sells Rights to Jews to His Brother
Date: 1255
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Henry III of England sells his rights to the Jews (regarded as royal "chattels") to his brother Richard for 5,000 marks.
Tags: Royal Authority, Finance, Economic persecution, Chattel, Henry III, Richard, Middle Ages, England, Legal discrimination
Badge of Shame Imposed in Italy
Date: 1257
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Badge of shame is imposed locally on the Italian Jews.
Tags: Badge of shame, Discrimination, Segregation, Italy, Middle Ages, Persecution, Forced identification
Anti-Jewish Laws Implemented in the Levant
Date: 1260
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Mongols are defeated and Syria is brought under Mamluk rule. Anti-Jewish laws are once again decreed, and Jewish life becomes a lot more restricted in the Levant.
Tags: Mamluk rule, Levant, Religious discrimination, Legal restrictions, Jewish life, Middle Ages, Islamic world
Jews Banned from the 7th Step of the Cave of the Patriarchs
Date: 1260
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Jews are banned from ascending above the 7th step on the Cave of the Patriarchs. This ban would last 700 years.
Tags: Cave of the Patriarchs, Religious site, Restrictions, Physical space, Religious discrimination, Middle Ages, Islam
Thomas Aquinas's *Summa Contra Gentiles* and Jewish Conversion
Date: 1260
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Thomas Aquinas publishes Summa Contra Gentiles, a summary of Christian faith to be presented to those who reject it. The Jews who refuse to convert are regarded as "deliberately defiant" rather than "invincibly ignorant".
Tags: Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles, Christian theology, Conversion, Ideology, Middle Ages, Religious persecution
Disputation of Barcelona
Date: 1263
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Disputation of Barcelona.
Tags: Disputation, Religious debate, Judaism, Christianity, Middle Ages, Ideology, Conversion
Pope Clement IV Assigns Talmud Censorship Committee
Date: 1264
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Pope Clement IV assigns Talmud censorship committee.
Tags: Talmud, Censorship, Pope Clement IV, Christian authority, Religious texts, Ideology, Middle Ages
Massacre of Jews in London Inspired by Simon de Montfort
Date: 1264
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Simon de Montfort inspires massacre of Jews in London.
Tags: Simon de Montfort, Massacre, Pogrom, England, Middle Ages, Violence, Persecution
Abraham of Augsburg Burned at the Stake
Date: 1265
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
German-Jewish convert Abraham of Augsburg publicly assails Christianity, severs the heads of crucifix figurines and is sentenced to torture and death by burning.
Tags: Abraham of Augsburg, Conversion, Martyrdom, Religious persecution, Torture, Execution, Middle Ages
Jews Forced to Wear Pileum cornutum in Vienna
Date: 1267
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
In a special session, the Vienna city council forces Jews to wear Pileum cornutum (a cone-shaped headdress, prevalent in many medieval illustrations of Jews). This distinctive dress is an addition to Yellow badge Jews were already forced to wear.
Tags: Pileum cornutum, Jewish badge, Vienna, Segregation, Identification, Legal restrictions, Middle Ages
Synod of Vienna Bans Jewish Ceremonies and Debates
Date: 1267
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Synod of Vienna forbids Christians from attending Jewish ceremonies, and Jews from debating with "simple Christian people" about the beliefs of the Catholic religion.
Tags: Synod of Vienna, Religious discrimination, Ceremonies, Debate, Christianity, Judaism, Middle Ages
Synod of Breslau Orders Jewish Segregation
Date: 1267
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Synod of Breslau orders Jews to live in a segregated quarter.
Tags: Synod of Breslau, Segregation, Ghetto, Social exclusion, Middle Ages, Persecution, Jewish communities
Massacres and Expulsion in Pforzheim Following Blood Libel
Date: 1267
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
After an accusation from an old woman that the Jews had bought a Christian child from her to kill, the entire Jewish community of Pforzheim face massacres and expulsion. Rabbi Samuel ben Yaḳar ha-Levi, Rabbi Isaac ben Eliezer and Rabbi Abraham ben Gershom commit suicide to escape the cruel torture they feared.
Tags: Blood libel, Pforzheim, Massacre, Expulsion, Suicide, Violence, Middle Ages
Statute of the Jewry Enacted in England
Date: 1275
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
King Edward I of England passes the Statute of the Jewry forcing Jews over the age of seven to wear an identifying yellow badge, and making usury illegal, in order to seize their assets. Scores of English Jews are arrested, 300 hanged and their property goes to the Crown.
Tags: Statute of the Jewry, Usury, Yellow badge, King Edward I, Legal discrimination, Confiscation of assets, Middle Ages
Massacre in Fez Prevented by Intervention
Date: 1276
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Massacre in Fez to kill all Jews stopped by intervention of the Emir
Tags: Fez, Massacre, Intervention, Muslim ruler, Religious violence, North Africa, Middle Ages
Edict of Pope Nicholas III Requires Conversion Sermons
Date: 1278
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Edict of Pope Nicholas III requires compulsory attendance of Jews at conversion sermons.
Tags: Pope Nicholas III, Conversion, Sermons, Forced conversion, Religious pressure, Middle Ages, Catholic Church
Synod of Ofen Forbids Transactions Between Jews and Christians
Date: 1279
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Synod of Ofen forbids Christians to sell or rent real estate to or from Jews.
Tags: Synod of Ofen, Real estate, Economic restrictions, Segregation, Legal discrimination, Middle Ages
Edward I Orders Jews to Attend Conversion Sermons
Date: 1280
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Edward I of England orders Jews to be present as Dominicans preach conversion.
Tags: Edward I, England, Conversion, Forced Conversion, Religious Persecution, Dominicans, 13th Century
Archbishop of Canterbury Orders Synagogue Closures and Physician Ban
Date: 1282
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
John Pectin, Archbishop of Canterbury, orders all London synagogues to close and prohibits Jewish physicians from practicing on Christians.
Tags: England, John Pectin, Archbishop of Canterbury, Synagogue, Physicians, Discrimination, Religious Law, 13th Century
Philip III Forbids Jews from Rural Areas
Date: 1283
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Philip III of France causes mass migration of Jews by forbidding them to live in the small rural localities.
Tags: France, Philip III, Rural, Forced Migration, Restrictions, 13th Century
Ten Jews Slain in Mainz Following Blood Libel
Date: 1283
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
10 Jews are slain in Mainz after claims of blood libel.
Tags: Germany, Mainz, Blood Libel, Pogrom, Violence, 13th Century
Blood Libel in Munich Leads to Deaths and Synagogue Burning
Date: 1285
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Blood libel in Munich, Germany results in the death of 68 Jews. 180 more Jews are burned alive at the synagogue.
Tags: Germany, Munich, Blood Libel, Pogrom, Massacre, Burning, Synagogue, 13th Century
Edward I Demands Ransom from Jewish Communities
Date: 1287
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Edward I of England arrests heads of Jewish families and demands their communities pay ransom of 12,000 pounds.
Tags: England, Edward I, Ransom, Financial Exploitation, 13th Century, Community
Oberwesel Jews Accused of Murder, Resulting in Massacre
Date: 1287
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A 16-year-old boy is found dead in the Rhine. Immediately the Jews of Oberwesel are accused of killing the boy. Over 40 men, women and children were killed by rioters as a response.
Tags: Germany, Oberwesel, Ritual Murder, Blood Libel, Pogrom, Violence, 13th Century
Jews Accused of Coin Clipping, Convicted, and Expelled
Date: 1287
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are arrested and accused of coin clipping. Even without evidence, the whole community is convicted and expelled.
Tags: Coin Clipping, Expulsion, False Accusations, Forced Migration, Financial Crime, 13th Century
Troyes Jews Accused of Ritual Murder; Martyrs Burned
Date: 1288
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jewish population of Troyes is accused of ritual murder. 13 Jewish martyrs are burned at the stake, sacrificing themselves to spare the rest of the community.
Tags: France, Troyes, Ritual Murder, Martyrdom, Burning, Pogrom, 13th Century
Pogrom in Bonn, Germany
Date: 1288
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
104 Jews in Bonn, Germany are killed during a pogrom.
Tags: Germany, Bonn, Pogrom, Violence, Massacre, 13th Century
Jews Expelled from Gascony and Anjou
Date: 1289
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from Gascony and Anjou.
Tags: France, Gascony, Anjou, Expulsion, Forced Migration, 13th Century
Edward I Issues Edict of Expulsion from England
Date: 1290
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Edict of Expulsion: Edward I expels all Jews from England, allowing them to take only what they could carry, all the other property became the Crown's. Official reason: continued practice of usury.
Tags: England, Edward I, Expulsion, Edict of Expulsion, Usury, 13th Century, Forced Migration, Property Confiscation
Jewish Couple Burned for Alleged Wafer Stabbing
Date: 1290
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
A Jewish man named Jonathan and his wife are accused of stabbing the wafer to torture Jesus. They are both burned at the stake, their house is destroyed and replaced with a chapel.
Tags: Blasphemy, Wafer, Burning at the Stake, Religious Persecution, False Accusation, 13th Century, Ritual Accusation
Massacre of Jews in Baghdad
Date: 1290
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jews of Baghdad are massacred.
Tags: Baghdad, Massacre, Pogrom, Violence, Middle Ages, 13th Century
Edward I Issues the Edict of Expulsion
Date: 1290
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
18 July Edward I of England issues Edict of Expulsion, decreeing all Jews to be expelled from England.
Tags: England, Edward I, Expulsion, Edict, Law, 13th Century, Jews
Philip the Fair Prohibits Jewish Settlement in France
Date: 1291
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Philip the Fair publishes an ordinance prohibiting the Jews to settle in France.
Tags: Legislation, France, Philip IV, Royal Decree, Exclusion, Middle Ages, Persecution, Antisemitism
Murder of Sa'ad al-Dawla and Persecution of Persian Jews
Date: 1291
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jewish physician and grand vizier Sa'ad al-Dawla is killed by Muslims who felt it a degradation to have a Jew placed over them. Persian Jews suffer a long-period of violent persecution by the Muslim population.
Tags: Mass Violence, Persecution, Muslims, Persia, Iran, Middle Ages, Pogrom, Sa'ad al-Dawla, Antisemitism
Forced Conversion and Expulsion from Campania and Basilicata
Date: 1292
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Forced conversion and expulsion of the Jews from Campania and Basilicata.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Expulsion, Italy, Campania, Basilicata, Middle Ages, Persecution, Religious Persecution, Antisemitism
Host Desecration Accusations Lead to Forced Conversions
Date: 1298
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Accusations of Host desecration against the German Jews. More than 140 Jewish communities face forced conversions.
Tags: Host Desecration, Germany, Forced Conversions, Middle Ages, Religious Accusations, Persecution, Antisemitism, Violence, False Accusations
Rintfleisch Pogroms in Germany
Date: 1298
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
During the civil war between Adolph of Nassau and Albrecht of Austria, German knight Rintfleisch claims to have received a mission from heaven to exterminate "the accursed race of the Jews". Under his leadership, the mob goes from town to town destroying Jewish communities and massacring about 100,000 Jews, often by mass burning at stake. Among 146 localities in Franconia, Bavaria and Austria are Röttingen (20 April), Würzburg (24 July), Nuremberg (1 August).
Tags: Pogrom, Massacre, Rintfleisch, Germany, Austria, Middle Ages, Antisemitism, Violence, Religious Violence
Riots in Egypt and Forced Conversions
Date: 1301
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Riots break out in Egypt, which are encouraged by the Mamluks. Many Jews are forcibly converted to Islam, including the entire Jewish population of Bilbeis. Many synagogues are appropriated into mosques.
Tags: Riots, Forced Conversion, Egypt, Mamluks, Middle Ages, Religious Violence, Antisemitism, Persecution
Expulsion of Jews from France
Date: 1305
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Philip IV of France seizes all Jewish property (except the clothes they wear) and expels them from France (approx. 100,000). His successor Louis X of France allows French Jews to return in 1315.
Tags: Expulsion, France, Philip IV, Middle Ages, Royal Decree, Antisemitism, Persecution, Property Seizure
Third Expulsion of Jews from Sens, France
Date: 1306
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews of Sens, Yonne department of France, are expelled. This was the third and final expulsion (after those in 876 and 1198).
Tags: Expulsion, France, Sens, Middle Ages, Religious Persecution, Antisemitism
Expulsion of Jews from Castelsarrasin, France
Date: 1306
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews expelled from Castelsarrasin, France.
Tags: Expulsion, France, Castelsarrasin, Middle Ages, Religious Persecution, Antisemitism
Crusaders Rampage Against Jews in Rhodes
Date: 1309
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Rhodes falls to the Crusaders, who went on a rampage against the local Jews.
Tags: Crusades, Violence, Rhodes, Greece, Middle Ages, Religious Violence, Antisemitism, Persecution
Synod of Mainz Defines Heresy of Jewish Conversion
Date: 1310
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Synod of Mainz defines the adoption of Judaism by a Christian or the return of a baptized Jew to Judaism as heresy subject to punishment.
Tags: Legislation, Synod of Mainz, Heresy, Religious Law, Germany, Middle Ages, Religious Persecution, Antisemitism
Anti-Jewish Laws in Aragon
Date: 1310
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Frederick II of Aragon adopts anti-Jewish laws, which require them to mark their clothes and shops with the yellow badge. Jews were also forbidden from having any relationship with Catholics.
Tags: Legislation, Aragon, Spain, Yellow Badge, Social Exclusion, Middle Ages, Persecution, Antisemitism, Religious Persecution
Expulsion of Jews from Halle (Saale)
Date: 1314
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews expelled from Halle (Saale)
Tags: Expulsion, Germany, Halle (Saale), Middle Ages, Religious Persecution, Antisemitism
Execution of Rashid-al-Din Hamadani and Mutilation of his Corpse
Date: 1318
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, a Persian Jewish convert to Islam was executed on fake charges of poisoning Öljeitü and for several days crowds carried his head around his native city of Tabriz, chanting "This is the head of the Jew who abused the name of God; may God's curse be upon him!"
Tags: Execution, Iran, Persia, Violence, Muslims, Religious Persecution, Antisemitism, Rashid al-Din Hamadani
Expulsion of Jews from Breslau
Date: 1319
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from Breslau.
Tags: Expulsion, Breslau, Poland, Middle Ages, Religious Persecution, Antisemitism
Jews Expelled from Milan
Date: 1320
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from Milan during a persecution of so-called heretics.
Tags: Expulsion, Medieval Period, Italy, Persecution, Anti-Jewish Violence
Massacre in Castelsarrasin
Date: 1320
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
152 Jews massacred in Castelsarrasin, France.
Tags: Pogrom, Massacre, France, Medieval Period, Persecution, Anti-Jewish Violence
Shepherds' Crusade Attacks Jews
Date: 1320
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Shepherds' Crusade attacks the Jews of 120 localities in southwest France.
Tags: Crusade, Anti-Jewish Violence, Pogrom, France, Medieval Period, Persecution
Jews Forced to Wear Yellow Badge in Castile
Date: 1321
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
King Henry II of Castile forces Jews to wear Yellow badge.
Tags: Badge of Shame, Legislation, Medieval Period, Spain, Discrimination, Segregation
Jews Accused of Poisoning Wells, Massacre in France
Date: 1321
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jews in central France accused of ordering lepers to poison wells. After massacre of est. 5,000 Jews, King Philip V admits they were innocent.
Tags: Blood Libel, Massacre, Pogrom, France, Medieval Period, Persecution, Anti-Jewish Violence
Synagogue Destroyed in Damascus
Date: 1321
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A Muslim mob destroys a synagogue in Damascus.
Tags: Pogrom, Damascus, Middle East, Anti-Jewish Violence, Medieval Period, Religious Violence
Massacres and Forced Conversions in Navarre
Date: 1328
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
5,000 Jews are massacred and their houses are burned down following anti-Jewish preaching by a Franciscan friar from Estella, near Pamplona. That same years, the Jews of Navarre choose to burn their homes and synagogues and drown their children rather than be forcibly converted.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Massacre, Spain, Medieval Period, Religious Persecution, Anti-Jewish Violence
Execution of Aaron ben Zerah and Family
Date: 1328
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Jewish martyr Aaron ben Zerah, along with his wife and four of his sons are executed.
Tags: Martyrdom, Execution, Medieval Period, Persecution, Anti-Jewish Violence
Forced Mass Conversions in Baghdad
Date: 1333
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Forced mass conversions in Baghdad
Tags: Forced Conversion, Baghdad, Islamic World, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period
Armleder Persecutions in Franconia and Alsace
Date: 1336
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Armleder persecutions against Jews in Franconia and Alsace led by lawless German bands, the Armleder under the highwayman Arnold von Uissigheim. Roughly 1500 Jews are killed.
Tags: Pogrom, Anti-Jewish Violence, Germany, France, Medieval Period, Persecution
Aleinu Prayer Banned in Castile
Date: 1336
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Aleinu prayer is banned in Castile.
Tags: Religious Restrictions, Spain, Medieval Period, Discrimination, Persecution
Pogroms over Host Desecration Accusation
Date: 1337
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Pogroms over host desecration across Bavaria, Austria, and Bohemia. The Jews are accused of stealing the bread of the Eucharist and trying to burn it. In Wolfsberg, Carinthia, over 70 Jews are burned at the stake and the entire Jewish community is destroyed.
Tags: Host Desecration, Blood Libel, Pogrom, Medieval Period, Anti-Jewish Violence, Persecution
Citizens of Speyer Granted Permission to Confiscate Jewish Homes
Date: 1344
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The citizens of Speyer ask the King's permission to confiscate the houses of the Jews for the cities benefit – he grants their request.
Tags: Confiscation, Speyer, Medieval Period, Persecution, Economic Discrimination, Germany
Black Death Persecutions: Jews Blamed for the Plague
Date: 1348
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
European Jews are blamed for the plague in the Black Death persecutions. Charge laid to the Jews that they poisoned the wells. Massacres spread throughout Spain, France, Germany and Austria. More than 200 Jewish communities destroyed by violence. Many communities have been expelled and settle down in Poland.
Tags: Scapegoating, Black Death, Pogroms, Anti-Jewish Violence, Medieval Period, Persecution, Blood Libel
Basel Massacre and Expulsion
Date: 1349
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Basel: 600 Jews burned at the stake, 140 children forcibly baptized, the remaining city's Jews expelled. The city synagogue is turned into a church and the Jewish cemetery is destroyed.
Tags: Massacre, Expulsion, Pogrom, Switzerland, Medieval Period, Anti-Jewish Violence, Persecution
Erfurt Massacre during Black Death Persecutions
Date: 1349
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Erfurt massacre was a massacre of around 3,000 Jews as a result of Black Death Jewish persecutions
Tags: Black Death, Pogrom, Massacre, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, Antisemitism, Jews, Germany, 14th Century
Destruction of the Jewish Community of Speyer
Date: 1349
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The entire Jewish population of Speyer is destroyed. All Jews are either killed, converted, or fled. All their property and assets was confiscated. Part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions.
Tags: Black Death, Pogrom, Massacre, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, Antisemitism, Jews, Germany, 14th Century, Forced Conversion
Annihilation of the Zurich Jewish Community
Date: 1349
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
600 Jews are burned at the stake and the entire Jewish community of Zurich is annihilated as a part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions.
Tags: Black Death, Pogrom, Massacre, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, Antisemitism, Jews, Switzerland, 14th Century, Burning at the Stake
Destruction of the Worms Jewish Community
Date: 1349
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jewish community of Worms is completely destroyed as a result of the Black Death Jewish persecutions. Hundreds of Jews set fire to their homes to avoid the oncoming torture. Their property was seized by the locals.
Tags: Black Death, Pogrom, Massacre, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, Antisemitism, Jews, Germany, 14th Century, Self-Immolation
Expulsion of Jews from Berlin
Date: 1349
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews of Berlin are expelled and many are killed as a part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions.
Tags: Black Death, Expulsion, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, Antisemitism, Jews, Germany, 14th Century
Expulsion of Jews from Breslau
Date: 1349
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews of Breslau are expelled as part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions. The city claims all property and synagogues, while the Emperor was given the cemetery and all Jewish debts. 60 Jews are murdered.
Tags: Black Death, Expulsion, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, Antisemitism, Jews, Poland, 14th Century, Property Confiscation
Destruction of the Cologne Jewish Quarter
Date: 1349
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jewish quarter of Cologne is destroyed by an angry mob, and most of the community is killed. All of their property was split up between the ransackers. It was part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions.
Tags: Black Death, Pogrom, Massacre, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, Antisemitism, Jews, Germany, 14th Century, Ransacking
Strasbourg Massacre During Black Death Persecutions
Date: 1349
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Strasbourg massacre was a part of the Black Death persecutions, where several hundred Jews were publicly burned to death, and the rest of them were expelled. It was one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history.
Tags: Black Death, Pogrom, Massacre, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, Antisemitism, Jews, France, 14th Century, Expulsion, Burning at the Stake
Attack on Jews of Halle (Saale)
Date: 1349
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jews of Halle (Saale) are attacked.
Tags: Black Death, Attack, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, Antisemitism, Jews, Germany, 14th Century
Decimation of Brussels Jewish Community
Date: 1350
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Brussels Jewish community is decimated after they are blamed for the Plague.
Tags: Black Death, Pogrom, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, Antisemitism, Jews, Belgium, 14th Century, Blame
Expulsion of Jews from Bulgaria
Date: 1352
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Church officials order the expulsion of Jews from Bulgaria for "heretical activity."
Tags: Expulsion, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, Antisemitism, Jews, Bulgaria, 14th Century, Heresy
Jews Permitted to Return to France by Charles V
Date: 1359
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Charles V of France allows Jews to return for a period of 20 years in order to pay ransom for his father John II of France, imprisoned in England. The period is later extended beyond the 20 years.
Tags: Charles V, France, Re-admission, Medieval Period, Jews, 14th Century, Ransom, Taxation
Second Expulsion of Jews from Breslau
Date: 1360
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from Breslau.
Tags: Expulsion, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, Antisemitism, Jews, Poland, 14th Century
Expulsion of Jews from Hungary
Date: 1360
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews expelled from Hungary by Louis I of Hungary.
Tags: Expulsion, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, Antisemitism, Jews, Hungary, 14th Century
Peter of Castile's Punishment for Anti-Jewish Pogrom
Date: 1360
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Furious with a pogrom against Castilian Jews in Miranda de Ebro, Peter of Castile publicly boils one of the perpetrators, roasts another, and executes others with an axe.
Tags: Pogrom, Punishment, Individual Violence, Medieval Period, Antisemitism, Jews, Spain, 14th Century, Peter of Castile
Torture and Death of Samuel ben Meir Abulafia
Date: 1360
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Sephardic Jew Samuel ben Meir Abulafia is arrested and tortured to death in prison for no apparent reason. His lands are confiscated by the king.
Tags: Persecution, Sephardic Jews, Spanish Jews, Torture, Confiscation, Medieval Period
Expulsion of Jews from Metz
Date: 1365
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews of Metz are expelled after their presence is cited as the cause of lightning strikes which destroyed twenty-two houses.
Tags: Expulsion, Anti-Jewish Sentiment, Blame, Lightning Strikes, Metz, Medieval Period
Host Desecration Trials in Barcelona
Date: 1367
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Host desecration trials are held against the Jews of Barcelona. They were initiated by the crown prince Don Juan of Aragon.
Tags: Host Desecration, Trial, Barcelona, Crown Prince Don Juan, Medieval Period, False Accusations
Destruction of Conversos' Homes in Toledo
Date: 1367
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
No fewer than 1600 homes belonging to conversos are destroyed and many conversos are killed in Toledo.
Tags: Conversos, Toledo, Violence, Forced Conversions, Medieval Period, Spanish Jews
Synod of Lavour Prohibits Sale of Church Property to Jews
Date: 1368
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Synod of Lavour prohibits the sale or transfer of Church property to Jews.
Tags: Church, Property Rights, Economic Restrictions, Discrimination, Medieval Period
Massacre of Jews in Brussels
Date: 1370
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The entire Jewish population of Brussels is massacred over allegations of host desecration. It was an end of the Hebrew community in Brussels. The event was commemorated by local Christians as the Sacrament of Miracle.
Tags: Massacre, Brussels, Host Desecration, Medieval Period, Religious Violence, Sacrament of Miracle
Expulsion of Jews from Hungary
Date: 1376
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from Hungary. Most of them flee south into Greece and neighboring areas.
Tags: Expulsion, Hungary, Forced Migration, Medieval Period, Anti-Jewish Sentiment
Host Desecration Trial in Teruel and Huesca
Date: 1377
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Another Host desecration trial is held against Jews in Teruel and Huesca. The person behind it, as with the previous trial, is the crown prince Don Juan of Aragon. Many Jews are tortured and burned alive publicly.
Tags: Host Desecration, Trial, Torture, Burning at the Stake, Crown Prince Don Juan, Medieval Period
Mailotin Riots in Paris
Date: 1382
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
16 Jews are murdered in Paris the Mailotin Riots after the Harelle.
Tags: Riots, Paris, Mailotin, Anti-Jewish Violence, Medieval Period
Massacre of Jews in Noerdlingen
Date: 1384
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
200 Jews are killed in Noerdlingen and the community ceases to exist.
Tags: Massacre, Noerdlingen, Community Destruction, Medieval Period, Anti-Jewish Violence
Wenceslaus Confiscates Property of Jews in the Swabian League
Date: 1385
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor, arrests the Jews from the Swabian League and confiscates their property.
Tags: Confiscation, Economic Persecution, Swabian League, Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Empire, Medieval Period
John of Castile Reinforces Anti-Jewish Legislation
Date: 1385
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
John of Castile reinforces previous anti-Jewish legislation.
Tags: Legislation, Anti-Jewish Laws, John of Castile, Discrimination, Medieval Period
Prague Pogrom
Date: 1389
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
18 March, a Jewish boy is accused of plotting against a priest. The mob slaughters approx. 3,000 of Prague's Jews, destroys the city's synagogue and Jewish cemetery. Wenceslaus insists that the responsibility lay with the Jews for going outside during Holy Week.
Tags: Pogrom, Prague, Synagogue Destruction, Cemetery Destruction, Wenceslaus, Medieval Period, False Accusation
Ferrand Martinez Leads Anti-Jewish Riots in Seville
Date: 1391
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Anti-Jewish riots led by Ferrand Martinez erupt in Seville.
Tags: Riots, Seville, Ferrand Martinez, Anti-Jewish Violence, Medieval Period
1391 Pogroms Across Spain
Date: 1391
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Led by Ferrand Martinez, countless massacres devastate the Sephardic Jewish community, especially in Castile, Valencia, Catalonia and Aragon. The Jewish quarter in Barcelona is completely destroyed. By the end of the pogroms, at least 10,000 Jews are murdered and thousands more are forcibly converted.
Tags: Pogroms, Massacres, Forced Conversions, Sephardic Jews, Ferrand Martinez, Medieval Period
Pogrom in Toledo, Jewish Martyrs Burned
Date: 1391
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Pogrom against the Jews of Toledo on the Seventeenth of Tammuz. Jewish martyrs Israel Alnaqua and Judah ben Asher died at the stake together.
Tags: Pogrom, Martyrdom, Spanish Inquisition, Religious Persecution, Late Middle Ages, Violence, Toledo, Jewish Community
Massacre of Jews in Valencia
Date: 1391
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Over 250 Jews are massacred by a mob in Valencia.
Tags: Pogrom, Massacre, Valencia, Spanish Inquisition, Religious Violence, Late Middle Ages, Jewish Community, Persecution
Forced Conversions and Killings of Jews in Palma, Majorca
Date: 1391
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
All Jewish inhabitants of Palma, Majorca are either converted or killed.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Massacre, Palma de Mallorca, Spanish Inquisition, Religious Persecution, Late Middle Ages, Jewish Community, Violence
Massacre of Jews in Barcelona
Date: 1391
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
More than 400 Jews are massacred in Barcelona.
Tags: Pogrom, Massacre, Barcelona, Spanish Inquisition, Religious Violence, Late Middle Ages, Jewish Community, Persecution
Jews Expelled from Bern
Date: 1392
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews expelled from Bern, Switzerland. Although between 1408 and 1427 Jews were again residing in the city, the only Jews to appear in Bern subsequently were transients, chiefly physicians and cattle dealers
Tags: Expulsion, Bern, Anti-Semitism, Late Middle Ages, Jewish Community, Persecution, Switzerland
Jews Accused of Arson in Damascus
Date: 1392
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jews of Damascus are accused by Muslims of setting fire to the central mosque. Although there was no evidence presented, one Jew was burned alive, the leaders of the community were tortured, and the local synagogue was appropriated into a mosque.
Tags: Accusation, Arson, Damascus, Religious Persecution, Violence, Late Middle Ages, Jewish Community, Synagogue
Ghettoization and Persecution of Sicilian Jews
Date: 1392
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Sicilian Jews are forced to live in Ghettos and severe persecution breaks out in Erice, Catania and Syracuse.
Tags: Ghettoization, Persecution, Sicily, Religious Discrimination, Late Middle Ages, Jewish Community, Segregation
Charles VI Expels Jews from France
Date: 1394
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
3 November, Charles VI of France expels all Jews from France.
Tags: Expulsion, France, Charles VI, Anti-Semitism, Late Middle Ages, Jewish Community, Persecution
Jewish Ghettos in Slovenia Burned
Date: 1397
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jewish ghettos of Radgona and Ptuj in Slovenia are set on fire by an anonymous mob.
Tags: Pogrom, Burning of Ghetto, Slovenia, Violence, Late Middle Ages, Jewish Community, Persecution
Jews Burned Alive in Posen for Host Desecration Allegation
Date: 1399
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A Christian woman is accused of stealing hosts and giving them to Jews for the purpose of desecration. Thirteen members of the Jewish community of Posen, along with the woman are all tortured and burned alive slowly. This story, however, does not appear until the latter half of the 14th century. The community is then forced to pay a special tax every year until the 18th century.
Tags: Host Desecration, Blood Libel, Posen, Religious Persecution, Violence, Late Middle Ages, Jewish Community, Taxation, Poland
80 Jews Murdered in Prague
Date: 1399
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
80 Jews are murdered in Prague after a converted Jew named Peter accuses them of denigrating Christianity. A number of Jews are also jailed, including Yom-Tov Lipmann-Muhlhausen.
Tags: Pogrom, Prague, Violence, Late Middle Ages, Jewish Community, Persecution, Yom-Tov Lipmann-Muhlhausen
Two Jews Burned at the Stake in Glogau for Host Desecration
Date: 1401
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Two Jews are burned to death for an alleged host desecration in Glogau.
Tags: Host Desecration, Blood Libel, Glogau, Religious Persecution, Violence, Late Middle Ages, Jewish Community
Jewish Community of Salzburg and Hallein Burned for Host Desecration
Date: 1404
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Many members of the Jewish community of Salzburg and Hallein is burned alive on charged of host desecration.
Tags: Host Desecration, Blood Libel, Salzburg, Hallein, Religious Persecution, Violence, Late Middle Ages, Jewish Community
Blood Libel Riots in Kraków
Date: 1407
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Blood libel accusations against the Jews of Kraków led by a fanatic priest result in anti-Jewish riots.
Tags: Blood Libel, Kraków, Religious Violence, Late Middle Ages, Jewish Community, Persecution, Anti-Jewish Riots
Oppressive Legislation Against Jews in Spain
Date: 1411
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Oppressive legislation against Jews in Spain as an outcome of the preaching of the Dominican friar Vicente Ferrer.
Tags: Legislation, Anti-Jewish Laws, Spain, Vicente Ferrer, Religious Persecution, Late Middle Ages, Jewish Community, Persecution
Forced Conversions Follow Disputation of Tortosa
Date: 1413
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Disputation of Tortosa, Spain, staged by the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, is followed by forced mass conversions.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Religious Persecution, Catholic Church, Disputation, Avignon Papacy, Medieval Spain, Anti-Jewish Polemic, Benedict XIII
Jews Expelled from Trier
Date: 1418
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
All Jews living in Trier are expelled.
Tags: Expulsion, Medieval Germany, Anti-Judaism, Local Authorities, Persecution, Forced Migration, Jewish Communities
Jews Expelled from Lyons
Date: 1420
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
All Jews are expelled from Lyons.
Tags: Expulsion, Medieval France, Royal Decrees, Anti-Judaism, Persecution, Jewish Communities, Forced Migration
Persecutions, Expulsion and Burning of Jews in Vienna
Date: 1421
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Persecutions of Jews in Vienna, known as Wiener Gesera (Vienna Edict), confiscation of their possessions, and forced conversion of Jewish children. 270 Jews burned at stake. and all Viennese Jews are expelled following persecution.
Tags: Pogrom, Expulsion, Massacre, Burning at the Stake, Wiener Gesera, Forced Conversion, Anti-Judaism, Medieval Austria, Persecution
Pope Martin V's Bull on Judaism's Origins, Withdrawn
Date: 1422
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Pope Martin V issues a Bull reminding Christians that Christianity was derived from Judaism and warns the friars not to incite against the Jews. The Bull was withdrawn the following year on allegations that the Jews of Rome attained it by fraud.
Tags: Papal Bull, Catholic Church, Judaism, Theology, Anti-Judaism, Fraud Allegations, Religious Doctrine, Medieval Period
Jews Exiled from Zurich
Date: 1424
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
The Jewish population of Zurich is exiled.
Tags: Expulsion, Medieval Switzerland, Local Authorities, Anti-Judaism, Jewish Communities, Persecution, Forced Migration
Jews Expelled and Banned from Cologne
Date: 1424
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled and banned from Cologne.
Tags: Expulsion, Medieval Germany, Anti-Judaism, Local Authorities, Jewish Communities, Persecution, Forced Migration, Cologne
Jews Expelled from Iglau
Date: 1426
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from Iglau after they are accused of being in league with the Hussites.
Tags: Expulsion, Hussites, False Accusation, Medieval Bohemia, Anti-Judaism, Persecution, Jewish Communities
Jews Expelled and Property Seized in Bern
Date: 1427
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
All Jews living in Bern are expelled and their property is seized.
Tags: Expulsion, Property Seizure, Medieval Switzerland, Anti-Judaism, Jewish Communities, Persecution, Forced Migration
Jews Expelled from Fribourg
Date: 1428
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from Fribourg.
Tags: Expulsion, Medieval Switzerland, Anti-Judaism, Jewish Communities, Persecution, Forced Migration
Pogrom and Forced Conversions in Aix-en-Provence
Date: 1430
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Pogrom in Aix-en-Provence breaks out in which 9 Jews are killed, many more are injured and 74 are forcibly converted.
Tags: Pogrom, Massacre, Forced Conversion, Aix-en-Provence, Anti-Judaism, Medieval France, Religious Persecution, Jewish Communities
Council of Basel Restricts Jewish Academic and Economic Activity
Date: 1434
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Council of Basel, Sessio XIX, forbids Jews to obtain academic degrees and to act as agents in the conclusion of contracts between Christians.
Tags: Council of Basel, Legislation, Discrimination, Economic Restrictions, Anti-Judaism, Social Exclusion, Medieval Europe, Academic Degrees
Massacre and Forced Conversions of Majorcan Jews
Date: 1435
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Massacre and forced conversion of Majorcan Jews.
Tags: Massacre, Forced Conversion, Religious Persecution, Medieval Spain, Anti-Judaism, Jewish Communities, Majorca, Pogrom
Jews Expelled from Speyer
Date: 1435
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from Speyer.
Tags: Expulsion, Medieval Germany, Anti-Judaism, Jewish Communities, Persecution, Forced Migration
Jews Re-Expelled from Zurich
Date: 1436
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews of Zurich are expelled.
Tags: Expulsion, Zurich, Medieval Switzerland, Anti-Judaism, Jewish Communities, Persecution, Forced Migration
Jews Expelled from Düsseldorf
Date: 1438
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jewish inhabitants of Düsseldorf are expelled.
Tags: Expulsion, Germany, Rhineland, Medieval Period, Persecution, Local Authorities
Establishment of Mellahs in Morocco
Date: 1438
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Establishment of mellahs (ghettos) in Morocco.
Tags: Ghettos, Mellah, Morocco, North Africa, Segregation, Jewish Communities, Medieval Period
Jews Expelled from Augsburg
Date: 1440
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews of Augsburg expelled
Tags: Expulsion, Germany, Bavaria, Medieval Period, Persecution, Local Authorities
Synagogues Destroyed in Riot in Glogau
Date: 1442
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Synagogues and other Jewish buildings are destroyed by a riot of Glogau.
Tags: Pogrom, Poland, Riots, Synagogue, Destruction, Medieval Period, Violence
Jews Expelled from Upper Bavaria
Date: 1442
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from Upper Bavaria.
Tags: Expulsion, Germany, Bavaria, Medieval Period, Persecution, Local Authorities
Jews Expelled from Utrecht
Date: 1444
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jewish population of Utrecht are expelled.
Tags: Expulsion, Netherlands, Utrecht, Medieval Period, Persecution, Local Authorities
Casimir IV Grants and Then Revokes Rights of Jews in Poland
Date: 1447
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Casimir IV renews all the rights of Jews of Poland and makes his charter one of the most liberal in Europe. He revokes it in 1454 at the insistence of Bishop Zbigniew.
Tags: Poland, Royal Charter, Casimir IV, Rights, Revocation, Bishop Zbigniew, Medieval Period, Legislation
Statute of Toledo Discriminates Against Conversos, Condemned by Pope Nicholas V
Date: 1449
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Statute of Toledo introduces the rule of purity of blood discriminating Conversos. Pope Nicholas V condemns it.
Tags: Spain, Toledo, Conversos, Purity of Blood, Discrimination, Pope Nicholas V, Inquisition, Medieval Period
Louis IX Expels Jews Refusing Baptism
Date: 1450
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria expels all Jews who reject baptism.
Tags: Expulsion, Germany, Bavaria, Louis IX, Forced Conversion, Medieval Period, Persecution
Host Desecration Accusations Lead to Pogrom in Breslau
Date: 1453
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Around 40 Jews in Breslau are burned at the stake on charges of host desecration, while the head Rabbi hung himself to avoid the torture. Jewish children under 7 were stolen and forcibly baptized. The few Jews remaining were banished from Breslau.
Tags: Pogrom, Poland, Breslau, Host Desecration, Massacre, Forced Conversions, Medieval Period, Violence
Pope Callixtus III Restricts Jewish Testimony Against Christians
Date: 1456
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Pope Caliextus III issues a papal bull which prohibits Jews from testifying against Christians, but permits Christians to testify against a Jew.
Tags: Papal Bull, Testimony, Discrimination, Religious Law, Pope Callixtus III, Medieval Period, Legislation
Jews Expelled from Erfurt
Date: 1458
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
The city council of Erfurt, Germany votes to expel the Jews.
Tags: Expulsion, Germany, Erfurt, Medieval Period, Persecution, Local Authorities
Pope Nicholas V Authorizes Inquisition for Marranos
Date: 1463
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Pope Nicholas V authorizes the establishment of the Inquisition to investigate heresy among the Marranos. See also Crypto-Judaism.
Tags: Inquisition, Marranos, Crypto-Judaism, Spain, Religious Persecution, Pope Nicholas V, Medieval Period, Legislation
Over 30 Jews Killed in Mob Violence in Cracow
Date: 1464
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Over 30 Jews in Cracow are killed by an angry mob.
Tags: Pogrom, Poland, Cracow, Mob Violence, Medieval Period, Violence
Jewish Population of Fes Massacred
Date: 1465
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Moroccan revolt against the Marinid dynasty, accusations against one Jewish Vizier lead to a massacre of the entire Jewish population of Fes.
Tags: Massacre, Morocco, Fes, Political Instability, Jewish Communities, Medieval Period, Violence
Jews of Tlemcen persecuted and flee to Castile
Date: 1467
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews of Tlemcen persecuted and many flee for Castile.
Tags: Persecution, Expulsion, North Africa, Medieval Period, Migration, Religious Conflict, Jewish Diaspora
Anti-Jewish attacks and plundering in Posen
Date: 1468
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Many Jewish homes and plundered and a number are killed during anti-Jewish in Posen.
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, Medieval Period, Property Damage, Religious Conflict, Eastern Europe, Persecution
Jews of Cairo forced to pay exorbitant ransom
Date: 1468
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Sultan Qaitbay forces Jews of Cairo to pay 75,000 gold pieces or be expelled. This severely impoverished the local Jewish community.
Tags: Economic Persecution, Cairo, Mamluk Sultanate, Financial Exploitation, Medieval Period, Religious Discrimination
Jewish community of Bavaria expelled
Date: 1470
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
The Jewish community of Bavaria are expelled, many migrate into Bulgaria.
Tags: Expulsion, Bavaria, Migration, Medieval Period, Religious Persecution, Eastern Europe, German History
Massacres of Marranos in Spain
Date: 1473
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Massacres of Marranos of Valladolid, Cordova, Segovia, Ciudad Real, Spain
Tags: Pogrom, Marranos, Religious Violence, Conversion, Spanish Inquisition, Medieval Period, Persecution
Massacre of Jews in Modica, Sicily
Date: 1474
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
On Assumption day 15 August 1474, Christians wreaked brutal havoc on the Jewish dwellers of the Cartellone area of Modica. It was the first and most horrible massacre of Sicilian Jews. During the evening a number of Christians slaughtered about 360 Jews causing a total and fierce devastation in La Giudecca. They ran through the streets chanting: "Hurrah for Mary! Death to the Jews!" (Viva Maria! Morte ai Giudei!).
Tags: Pogrom, Massacre, Sicily, Religious Violence, Medieval Period, Anti-Judaism, Italian History
Simon of Trent blood libel and subsequent persecution
Date: 1475
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
A student of the preacher Giovanni da Capistrano, Franciscan Bernardine of Feltre, accuses the Jews in murdering an infant, Simon. The entire community is arrested, 15 leaders are burned at the stake, the rest are expelled. In 1588, Pope Sixtus V confirmed Simon's cultus. Saint Simon was considered a martyr and patron of kidnap and torture victims for almost 500 years. In 1965, Pope Paul VI declared the episode a fraud, and decanonized Simon's sainthood.
Tags: Blood Libel, Religious Propaganda, Anti-Semitism, Medieval Period, Trent, False Accusation, Catholic Church, Persecution
Jews of Passau expelled
Date: 1478
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews of Passau are expelled.
Tags: Expulsion, Passau, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, German History
Institution of the Spanish Inquisition
Date: 1481
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Spanish Inquisition is instituted.
Tags: Spanish Inquisition, Legislation, Religious Persecution, Conversion, Anti-Semitism, 15th Century, Tomás de Torquemada, Expulsion
Pogrom and forced conversions in Arles
Date: 1484
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Pogrom against the Jewish section of Arles. A number of Jews are killed and 50 men are forced to convert.
Tags: Pogrom, Conversion, Religious Violence, Medieval Period, Arles, Persecution
Exposure of Judaizers in Muscovy
Date: 1487
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Bishop Gennady exposes the heresy of Zhidovstvuyushchiye (Judaizers) in Eastern Orthodoxy of Muscovy.
Tags: Heresy, Religious Conflict, Muscovy, Eastern Orthodoxy, Medieval Period, Religious Persecution, Zhidovstvuyushchiye
Tomás de Torquemada burns Jewish manuscripts in Salamanca
Date: 1490
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Tomás de Torquemada burns 6,000 volumes of Jewish manuscripts in Salamanca.
Tags: Book Burning, Religious Persecution, Spanish Inquisition, Anti-Intellectualism, Medieval Period, Tomás de Torquemada, Cultural Destruction
Expulsion of Jews from Geneva
Date: 1490
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from Geneva and not allowed to return for over 300 years.
Tags: Expulsion, Geneva, Religious Persecution, Medieval Period, Swiss History, Diaspora
Blood libel in La Guardia, Spain
Date: 1491
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The blood libel in La Guardia, Spain, where the alleged victim Holy Child of La Guardia became revered as a saint.
Tags: Blood Libel, False Accusation, Religious Propaganda, Spanish Inquisition, Anti-Semitism, Medieval Period, La Guardia
Muhammad al-Maghili orders expulsion and murder of Jews in Tlemcen
Date: 1491
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Muhammad al-Maghili orders the expulsion and murder of the Jewish community in Tlemcen.
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, Expulsion, North Africa, Religious Conflict, Medieval Period, Tlemcen
Massacre of Jews in Tuat
Date: 1492
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jewish population of Tuat is massacred in a pogrom inspired by the preacher al-Maghili.
Tags: Pogrom, North Africa, Religious Persecution, Al-Maghili, 15th Century, Islamic Extremism, Massacre
Expulsion of Jews from Spain and the Rise of the Wandering Jew Legend
Date: 1492
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Ferdinand II and Isabella issue General Edict on the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain: approx. 200,000. Some return to the Land of Israel. As many localities and entire countries expel their Jewish citizens (after robbing them), and others deny them entrance, the legend of the Wandering Jew, a condemned harbinger of calamity, gains popularity.
Tags: Spanish Expulsion, Sephardi Jews, Ferdinand II, Isabella I, Wandering Jew, Exile, Religious Persecution, 1492, Anti-Jewish Folklore
Accusation and Burning of Jews in Mecklenburg, Germany
Date: 1492
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jews of Mecklenburg, Germany are accused of stabbing a consecrated wafer. 27 Jews are burned, including two women. The spot is still called the Judenberg. All the Jews are expelled from the Duchy.
Tags: Blood Libel, Witch Hunt, Expulsion, Religious Persecution, 15th Century, Germany, Persecution
Forced Conversion and Expulsion of Jews from Mali
Date: 1492
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Askia Mohammad I decrees that all Jews must convert to Islam, leave or be killed. Judaism becomes illegal in Mali. This was based on the advice of Muhammad al-Maghili. The region of Timbuktu had previously been tolerant of other religions before Askia got into power.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Religious Persecution, Askia Mohammad I, Al-Maghili, Sub-Saharan Africa, 15th Century, Islamic Rule, Judaism
Deportation and Death of Jewish Children to São Tomé
Date: 1493
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
John II of Portugal deports several hundred Jewish children to the colony of São Tomé, where most of them die.
Tags: Child Deportation, Portuguese Empire, Forced Conversion, São Tomé, 15th Century, Colonialism, Persecution
Expulsion of Jews from Sicily
Date: 1493
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Expulsion from Sicily: approx. 37,000.
Tags: Sicilian Expulsion, Exile, Religious Persecution, 15th Century, Sicily, Sephardi Jews
Forced Confinement of Jews in Mellahs in Persia and Afghanistan
Date: 1493
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Jews in Persia and Afghanistan were forced into mellahs. They were not permitted to have any businesses outside the walls of the mellah.
Tags: Mellah, Ghettoization, Religious Persecution, Social Exclusion, 15th Century, Middle East, Afghanistan, Persia
Attack on Jews in Thurgau
Date: 1494
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jews of Thurgau attacked.
Tags: Pogrom, Switzerland, Religious Persecution, 15th Century, Anti-Jewish Violence
Blood Libel and Burning of Jews in Trnava
Date: 1494
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
16 Jews are burned at the stake after a blood libel in Trnava.
Tags: Blood Libel, Religious Persecution, Trnava, 15th Century, Slovakia, Anti-Jewish Violence
Establishment of the Jewish Ghetto in Kazimierz, Poland
Date: 1494
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
After a fire destroys the Jewish quarter of Cracow, the Polish king Jan I Olbracht transfers the Jews to Kazimierz, which would become the first Polish ghetto. Jews were confined to the ghetto until 1868.
Tags: Ghetto, Kazimierz, Segregation, Religious Persecution, 15th Century, Poland, Jewish Quarter
Expulsion of Jews from Lithuania
Date: 1495
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews in Lithuania are expelled and their property is seized. They were allowed to return 8 years later.
Tags: Expulsion, Lithuania, Religious Persecution, 15th Century, Temporary Expulsion
Massacre of Jews in Lecce
Date: 1495
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jews of Lecce are massacred and the Jewish quarter is burned to the ground.
Tags: Pogrom, Lecce, Religious Persecution, 15th Century, Italy, Massacre
Expulsion of Jews from Naples (Unenforced)
Date: 1495
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
The Spanish conquer Naples and the Jews are officially expelled, though the order is not carried out.
Tags: Expulsion Order, Naples, Religious Persecution, 15th Century, Unenforced Decree
Expulsion of Jews from Styria
Date: 1496
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews living in Styria are expelled and all their property is confiscated.
Tags: Expulsion, Styria, Religious Persecution, 15th Century, Confiscation of Property, Austria
Forced Conversion and Expulsion from Portugal
Date: 1496
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Forced conversion and expulsion of Jews from Portugal. This included many who fled Spain four years earlier.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Portuguese Expulsion, Religious Persecution, 15th Century, Sephardi Jews, Portugal, New Christians
Jewish Community of Graz Expelled
Date: 1497
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Entire Jewish community of Graz is expelled.
Tags: Expulsion, Holy Roman Empire, Medieval Period, Persecution, Jewish Communities, Austria
Manuel I of Portugal Orders Jewish Conversion or Exile
Date: 1497
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Manuel I of Portugal decrees that all Jews must convert or leave Portugal without their children.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Exile, Portugal, Religious Persecution, Early Modern Period, Sephardic Jews
Prince Alexander of Lithuania Forces Jews to Forfeit Property or Convert
Date: 1498
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Prince Alexander of Lithuania forces most of the Jews to forfeit their property or convert. The main motivation is to cancel the debts the nobles owe to the Jews. Within a short time trade grinds to a halt and the Prince invites the Jews back in.
Tags: Debt, Forced Conversion, Property Seizure, Economic Persecution, Medieval Period, Lithuania
Jews of Nuremberg Expelled
Date: 1499
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews of Nuremberg are expelled.
Tags: Expulsion, Holy Roman Empire, Medieval Period, Persecution, Jewish Communities, Germany
Jews Banished from Verona
Date: 1499
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are banished from Verona. The Jews who were money lenders were replaced with Christian usurers who oppressed the poor so bad that the Jews were very shortly called to return.
Tags: Expulsion, Usury, Economic Persecution, Medieval Period, Italy
New Christians Prohibited from Leaving Portugal
Date: 1499
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
All New Christians are prohibited from leaving Portugal, even those who were forcibly baptized.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Portugal, Religious Persecution, Early Modern Period, Sephardic Jews, Inquisition
French Jews Expelled from Provence
Date: 1501
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
French Jews living in Provence are expelled.
Tags: Expulsion, France, Religious Persecution, Early Modern Period, Jewish Communities
Jews Expelled from Pilsen on Host Desecration Charges
Date: 1504
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews living in Pilsen are expelled on charges of host desecration.
Tags: Host Desecration, Expulsion, False Accusation, Anti-Jewish Conspiracy, Czech Republic, Medieval Period
Jewish Scholars Burned at the Stake in Moscow
Date: 1504
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Several Jewish scholars are burned at the stake for proselytizing in Moscow.
Tags: Religious Persecution, Inquisition, Early Modern Period, Russia, Forced Conversion, Martyrdom
České Budějovice Jews Tortured and Executed
Date: 1505
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Ten České Budějovice Jews are tortured and executed after being accused of killing a Christian girl; later, on his deathbed, a shepherd confesses to fabricating the accusation.
Tags: Blood Libel, False Accusation, Massacre, Czech Republic, Medieval Period, Pogrom
Lisbon Massacre of Marranos
Date: 1506
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A marrano expresses his doubts about miracle visions at St. Dominics Church in Lisbon, Portugal. The crowd, led by Dominican friars, kills him, then ransacks Jewish houses and slaughters any Jew they could find. The countrymen hear about the massacre and join in. Over 2,000 marranos killed in three days.
Tags: Massacre, Marranos, Portugal, Religious Persecution, Early Modern Period, Inquisition, Forced Conversion
Johannes Pfefferkorn Destroys Jewish Religious Books
Date: 1509
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
A converted Jew, Johannes Pfefferkorn, receives authority of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor to destroy the Talmud and other Jewish religious books, except the Hebrew Bible, in Frankfurt.
Tags: Johannes Pfefferkorn, Talmud, Book Burning, Religious Persecution, Holy Roman Empire, Ideology
Jews Burned at the Stake in Berlin, Brandenburg
Date: 1509
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
38 Jews of Spandau, Brandenburg, and Stendal are burned at the stake in Berlin, Germany for allegedly desecrating the host; remainder expelled from Brandenburg.
Tags: Host Desecration, Burning at the Stake, Pogrom, False Accusation, Germany, Early Modern Period
Jews Expelled from Naples, Heavily Taxed
Date: 1510
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
23 November. Less-wealthy Jews expelled from Naples; remainder heavily taxed.
Tags: Expulsion, Taxation, Economic Persecution, Early Modern Period, Italy
Jews and New Christians Expelled from Calabria
Date: 1510
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Spanish gain control of Calabria and expel all Jews and New Christians.
Tags: Expulsion, Forced Conversion, Religious Persecution, Italy, Early Modern Period, Sephardic Jews
Spain Expels Jews from Naples
Date: 1510
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Spain gains control of Naples and expels the Jewish population.
Tags: Expulsion, Spanish Empire, Jewish Diaspora, Naples, Religious Persecution, 16th Century
Conegliano Officials Attempt, but Fail, to Expel Jews
Date: 1511
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The officials of Conegliano try to expel the Jewish population but are unsuccessful.
Tags: Local Authorities, Anti-Jewish Sentiment, 16th Century, Conegliano, Failure of expulsion
Converts Burned at the Stake in Palermo
Date: 1511
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Ten Roman Catholic converts from Judaism burned at the stake in Palermo for allegedly reverting.
Tags: Religious Persecution, Inquisition, Palermo, Conversion, Martyrdom, 16th Century
Apulian Jews Expelled or Killed
Date: 1511
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Most Apulian Jews are either expelled or are tortured to death. Jewish property is seized and Synagogues are replaced with Catholic Churches.
Tags: Expulsion, Massacre, Apulia, Religious Persecution, Synagogue Destruction, 16th Century
Mittelberg Jews Accused of Host Desecration
Date: 1514
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Jewish population of Mittelberg is accused of host desecration.
Tags: Blood Libel, Host Desecration, Mittelberg, False Accusation, Religious Prejudice, 16th Century
Emperor Maximillian Expels Jews from Ljubljana
Date: 1515
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Emperor Maximillian expels Jews from Ljubljana.
Tags: Expulsion, Emperor Maximillian, Ljubljana, Habsburg Empire, 16th Century
Jews Expelled from Genoa, Then Readmitted
Date: 1515
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from the city of Genoa, but are allowed back in a year later.
Tags: Expulsion, Genoa, Jewish Community, Return, 16th Century
Establishment of the First Ghetto in Venice
Date: 1516
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The first ghetto is established, on one of the islands in Venice.
Tags: Ghetto, Venice, Segregation, Urban History, Jewish Life, 16th Century
Hebron Attacks: Violence, Looting, and Murder
Date: 1517
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
1517 Hebron attacks: Jews are beaten, raped and killed in Hebron, as their homes and businesses are looted and pillaged.
Tags: Pogrom, Hebron, Violence, Mamluk period, 16th Century
Safed Attacks: Violence and Plunder
Date: 1517
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
1517 Safed attacks: The Jews of Safed is attacked by Mamluk forces and local Arabs. Many Jews are killed and their homes are plundered.
Tags: Pogrom, Safed, Violence, Mamluk period, 16th Century
Jewish Community Expelled from Ratisbon
Date: 1519
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
The Jewish community of Ratisbon is expelled. The synagogue is destroyed and replaced with a chapel. Thousands of Jewish gravestones are taken and used for buildings.
Tags: Expulsion, Ratisbon, Synagogue Destruction, Building materials reuse, 16th Century
Martin Luther's Initial Stance and Expulsion of Jews from Ratisbon
Date: 1519
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Martin Luther leads Protestant Reformation and challenges the doctrine of Servitus Judaeorum "... to deal kindly with the Jews and to instruct them to come over to us". 21 February. All Jews expelled from Ratisbon/Regensburg.
Tags: Martin Luther, Protestant Reformation, Servitus Judaeorum, Ratisbon, Religious Reform, Antisemitism
Pope Leo X Allows the Printing of the Talmud in Venice
Date: 1520
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Pope Leo X allows the Jews to print the Talmud in Venice.
Tags: Printing Press, Talmud, Venice, Religious Tolerance, Papal Authority, 16th Century
Portuguese Conquest of Cranganore Leads to Destruction of Jewish Community
Date: 1523
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The conquest of Cranganore by the Portuguese leads to the complete destruction of the local Jewish community. Most refugees fled to Cochin.
Tags: Cranganore, Portuguese Colonization, Jewish Community, Destruction, Diaspora, 16th Century
Mexico Bans Immigration Based on Catholic Ancestry
Date: 1523
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Mexico bans immigration from those who cannot prove four generations of Catholic ancestry.
Tags: Immigration Restriction, Mexico, Religious Discrimination, Spanish Empire, Exclusion, 16th Century
Jews Expelled from Several Hungarian Cities
Date: 1526
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from Ofen, Esztergom, Pressburg, and Sopron following the Battle of Mohács.
Tags: Expulsion, Hungary, Battle of Mohács, 16th Century, Persecution, Forced Migration, Anti-Jewish Violence
Order to Leave Florence Rescinded
Date: 1527
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Jews are ordered to leave Florence, but the edict is soon rescinded.
Tags: Legislation, Italy, Florence, Edict, 16th Century, Local Authority, Revocation
Judaizers Burned at the Stake in Mexico City
Date: 1528
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Three judaizers are burned at the stake in Mexico City's first auto da fe.
Tags: Mexico, Auto da fe, Judaizers, Religious Persecution, 16th Century, Martyrdom, Spanish Inquisition
Jews Burned at the Stake in Pezinok
Date: 1529
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
30 Jewish men, women, and children are burned at the stake in Pezinok.
Tags: Mass Violence, Pezinok, Religious Persecution, 16th Century, Martyrdom, Burning at the stake, Anti-Jewish Violence
Solomon Molcho Burned at the Stake
Date: 1532
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Solomon Molcho is burned at the stake for refusing to return to Catholicism after reverting to Judaism.
Tags: Martyrdom, Solomon Molcho, Religious Persecution, 16th Century, Burning at the stake, Conversion, Heretic, Individual Violence
Jews Sold into Slavery after Tunis Capture
Date: 1535
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
After Spanish troops capture Tunis all the local Jews are sold into slavery.
Tags: Slavery, Tunis, Spanish Conquest, 16th Century, Forced Conversion, Anti-Jewish Violence, Warfare
Jews Expelled from Nauheim
Date: 1539
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from Nauheim.
Tags: Expulsion, Germany, Nauheim, 16th Century, Local Authority, Forced Migration, Persecution
Katarzyna Weiglowa Burned at the Stake
Date: 1539
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Katarzyna Weiglowa, a Roman Catholic woman from the Kingdom of Poland who converted to Judaism is burned at the stake in Kraków under the charge of apostasy for refusing to call Jesus Christ the Son of God. She is regarded by Jews (among others) as a martyr.
Tags: Martyrdom, Poland, Religious Persecution, 16th Century, Burning at the stake, Apostasy, Conversion, Individual Violence, Katarzyna Weiglowa
Jews Banished from Prague
Date: 1541
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
All Jews are banished from Prague.
Tags: Expulsion, Prague, Habsburg Empire, 16th Century, Forced Migration, Persecution, Anti-Jewish Violence
Moses Fishel of Cracow Dies a Martyr
Date: 1542
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Moses Fishel of Cracow is accused of proselytizing and dies a martyr.
Tags: Martyrdom, Poland, Cracow, 16th Century, Religious Persecution, Proselytization, Individual Violence
Jews Exiled from Basel
Date: 1543
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are exiled from Basel.
Tags: Expulsion, Basel, Switzerland, 16th Century, Local Authority, Forced Migration, Persecution
Jeronimo Diaz Burned at the Stake
Date: 1543
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Jeronimo Diaz, a New Christian physician, is burned at the stake for holding heretical opinions in Goa, India.
Tags: India, Goa, Religious Persecution, 16th Century, Burning at the stake, New Christians, Inquisition, Individual Violence
Martin Luther Publishes 'On the Jews and Their Lies'
Date: 1543
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In his pamphlet On the Jews and Their Lies Martin Luther advocates an eight-point plan to get rid of the Jews as a distinct group either by religious conversion or by expulsion:
Tags: Ideology, Martin Luther, On the Jews and Their Lies, 16th Century, Religious Anti-Judaism, Antisemitism, Religious Reformation
Martin Luther's 'Admonition against the Jews'
Date: 1546
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Martin Luther's sermon Admonition against the Jews contains accusations of ritual murder, black magic, and poisoning of wells. Luther recognizes no obligation to protect the Jews.
Tags: Ideology, Martin Luther, Admonition against the Jews, Ritual Murder, Well Poisoning, 16th Century, Religious Anti-Judaism, Antisemitism
Ivan the Terrible Refuses Jewish Entry into Russia
Date: 1547
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Ivan the Terrible becomes ruler of Russia and refuses to allow Jews to live in or even enter his kingdom because they "bring about great evil" (quoting his response to request by Polish king Sigismund II).
Tags: Legislation, Russia, Ivan the Terrible, 16th Century, Exclusion, Anti-Jewish Policies, Religious Persecution, Anti-Judaism
Jews Killed and Houses Robbed in Asolo
Date: 1547
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
10 out of the 30 Jews living in Asolo are killed and their houses are robbed.
Tags: Violence, Italy, 16th Century, Pogrom, Property confiscation
Dr. Joseph Hacohen Expelled from Genoa
Date: 1550
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Dr. Joseph Hacohen is chased out of Genoa for practicing medicine; soon all Jews are expelled.
Tags: Expulsion, Italy, 16th Century, Medical profession, Genoa
Pope Julius III Orders Talmud Burning
Date: 1553
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Pope Julius III forbids Talmud printing and orders burning of any copy found. Rome's Inquisitor-General, Cardinal Carafa (later Pope Paul IV) has Talmud publicly burnt in Rome on Rosh Hashanah, starting a wave of Talmud burning throughout Italy. About 12,000 copies were destroyed.
Tags: Religious persecution, Book burning, Talmud, Pope Julius III, Italy, Catholic Church, 16th Century
Cornelio da Montalcino Burned at the Stake
Date: 1554
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Cornelio da Montalcino, a Franciscan Friar who converted to Judaism, is burned alive in Rome.
Tags: Religious persecution, Inquisition, Conversion, Rome, 16th Century, Martyrdom, Catholic Church
Pope Paul IV Issues Cum nimis absurdum Bull and Establishes Ghetto
Date: 1555
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
In papal bull Cum nimis absurdum, Pope Paul IV writes: "It appears utterly absurd and impermissible that the Jews, whom God has condemned to eternal slavery for their guilt, should enjoy our Christian love." He renews anti-Jewish legislation and installs a locked nightly ghetto in Rome. The Bull also forces Jewish males to wear a yellow hat, females – yellow kerchief. Owning real estate or practicing medicine on Christians is forbidden. It also limits Jewish communities to only one synagogue.
Tags: Anti-Jewish legislation, Ghettoization, Papal Bull, Pope Paul IV, Religious persecution, Italy, Catholic Church, 16th Century, Segregation
Martyrs of 1555 in Ancona
Date: 1555
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Martyrs of 1555. 25 Jews in Ancona are hanged or burned at the stake for refusing to convert to Christianity as a result of Pope Paul IV's Bull of 1555.
Tags: Martyrdom, Religious persecution, Ancona, Pope Paul IV, Inquisition, 16th Century, Catholic Church
Jews Burned at the Stake in Sokhachev for Host Desecration
Date: 1556
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A rumor is sent around that a poor woman in Sokhachev named Dorothy sold Jews the holy wafer received by her during communion, and that it was stabbed until it bled. The Bishop of Khelm accuses the local Jews, and eventually three Jews along with Dorothy Lazhentzka are arrested, put on the rack, and sentenced to death on charges of host desecration. They were burned at the stake. Before their death, the martyred Jews made a declaration: "We have never stabbed the host, because we do not believe that the host is the Divine body, knowing that God has no body nor blood. We believe, as did our forefathers, that the Messiah is not God, but His messenger. We also know from experience that there can be no blood in flour."
Tags: Ritual murder, Host desecration, Sokhachev, Poland, 16th Century, False accusations, Religious persecution
Ghetto of Prague Burned and Jews Banished
Date: 1557
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Seventy houses were burned in the ghetto of Prague. Jews are temporarily banished.
Tags: Ghetto, Prague, 16th Century, Violence, Expulsion, Bohemia
Jews Expelled from Recanati after Conversion Attempt
Date: 1558
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Recanati, Italy: a baptized Jew, Joseph Paul More, enters synagogue on Yom Kippur under the protection of Pope Paul IV and tries to preach a conversion sermon. The congregation evicts him. Soon after, the Jews are expelled from Recanati.
Tags: Expulsion, Conversion, Recanati, Italy, 16th Century, Religious persecution
Pope Pius IV Allows Censored Talmud
Date: 1559
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Pope Pius IV allows Talmud on conditions that it is printed by a Christian and the text is censored.
Tags: Religious texts, Talmud, Censorship, Pope Pius IV, Italy, 16th Century, Catholic Church
The Goa Inquisition Begins
Date: 1560
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Goa Inquisition begins.
Tags: Inquisition, Goa, India, Religious persecution, Portuguese Empire, 16th Century, Forced conversion
Ferdinand I's Decree to Expel Jews is Cancelled
Date: 1561
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Ferdinand I takes an oath to expel the Jews. Mordechai Zemach runs to Rome and convinces Pope Pius IV to cancel the decree.
Tags: Expulsion, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Empire, Rome, Pope Pius IV, 16th Century, Political maneuvering
Jews Drowned in Dvina River after Polotsk's Capture
Date: 1563
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Russian troops take Polotsk from Lithuania, Jews are given ultimatum: embrace Russian Orthodox Church or die. Around 300 Jewish men, women and children were thrown into ice holes of Dvina river.
Tags: Massacre, Polotsk, Religious persecution, Forced conversion, Russian Empire, 16th Century, Violence
Ritual Murder Accusation in Brest-Litovsk
Date: 1564
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Brest-Litovsk: the son of a wealthy Jewish tax collector is accused of killing the family's Christian servant for ritual purposes. He is tortured and executed in line with the law. King Sigismund II of Poland forbids future charges of ritual murder, calling them groundless.
Tags: Ritual murder, Brest-Litovsk, Poland, 16th Century, False accusations, King Sigismund II, Anti-Semitism
Pope Pius V Reinstates Harsh Anti-Jewish Laws
Date: 1566
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Antonio Ghislieri elected and, as Pope Pius V, reinstates the harsh anti-Jewish laws of Pope Paul IV.
Tags: Anti-Jewish legislation, Pope Pius V, Religious persecution, Italy, Catholic Church, 16th Century, Reinstatement
Jews Permitted to Live in France
Date: 1567
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Jews are allowed to live in France.
Tags: France, Legal Status, Jewish Life, Religious Tolerance, Early Modern Period, Community
Jews Expelled from Republic of Genoa
Date: 1567
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews expelled from Republic of Genoa.
Tags: Expulsion, Genoa, Italy, Early Modern Period, Jewish Community, Persecution
Pope Pius V Expels Jews from Bologna and Destroys Cemetery
Date: 1569
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Pope Pius V expels all the Jews of Bologna. He then gave their cemetery away to the nuns of Saint Peter, who destroyed it to use the land.
Tags: Expulsion, Bologna, Papal States, Pope Pius V, Religious Persecution, Cemetery Destruction, Early Modern Period
Pope Pius V Restricts Jewish Residence in Papal States
Date: 1569
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Pope Pius V expels Jews dwelling outside of the ghettos of Rome, Ancona, and Avignon from the Papal States, thus ensuring that they remain city-dwellers.
Tags: Pope Pius V, Papal States, Ghettos, Residential Restrictions, Early Modern Period, Persecution
Jews Forced to Leave Berlin and Property Confiscated
Date: 1571
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews in Berlin are forced to leave and their property is confiscated.
Tags: Expulsion, Berlin, Confiscation, Property Seizure, Early Modern Period, Persecution
Mexican Inquisition Begins
Date: 1571
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Mexican Inquisition begins.
Tags: Inquisition, Mexico, Religious Persecution, New World, Conversos, Spanish Empire, Early Modern Period
First Auto-da-fé in Mexico
Date: 1574
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
First auto-da-fé in Mexico.
Tags: Auto-da-fé, Mexico, Inquisition, Religious Persecution, New World, Conversos, Spanish Empire, Early Modern Period
Deportation of Jews from Safed to Cyprus
Date: 1576
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Deportation of Jews from Safed to Cyprus by Ottoman authorities.
Tags: Expulsion, Safed, Cyprus, Ottoman Empire, Early Modern Period, Community Displacement
Pope Gregory XIII Prohibits Jewish Doctors
Date: 1581
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Pope Gregory XIII issues a Bull which prohibits the use of Jewish doctors.
Tags: Pope Gregory XIII, Professional Exclusion, Medical Profession, Discrimination, Early Modern Period, Papal States
Three Portuguese Conversos Burned at the Stake in Rome
Date: 1583
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Three Portuguese conversos are burned at the stake in Rome.
Tags: Inquisition, Rome, Conversos, Religious Persecution, Execution, Early Modern Period
Pope Sixtus V Forbids Printing of the Talmud
Date: 1586
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Pope Sixtus V forbids printing of the Talmud.
Tags: Pope Sixtus V, Talmud, Censorship, Religious Texts, Early Modern Period, Papal States
Jewish Quarter of Mikulov Burns; Deaths and Pillage
Date: 1590
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jewish quarter of Mikulov (Nikolsburg) burns to ground and 15 people die while Christians watch or pillage.
Tags: Pogrom, Mikulov, Fire, Pillage, Violence, Early Modern Period
King Philip II Orders Expulsion of Jews from Lombardy
Date: 1590
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
King Philip II of Spain orders expulsion of Jews from Lombardy. His order is ignored by local authorities until 1597, when 72 Jewish families are forced into exile.
Tags: Expulsion, Lombardy, King Philip II, Spanish Empire, Early Modern Period, Persecution
Philip II Expels Jews from Duchy of Milan
Date: 1591
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Philip II, King of Spain, banished all Jews from the duchy of Milan.
Tags: Expulsion, Milan, King Philip II, Spanish Empire, Early Modern Period, Persecution
Esther Chiera and Son Executed
Date: 1592
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Esther Chiera is executed with one of her sons by the Sultan Murad III's calvary.
Tags: Execution, Murad III, Ottoman Empire, Individual Violence, Early Modern Period, Persecution
Pope Clement VIII's Confirmation of Anti-Jewish Papal Bull and Propaganda
Date: 1593
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Pope Clement VIII confirms the papal bull of Paul III that expels Jews from papal states except ghettos in Rome and Ancona and issues Caeca et obdurata ("Blind Obstinacy"): "All the world suffers from the usury of the Jews, their monopolies and deceit. ... Then as now Jews have to be reminded intermittently anew that they were enjoying rights in any country since they left Palestine and the Arabian desert, and subsequently their ethical and moral doctrines as well as their deeds rightly deserve to be exposed to criticism in whatever country they happen to live."
Tags: Papal Bull, Catholic Church, Religious Persecution, Usury, Propaganda, Ghettos, Anti-Judaism, Exile
Expulsion of Jews from Bologna
Date: 1593
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
At least 900 are expelled from Bologna.
Tags: Expulsion, Italy, Bologna, Papal States, Religious Persecution, Forced Migration
Accusations of Judaism in Lima, Peru, and Execution
Date: 1595
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
10 people are accused of practicing Judaism in Lima, Peru. Four of them are released and one named Francisco Rodríguez, is burned alive.
Tags: Inquisition, Peru, Lima, Marranos, Religious Persecution, Forced Conversion, Auto-da-fé, Spanish Empire
Execution of Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal and Family in New Spain
Date: 1596
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal was a Marrana (Jewish convert to Christianity) in New Spain executed by the Inquisition for "judaizing" in 1596. One of her children, Isabel, in her twenties at the time, was tortured until she implicated the whole of the Carabajal family. The whole family was forced to confess and abjure at a public auto-da-fé, celebrated on Saturday, 24 February 1590. Luis de Carabajal the younger (one of Francisca's sons), along with Francisca and four of her daughters, was condemned to perpetual imprisonment, and another one of Francisca's sons, Baltasar, who had fled upon the first warning of danger, was, along with his deceased father Francisco Rodriguez de Matos, burnt in effigy. In January 1595, Francisca and her children were accused of a relapse into Judaism and convicted. During their imprisonment they were tempted to communicate with one another on Spanish pear seeds, on which they wrote touching messages of encouragement to remain true to their faith. At the resulting auto-da-fé, Francisca and her children Isabel, Catalina, Leonor, and Luis, died at the stake, together with Manuel Diaz, Beatriz Enriquez, Diego Enriquez, and Manuel de Lucena. Of her other children, Mariana, who lost her reason for a time, was tried and put to death at an auto-da-fé held in Mexico City on 25 March 1601; Anica, the youngest child, being "reconciled" at the same time.
Tags: Inquisition, Mexico, Marranos, Judaizing, Forced Conversion, Auto-da-fé, Spanish Empire, Religious Persecution, Family Persecution
Torture and Execution of Jews in Lublin
Date: 1598
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
3 Jews in Lublin are brutally tortured and executed by quartering, after a Christian boy is found in a nearby swamp.
Tags: Blood Libel, Poland, Lublin, Pogrom, Religious Persecution, Violence, Anti-Semitism
Punishment of Judaizers in Lima, Peru
Date: 1600
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
14 Judaizers are punished in Lima, Peru.
Tags: Inquisition, Peru, Lima, Marranos, Religious Persecution, Forced Conversion, Spanish Empire
Burning of Frei Diogo da Assumpcão in Lisbon
Date: 1603
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Frei Diogo da Assumpcão, a partly Jewish friar who embraced Judaism, burned alive in Lisbon.
Tags: Inquisition, Lisbon, Forced Conversion, Religious Persecution, Marranos, Portugal, Auto-da-fé
Arrest of Judaizers in Lima, Peru
Date: 1605
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
16 Judaizers are arrested in Lima, Peru.
Tags: Inquisition, Peru, Lima, Marranos, Religious Persecution, Forced Conversion, Spanish Empire
Jesuit Restrictions on Jews' Descendants
Date: 1608
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Jesuit order forbids admission to anyone descended from Jews to the fifth generation, a restriction lifted in the 20th century. Three years later Pope Paul V applies the rule throughout the Church, but his successor revokes it.
Tags: Jesuits, Catholic Church, Religious Discrimination, Social Exclusion, Anti-Semitism, Exclusion, Religious Persecution
Jewish Settlement Permitted in Hamburg with Restrictions
Date: 1612
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Hamburg Senate decides to officially allow Jews to live in Hamburg on the condition there is no public worship.
Tags: Hamburg, Germany, Jewish Community, Religious Restrictions, Social Exclusion, Ghettos
Vincent Fettmilch's Attack on the Frankfurt Jewish Quarter
Date: 1614
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Vincent Fettmilch, who called himself the "new Haman of the Jews", leads a raid on the Frankfurt Jewish quarter that turned into an attack that destroyed the whole community.
Tags: Frankfurt, Germany, Pogrom, Anti-Semitism, Violence, Jewish Quarter, Fettmilch Uprising
Jews Forcibly Expelled from Worms
Date: 1615
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
The Guild led by Dr. Chemnitz, "non-violently" forced the Jews from Worms.
Tags: Worms, Germany, Expulsion, Religious Persecution, Forced Migration, Community Destruction
Jesuit Accusations of Host Desecration and Blood Libel in Grodno
Date: 1616
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Jesuits arrive in Grodno and accuse the Jews of host desecration and blood libel.
Tags: Blood Libel, Host Desecration, Jesuits, Grodno, Propaganda, Religious Persecution, Anti-Semitism
Publication of the Anti-Semitic Pamphlet Mirror of the Polish Crown
Date: 1618
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Anti-semitic pamphlet Mirror of the Polish Crown is published by professor Sebastian Miczyński. It accuses the Jews of murder, sacrileges, witchcraft, and urges their expulsion. It would go on to inspire anti-Jewish riots across Poland.
Tags: Poland, Propaganda, Anti-Semitism, Incitement, Expulsion, Religious Persecution, Violence, Miczyński
Persecution of Jews under Shah Abbas I
Date: 1619
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Shah Abbas I of the Persian Sufi dynasty increases persecution against the Jews, forcing many to outwardly practice Islam. Many keep practicing Judaism in secret.
Tags: Shah Abbas I, Iran, Forced Conversion, Religious Persecution, Secrecy, Sufi Dynasty
King Christian IV of Denmark Invites Jews
Date: 1622
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
King Christian IV invites Jews to come and live in Denmark.
Tags: Royal Decree, Religious Tolerance, Jewish Community, Denmark, Early Modern Period, 17th Century
Ghetto Established in Ferrara
Date: 1624
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Ghetto established in Ferrara, Italy.
Tags: Ghettoization, Segregation, Jewish Community, Ferrara, 17th Century, Religious Persecution
Christian Theologian Antonio Homem Burned for Pursuing Judaism
Date: 1624
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Christian theologian Antonio Homem is burned at the stake for pursuing Judaism.
Tags: Religious Conversion, Inquisition, Burned at the Stake, Martyrdom, Converso, 17th Century
Jews of Vienna Forced into Leopoldstadt Ghetto
Date: 1625
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Jews of Vienna forced to live in a ghetto in Leopoldstadt.
Tags: Ghettoization, Segregation, Vienna, Jewish Community, 17th Century, Religious Persecution
Roman Jewish Mistress Burned Alive
Date: 1628
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Roman Jewish mistress of the son of the duke of Parma is burned alive.
Tags: Execution, Burning at the Stake, Religious Persecution, Roman Ghetto, Mistress, 17th Century
Jewish Merchant Moses the Braider Burned for Host Desecration
Date: 1630
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Jewish merchant Moses the Braider is burned alive after being accused of host desecration.
Tags: Blood Libel, Host Desecration, Execution, Burning at the Stake, Martyrdom, 17th Century
421 Jews Perish in Padua Ghetto
Date: 1631
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Due to awful conditions in the Jewish Ghetto of Padua, 421 out of the 721 Jews living in the ghetto perish.
Tags: Ghetto, Mortality, Padua, Jewish Community, 17th Century, Religious Persecution
King Ladislaus IV of Poland Forbids Antisemitic Books
Date: 1632
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
King Ladislaus IV of Poland forbids antisemitic books and printings.
Tags: Royal Decree, Censorship, Antisemitism, Religious Tolerance, Poland, 17th Century
Auto-da-fé Held in Presence of King and Queen, Publicly Burning 8 for Jewish Rites
Date: 1632
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Shortly after Miguel Rodriguez is discovered holding onto Jewish rites, an Auto-da-fé is held in the presence of the King and Queen. Miguel and his wife Isabel Alvarez, and 5 others are burned alive publicly.
Tags: Auto-da-fé, Inquisition, Burning at the Stake, Religious Persecution, Converso, 17th Century
Nicolas Antoine Burned for Heresy
Date: 1632
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Jewish-convert and martyr Nicolas Antoine is burned at the stake for heresy.
Tags: Heresy, Burning at the Stake, Martyrdom, Religious Persecution, Jewish Convert, 17th Century
Jews Banned from Radom
Date: 1633
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are banned from Radom.
Tags: Expulsion, Radom, Religious Persecution, 17th Century, Jewish Community
Anti-Jewish Riots in Vilna
Date: 1635
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Anti-Jewish riots take place in Vilna.
Tags: Pogrom, Riot, Vilna, Violence, Jewish Community, 17th Century
Four Jews Tortured and Executed in Kraków
Date: 1637
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Four Jews are publicly tortured and executed in Kraków.
Tags: Execution, Torture, Kraków, Violence, Jewish Community, 17th Century
Over 60 Judaizers Burned at Auto-da-fé in Lima
Date: 1639
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Over 60 Judaizers are burned at the stake at an Auto-da-fé in Lima, Peru. Among those martyred was physician Francisco Maldonado de Silva.
Tags: Auto-da-fé, Inquisition, Burning at the Stake, Religious Persecution, Lima, Converso, 17th Century, Martyrdom
Two Roman Jewish Children Forcibly Baptized
Date: 1639
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Two Roman Jewish children are forcibly baptized by Pope Urban VIII.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Child Abduction, Religious Persecution, Pope Urban VIII, Rome, 17th Century
Łęczyca Jews Accused of Ritual Murder
Date: 1639
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jews of Łęczyca are accused of ritual murder after a young child is found dead in the woods. The blame falls on the Jews after a local gentile named Foma confesses to the crime then says he had been coerced into doing it by the Jews. Despite the lack of evidence, two Jewish elders named Meyer and Lazar are arrested and tortured, and eventually quartered publicly.
Tags: Blood Libel, Ritual Murder, False Accusation, Persecution, Violence, Torture, 17th Century, Poland, Jewish Community
Judah the Believer Burned at the Stake
Date: 1644
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Jewish martyr Judah the Believer is burned at the stake as he recites prayers in Hebrew.
Tags: Martyrdom, Religious Persecution, Inquisition, Execution, 17th Century, Jewish Identity, Faith, Burned at the stake
Isaac de Castro Tartas Burned at the Stake
Date: 1647
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Jewish martyr Isaac de Castro Tartas is burned at the stake while he recites the Shema along with 6 other Jews.
Tags: Martyrdom, Religious Persecution, Inquisition, Execution, 17th Century, Jewish Identity, Conversion, Burned at the stake, New Christians
Chmielnicki Massacres of Jews
Date: 1648
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Ukrainian Cossacks led by Bohdan Chmielnicki massacre about 100,000 Jews and similar number of Polish nobles, 300 Jewish communities destroyed.
Tags: Pogrom, Massacre, Cossacks, Genocide, 17th Century, Chmielnicki, Ukraine, Poland, Jewish Community, Khmelnytsky Uprising
Largest Auto-da-fé in the New World
Date: 1649
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Largest Auto-da-fé in the New World. 109 victims, 13 were burned alive and 57 in effigy.
Tags: Inquisition, Auto-da-fé, Religious Persecution, Execution, 17th Century, Brazil, New Christians, Conversion
Oliver Cromwell Readmits Jews to England
Date: 1655
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Oliver Cromwell readmits Jews to England.
Tags: Cromwell, Readmission, Legislation, 17th Century, England, Jewish Community, Religious Tolerance, Politics
Expulsion of Jews from Isfahan
Date: 1656
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
All Jews are expelled from Isfahan because of the common belief of their impurity. The ones who stay are forced to convert to Islam.
Tags: Expulsion, Persecution, Religious Discrimination, Forced Conversion, 17th Century, Iran, Persia, Jewish Community
Forced Conversions in Iran
Date: 1657
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Jews throughout Iran (including 7,000 in Kashan alone) are forced to convert to Islam as a result of persecutions by Abbas II of Persia.
Tags: Forced Conversion, Religious Persecution, Abbas II, 17th Century, Iran, Persia, Jewish Community, Discrimination
Antonio Enríquez Gómez Burned in Effigy
Date: 1661
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Sephardic poet Antonio Enríquez Gómez is publicly burned in effigy in Seville.
Tags: Inquisition, Effigy, Religious Persecution, 17th Century, Spain, Marranos, Seville, Literary Figure
Istanbul Jews Accused of Child Murder
Date: 1663
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Two Christian Janissaries accuse the Jews of Istanbul of killing a child who had actually been killed by his own father. After killing his own son, he threw his body onto the Jewish quarter in order to implicate the Jews in the crime. Once the Grand Vizier learned the facts of the case from his spies stationed in the Greek quarter, he informed the Sultan and the Janissaries were put to death. 20 Jews were killed in total by the Greek mobs.
Tags: Blood Libel, False Accusation, Pogrom, Violence, 17th Century, Istanbul, Turkey, Jewish Community
Lemberg Ghetto Self-Defense and Massacre
Date: 1664
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jews of Lemberg (now Lviv) ghetto organize self-defense against impending assault by students of Jesuit seminary and Cathedral school. The militia sent by the officials to restore order, instead joined the attackers. About 100 Jews killed.
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, Ghetto, Self-Defense, 17th Century, Lviv, Ukraine, Jewish Community
Expulsion of Jews from Oran
Date: 1669
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
The majority of Jews in Oran are expelled by the Spanish queen.
Tags: Expulsion, Persecution, Spanish Rule, 17th Century, Oran, Algeria, Jewish Community
Jews Expelled from Vienna
Date: 1670
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews expelled from Vienna.
Tags: Expulsion, Persecution, 17th Century, Vienna, Austria, Jewish Community
Raphael Levy Burned at the Stake
Date: 1670
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Raphael Levy is burned at the stake over blood libel. After being offered a chance to convert and live, he declared that he had lived a Jew and would die a Jew.
Tags: Blood Libel, Martyrdom, Religious Persecution, Execution, 17th Century, Burned at the stake, Jewish Identity, Faith
The Exile of Mawza
Date: 1679
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
The Exile of Mawza. It is considered the single most traumatic event experienced collectively by the Jews of Yemen. All Jews living in nearly all cities and towns throughout Yemen were banished by decree of the king, Imām al-Mahdi Ahmad, and sent to a dry and barren region of the country named Mawza to withstand their fate or to die. Only a few communities who lived in the far eastern quarters of Yemen were spared this fate by virtue of their Arab patrons who refused to obey the King's orders. Many would die along the route and while confined to the hot and arid conditions of this forbidding terrain.
Tags: Expulsion, Persecution, Exile, 17th Century, Yemen, Mawza, Jewish Community, Forced Displacement
Auto-da-fé in Madrid
Date: 1680
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Auto-da-fé in Madrid.
Tags: Spanish Inquisition, Auto-da-fé, Religious Persecution, Forced Conversion, Marranos, Crypto-Judaism, Early Modern Period, Catholic Church
Mob attacks against Jews in Vilna
Date: 1681
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Mob attacks against Jews in Vilna. It was condemned by King John Sobieski, who ordered the punishment of the guilty.
Tags: Pogrom, Mob Violence, Vilna, Anti-Jewish Riots, Early Modern Period, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Largest trial against alleged Judaizers in Lisbon
Date: 1682
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Largest trial against alleged Judaizers in Lisbon, Portugal. 117 were tried in 3 days.
Tags: Portuguese Inquisition, Judaizers, Religious Persecution, Forced Conversion, Crypto-Judaism, Early Modern Period, Trials, Catholic Church
Kuruc massacre in Uherský Brod
Date: 1683
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Hungarian rebels known as Kuruc rushes into the town of Uherský Brod, massacring the majority of its Jewish inhabitants. Most of the victims were recent refugees who were expelled from Vienna in 1670. One of the Hebrews killed by the mob was Jewish historian Nathan ben Moses Hannover, who was a survivor of the Chmielnicki massacres. Most of the survivors fled to Upper Hungary.
Tags: Massacre, Kuruc Rebels, Chmielnicki Massacres, Refugees, Early Modern Period, Religious Violence, Nathan ben Moses Hannover, Hungarian Rebellion
Attack on the Jewish ghetto of Buda
Date: 1684
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Attack on the Jewish ghetto of Buda.
Tags: Ghetto, Attack, Buda, Urban Violence, Early Modern Period, Ottoman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Siege
Jews sold into slavery after the siege of Buda
Date: 1686
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Only 500 Jews survive after Austrian sieged the city of Buda. Half of them are sold into slavery.
Tags: Slavery, Siege of Buda, Forced Conversion, Captivity, Early Modern Period, Ottoman Empire, Holy Roman Empire
French invasion and destruction of the Jewish quarter in Worms
Date: 1689
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Worms is invaded by the French and the Jewish quarter is reduced to ashes.
Tags: Worms, French Invasion, Destruction, Early Modern Period, Palatinate War of Succession, Military Violence, Jewish Quarter
Destruction of the Jewish Ghetto in Prague
Date: 1689
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jewish Ghetto of Prague is destroyed by French troops. After it was over 318 houses, 11 synagogues, and 150 Jews were dead.
Tags: Prague, French Troops, Ghetto, Destruction, Early Modern Period, Military Violence, War, Synagogues
Inquisition in Palma, Majorca, and the burning of Jewish converts
Date: 1691
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
219 people are convicted of being Jewish in Palma, Majorca. 37 of them are burned to death. Among those martyred is Raphael and his sister Catalina Benito, who although declaring she wanted to live, jumped right into the flames rather than to be baptized.
Tags: Spanish Inquisition, Palma, Majorca, Auto-da-fé, Religious Persecution, Forced Conversion, Marranos, Early Modern Period, Crypto-Judaism, Martyrdom
Burning of Conversos in Évora
Date: 1696
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A number of Converso Jews are burned alive in Évora, Portugal.
Tags: Portuguese Inquisition, Conversos, Religious Persecution, Early Modern Period, Auto-da-fé
Blood libel in Sandomierz
Date: 1698
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A female child is found dead at a church in Sandomierz. The mother of the child first said she placed her body in the church because she could not afford a burial, but after torture accused the Jewish leader Aaron Berek of the local community of murdering her daughter. The mother and Berek were sentenced the death.
Tags: Blood Libel, Sandomierz, Accusation, False Accusation, Early Modern Period, Anti-Semitism, Aaron Berek
Prune-Fest: Defense of the Jewish Quarter in Bamberg
Date: 1699
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A mob attacks the Jewish Quarter of Bamberg but runs away after one Jew stops them by pouring baskets of ripe plums on the attackers. The event is still commemorated on the 29th of Nisan as the Zwetschgen-Ta’anit (Prune-Fest).
Tags: Bamberg, Riots, Jewish Quarter, Self-Defense, Zwetschgen-Ta'anit, Early Modern Period, Prune-Fest, Commemoration
Prohibition of the Aleinu prayer in Germany
Date: 1703
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Aleinu prayer is prohibited in most of Germany.
Tags: Aleinu, Religious Restriction, Prayer, Early Modern Period, Discrimination
Exorbitant fine and destruction of synagogues in Algiers
Date: 1706
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
An outbreak of the plague and a terrible famine in Algiers reduced many Jewish families to indigence. Then, influenced by false accusations, the bey imposed an exorbitant fine on the community and ordered the destruction of the synagogues, which were saved only by the payment of a further sum. This ruined the majority of the Jews.
Tags: Algiers, Economic Persecution, Synagogue Destruction, Financial Ruin, Early Modern Period
Publication of Eisenmenger's *Entdecktes Judenthum*
Date: 1711
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Johann Andreas Eisenmenger writes his Entdecktes Judenthum ("Judaism Unmasked"), a work denouncing Judaism and which had a formative influence on modern antisemitic polemics.
Tags: Johann Andreas Eisenmenger, Entdecktes Judenthum, Anti-Jewish Literature, Ideology, Early Modern Period, Enlightenment, Modern Anti-Semitism, Religious Polemic
Blood Libel in Sandomierz and Expulsion of Jews
Date: 1712
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Blood libel in Sandomierz and expulsion of the town's Jews.
Tags: Blood Libel, Pogrom, Expulsion, Religious Persecution, Poland, 18th Century, Anti-Jewish Violence
Elector Max Emanuel Orders Deportation of Jews from Bavaria
Date: 1715
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Elector Max Emanuel orders the deportation of all Jews living in Bavaria.
Tags: Expulsion, Bavaria, Germany, Religious Persecution, 18th Century, Forced Migration, Elector Max Emanuel
Expulsion of Jews from Gibraltar
Date: 1717
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
All Jews living in Gibraltar are expelled.
Tags: Expulsion, Gibraltar, Colonialism, Religious Persecution, 18th Century, Forced Migration
Expulsion of Jews from Carniola, Styria, and Carinthia
Date: 1718
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
The last Jews of Carniola, Styria and Carinthia are expelled.
Tags: Expulsion, Austria, Slovenia, Religious Persecution, 18th Century, Forced Migration
Ashkenazi Synagogue Burned in Jerusalem and Ban
Date: 1721
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Arab creditors set fire to an Ashkenazi synagogue, fed up with debts. Ashkenazi Jews are banned from Jerusalem along with anyone who looks like an Ashkenazi Jew. Some Ashkenazim dressed up like Sephardic Jews in order to fool the authorities.
Tags: Violence, Synagogue Burning, Ashkenazi Jews, Jerusalem, Religious Conflict, 18th Century, Anti-Jewish Violence
Maria Barbara Carillo Burned at the Stake
Date: 1721
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Maria Barbara Carillo was burned at the stake for heresy during the Spanish Inquisition. She was executed at the age of 95 or 96 and is the oldest person known to have been executed at the instigation of the Inquisition. Carillo was sentenced to death for heresy for returning to her faith in Judaism.
Tags: Inquisition, Religious Persecution, Heresy, Judaizing, South America, 18th Century, Auto-da-fé
Exile of Jews from Radom
Date: 1724
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews of Radom are exiled.
Tags: Expulsion, Poland, 18th Century, Religious Persecution, Forced Migration
Edict of Catherine I Ordering Expulsion from Russia
Date: 1727
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Edict of Catherine I of Russia: "The Jews... who are found in Ukraine and in other Russian provinces are to be expelled at once beyond the frontiers of Russia."
Tags: Expulsion, Russia, Ukraine, Catherine I, Religious Persecution, 18th Century, Forced Migration
Haidamak Attacks on Jews in Polish Ukraine
Date: 1734
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Haidamaks, paramilitary bands in Polish Ukraine, attack Jews.
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, Haidamaks, Ukraine, Poland, 18th Century, Anti-Jewish Violence
Maria Francisca Ana de Castro Burned at the Stake in Peru
Date: 1736
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
María Francisca Ana de Castro, called La bella toledana, a Spanish immigrant to Peru, was arrested in 1726, accused of "judaizing" (being a practicing Jew). She was burned at the stake after an auto de fe in 1736. This event was a major spectacle in Lima, but it raised questions about possible irregular procedures and corruption within the Inquisition.
Tags: Inquisition, Religious Persecution, Judaizing, South America, 18th Century, Auto-da-fé
Blood Libel in Jarosław: Torture and Death
Date: 1737
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Blood libel in Jarosław leads to Jews being tortured and others being put to death.
Tags: Blood Libel, Pogrom, Religious Persecution, Poland, 18th Century, Anti-Jewish Violence
Expulsion of Jews from Ukraine by Elizabeth of Russia
Date: 1742
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Elizabeth of Russia issues a decree of expulsion of all the Jews out of Ukraine. Her resolution to the Senate's appeal regarding harm to the trade: "I don't desire any profits from the enemies of Christ". One of the deportees is Antonio Ribera Sanchez, her own personal physician and the head of army's medical dept.
Tags: Expulsion, Russia, Ukraine, Elizabeth of Russia, Religious Persecution, 18th Century, Forced Migration
Expulsion of Jews from Riga
Date: 1743
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
The Russians gain control of Riga and all local Jews are expelled.
Tags: Expulsion, Latvia, Religious Persecution, 18th Century, Forced Migration, Riga
Frederick II Limits Jewish Families in Breslau
Date: 1744
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Frederick II The Great (a "heroic genius", according to Hitler) limits Breslau to ten "protected" Jewish families, on the grounds that otherwise they will "transform it into complete Jerusalem". He encourages this practice in other Prussian cities. In 1750 he issues Revidiertes General Privilegium und Reglement vor die Judenschaft: "protected" Jews had an alternative to "either abstain from marriage or leave Berlin" (Simon Dubnow).
Tags: Legislation, Frederick II, Breslau, Germany, Religious Persecution, 18th Century, Social Exclusion
Maria Theresa's Anti-Jewish Decrees in Austria
Date: 1744
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Archduchess of Austria Maria Theresa orders: "... no Jew is to be tolerated in our inherited duchy of Bohemia" by the end of Feb. 1745. In December 1748 she reverses her position, on condition that Jews pay for readmission every ten years. This extortion was known among the Jews as malke-geld (queen's money). In 1752 she introduces the law limiting each Jewish family to one son.
Tags: Legislation, Maria Theresa, Austria, Religious Persecution, 18th Century, Economic Restrictions, Malke-geld
Radom Bans Jews from Entering
Date: 1746
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The city of Radom bans Jews from entering.
Tags: Restrictions, Local Laws, Exclusion, Polish History, Ghettoization, 18th Century, Anti-Jewish Legislation
Jewish Community of Kaunas Expelled
Date: 1753
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
The Jewish community of Kaunas is expelled.
Tags: Expulsion, Forced Migration, Lithuanian History, 18th Century, Jewish Community, Persecution
Jeronimo Jose Ramos Burned at the Stake
Date: 1755
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Jeronimo Jose Ramos, a merchant from Bragança, Portugal, is burned at the stake for being secretly Jewish.
Tags: Inquisition, Religious Persecution, Marranos, Forced Conversion, Portugal, Brazil, 18th Century, Trial, Execution
Several Jews Executed in Alsace for Host Desecration
Date: 1761
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Several Jews from Alsace are executed after being accused of host desecration.
Tags: Host Desecration, Accusation, Alsace, France, 18th Century, Execution, Blood Libel, False Accusation
Jews of Kaunas Expelled After Riots
Date: 1761
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
The Jews of Kaunas are expelled after anti-Jewish riots.
Tags: Expulsion, Riots, Anti-Jewish Violence, Lithuanian History, 18th Century, Jewish Community, Kaunas
Rhode Island Denies Jews Citizenship
Date: 1762
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Rhode Island refuses to grant Jews citizenship stating "no person who is not of the Christian religion can be admitted free to this colony."
Tags: Citizenship, Discrimination, American History, Religious Discrimination, 18th Century, Rhode Island, Colonial America, Exclusion
Most Jews Expelled from Toruń
Date: 1766
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
All but 6 Jews are expelled from Toruń.
Tags: Expulsion, Polish History, 18th Century, Jewish Community, Toruń, Exile, Forced Migration
Haidamaks Massacre of Jews in Uman
Date: 1768
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Haidamaks massacre the Jews of Uman, Ukraine.
Tags: Haidamak, Pogrom, Massacre, Ukraine, 18th Century, Cossacks, Violence, Uman
Pope Pius VI Issues Edict Concerning the Jews
Date: 1775
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Pope Pius VI issues a severe Editto sopra gli ebrei (Edict concerning the Jews). Previously lifted restrictions are reimposed, Judaism is suppressed
Tags: Papal Edict, Religious Persecution, Restrictions, Catholic Church, 18th Century, Suppression, Italy, Vatican City
Blood Libel and Mob Attacks in Hebron
Date: 1775
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A blood libel spread in Hebron, in which Jews were falsely accused of murdering the son of a local sheikh. Mob attacks took place. At first the Sheikh demanded to kill all the Jews but after pleas settled on a large fine that nearly destroyed the community.
Tags: Blood Libel, False Accusation, Mob Violence, Hebron, Middle East, 18th Century, Anti-Jewish Violence
Jewish Community of Basra Massacred
Date: 1776
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jewish community of Basra is massacred.
Tags: Massacre, Iraq, 18th Century, Basra, Jewish Community, Anti-Jewish Violence
Joseph II's Toleranzpatent and its Consequences
Date: 1782
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II abolishes most of persecution practices in Toleranzpatent on condition that Yiddish and Hebrew are eliminated from public records and judicial autonomy is annulled. Judaism is branded "quintessence of foolishness and nonsense". Moses Mendelssohn writes: "Such a tolerance... is even more dangerous play in tolerance than open persecution".
Tags: Toleranzpatent, Joseph II, Enlightenment, Assimilation, Jewish Emancipation, Austria, 18th Century, Moses Mendelssohn, Persecution
Sultan Expels Moroccan Jews
Date: 1783
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
The Sultan expels the Moroccan Jews for failing to pay an exorbitant ransom.
Tags: Expulsion, Morocco, 18th Century, Forced Migration, Sultan, Jewish Community
Ali Burzi Pasha Murders Libyan Jews
Date: 1785
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Ali Burzi Pasha murders hundreds of Libyan Jews.
Tags: Massacre, Libya, 18th Century, Ali Burzi Pasha, Anti-Jewish Violence, Pogrom
Jews Expelled from Jeddah
Date: 1786
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Jews are expelled from Jeddah, most of them flee to Yemen.
Tags: Expulsion, Saudi Arabia, Jeddah, Yemen, 18th Century, Jewish Community, Migration
Massacre and Plunder of the Jewish Quarter of Tétouan
Date: 1790
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Yazid becomes the Sultan of Morocco and immediately orders troops to massacre and plunder the Jewish quarter of Tétouan.
Tags: North Africa, Moroccan Jews, Massacre, Pogrom, Jewish Quarter, Persecution, Violence, Sultan Yazid
Moses Seixas Writes to George Washington
Date: 1790
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Touro Synagogue's warden, Moses Seixas, wrote to George Washington, expressing his support for Washington's administration and good wishes for him. Washington sent a letter in response, which read in part:
Tags: American Revolution, Religious Freedom, Jewish Community, Touro Synagogue, George Washington, Letter, Assimilation, Tolerance, Early America
Eleazer Solomon Quartered in Grodno
Date: 1790
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Eleazer Solomon is quartered for the alleged murder of a Christian girl in Grodno.
Tags: Grodno, Accusation, Murder, Violence, Blood Libel, Persecution, Eastern Europe, Crime
Destruction of Jewish Communities in Morocco
Date: 1790
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Destruction of most of the Jewish communities of Morocco.
Tags: North Africa, Moroccan Jews, Destruction, Pogroms, Massacre, Persecution, Violence, Jewish Communities
Catherine II Confines Jews to the Pale of Settlement
Date: 1791
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Catherine II of Russia confines Jews to the Pale of Settlement and imposes them with double taxes.
Tags: Pale of Settlement, Catherine II, Russian Empire, Segregation, Discrimination, Persecution, Eastern Europe, Taxation
Napoleon Calls for the End of Jewish Segregation
Date: 1797
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Napoleon calls for the end of Jewish segregation, ghettoization and the denial of equal rights.
Tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, Emancipation, Equal Rights, Ghettoization, French Revolution, Integration, Enlightenment, Jewish Rights
Massacre of Algerian Jews
Date: 1805
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Two to five hundred Algerian Jews are massacred.
Tags: North Africa, Algerian Jews, Massacre, Pogrom, Violence, Persecution, Ottoman Empire
Pillaging and Massacre of Jews in Tlemecen
Date: 1806
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Pillaging and Massacre of Jews in Tlemecen
Tags: North Africa, Algerian Jews, Massacre, Pillaging, Violence, Persecution, Tlemecen, Ottoman Empire
David ben Joseph Coen Bakri Decapitated
Date: 1811
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Head of the Jewish community of Algiers David ben Joseph Coen Bakri is decapitated by the Dey Hadj Ali.
Tags: North Africa, David ben Joseph Coen Bakri, Decapitation, Violence, Persecution, Algiers, Ottoman Empire
Massacre of Jews in Algiers
Date: 1815
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Massacre of jews in Algiers.
Tags: North Africa, Algerian Jews, Massacre, Pogrom, Violence, Persecution, Algiers, Ottoman Empire
Pope Pius VII Reestablishes the Ghetto in Rome
Date: 1815
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Pope Pius VII reestablishes the ghetto in Rome after the defeat of Napoleon.
Tags: Ghetto, Rome, Pope Pius VII, Segregation, Catholic Church, Post-Napoleonic, Discrimination, Jewish Community
Turks Attack Constantine, Massacre Jews, and Abduct Girls
Date: 1818
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Turks from Algiers attack Constantine, massacre and pillage Jewish homes, and abduct 17 young Jewish girls whom they bring to their commander.
Tags: North Africa, Constantine, Violence, Massacre, Abduction, Persecution, Ottoman Empire, Slavery
Hep-Hep Riots in Germany
Date: 1819
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A series of anti-Jewish riots in Germany that spread to several neighboring countries: Denmark, Latvia and Bohemia known as Hep-Hep riots, from the derogatory rallying cry against the Jews in Germany.
Tags: Hep-Hep Riots, Pogroms, Germany, Violence, Anti-Jewish Riots, Persecution, 19th Century, Discrimination
Compulsory Military Service for Jews in Russia (Cantonists)
Date: 1827
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Compulsory military service for the Jews of Russia: Jewish boys under 18 years of age, known as the Cantonists, were placed in preparatory military training establishments for 25 years. In practice, Jewish children were often forcibly conscripted as young as eight or nine years old. Cantonists were encouraged and sometimes forced to baptize.
Tags: Cantonists, Russian Empire, Military Service, Forced Conversion, Persecution, Discrimination, Eastern Europe, Children, Nicholas I
Canada Amends Oath Allowing Jews
Date: 1829
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The law in Canada requiring the oath "on my faith as a Christian" was amended in 1829 to provide for Jews to not take the oath.
Tags: Canada, Oath, Religious Freedom, Jewish Rights, Legal Reform, Discrimination, Tolerance, 19th Century
Mob Attack on Tabriz Jews
Date: 1830
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Persian Jewish population of Tabriz, Iran is attacked by a mob, resulting in most of the Jewish community either being killed or fleeing.
Tags: Pogrom, Persecution, Violence, Iran, Jewish Community, Mob Violence, 19th Century
Forced Conversion of Shiraz Jews
Date: 1830
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Jews of Shiraz are forced to convert to Islam.
Tags: Persecution, Forced Conversion, Religious Persecution, Iran, Jewish Community, 19th Century
Papineau's Sponsorship of Jewish Rights in Lower Canada
Date: 1831
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The prominent French-Canadian politician Louis-Joseph Papineau sponsored a law which granted full equivalent political rights to Jews in Lower Canada, twenty-seven years before anywhere else in the British Empire.
Tags: Civil Rights, Legislation, Canada, Political Rights, Equality, 19th Century, Jewish Emancipation
Legal Guarantee of Political Rights for Jews in Canada
Date: 1832
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Partly because of the work of Ezekiel Hart, a law was passed that guaranteed Jews the same political rights and freedoms as Christians in Canada.
Tags: Civil Rights, Legislation, Canada, Political Rights, Equality, 19th Century, Jewish Emancipation
Publication of Clemens Brentano's Antisemitic 'Dolorous Passion'
Date: 1833
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Clemens Brentano published The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ According to the Meditations of Anne Catherine Emmerich. The "Dolorous Passion" is claimed to reveal a "clear antisemitic strain throughout", with Brentano writing that Emmerich believed that "Jews ... strangled Christian children and used their blood for all sorts of suspicious and diabolical practices."
Tags: Antisemitism, Blood Libel, Religious Anti-Semitism, Ideology, 19th Century, Literature, Anne Catherine Emmerich
Looting and Attack on Safed's Jewish Community
Date: 1834
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The 1834 looting of Safed was a month-long attack on the Jewish population of Safed by local Arab and Druze villagers. It was full of large scale looting, as well as the killing and raping of Jews and the destruction of many homes and synagogues. Before the attacks Jews made up over 50% of the population, but many of them fled to nearby cities which reduced their presence drastically.
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, Looting, Safed, Ottoman Empire, 19th Century, Jewish Community
Execution of Sol Hachuel in Morocco
Date: 1834
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Jewish heroine and martyr Sol Hachuel is publicly decapitated at 17 years old in Fez, Morocco. She is executed for refusing to convert to Islam.
Tags: Religious Persecution, Individual Violence, Martyrdom, Morocco, 19th Century, Sol Hachuel, Forced Conversion
Oppressive Constitution for Jews in Russia
Date: 1835
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Oppressive constitution for the Jews issued by Czar Nicholas I of Russia.
Tags: Legislation, Persecution, Discrimination, Russia, 19th Century, Czar Nicholas I, Jewish Community
Druze Attack on Jewish Community of Safed
Date: 1838
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The 1838 Druze attack on Safed was a plunder of the Jewish community of Safed by the local Druze during the Druze revolt.
Tags: Violence, Pogrom, Ottoman Empire, Safed, Druze, 19th Century, Jewish Community
Forced Conversion and Massacre of Mashhad Jews
Date: 1839
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Forty-plus Persian Jews are killed and the entire Jewish community of Mashhad is forced to convert to Islam in the Allahdad. Many of them practised Judaism in secret, which led to the Mashhadi Jews, whom today number in the thousands.
Tags: Persecution, Forced Conversion, Massacre, Mashhad, Iran, 19th Century, Jewish Community
Damascus Affair and Blood Libel Atrocities
Date: 1840
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Damascus affair: false blood libel accusations cause arrests and atrocities, culminating in the seizure of 63 Jewish children and attacks on Jewish communities throughout the Middle East.:
Tags: Blood Libel, Damascus Affair, Antisemitism, Persecution, Ottoman Empire, 19th Century, False Accusation, Jewish Community
Blood Libel in Ottoman Southern Syria
Date: 1840
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Blood Libel in Ottoman Southern Syria
Tags: Blood Libel, False Accusation, Antisemitism, Ottoman Empire, 19th Century, Persecution, Jewish Community
Mosul Blood Libel
Date: 1841
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Mosul blood libel
Tags: Blood Libel, False Accusation, Antisemitism, Ottoman Empire, 19th Century, Persecution, Jewish Community
Karl Marx's 'On the Jewish Question'
Date: 1844
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Karl Marx publishes his work On the Jewish Question: "What is the worldly cult of the Jew? Huckstering. What is his worldly god? Money... Money is the jealous God of Israel, besides which no other god may exist... The god of the Jews has been secularized and has become the god of this world", "In the final analysis, the emancipation of the Jews is the emancipation of mankind from Judaism."
Tags: Antisemitism, Ideology, Karl Marx, 19th Century, Philosophy, Huckstering, Political Theory, Jewish Question
Blood Libel Accusations in Cairo
Date: 1844
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Muslims accuse jews of murdering a Christian for his blood in Cairo
Tags: Blood Libel, Cairo, False Accusation, Antisemitism, 19th Century, Persecution, Jewish Community
Maronite Blood Libel in Dayr al-Qamar
Date: 1847
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Maronites in the lebanese village of Dayr al-Qamar raised a blood Libel, that jews were murdering Christians for their blood.
Tags: Blood Libel, Maronites, Religious Conflict, Dayr al-Qamar, 19th Century, Antisemitism
Richard Wagner's 'Judaism in Music'
Date: 1850
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Das Judenthum in der Musik (German for "Jewishness in Music", but normally translated Judaism in Music; spelled after its first publications, according to modern German spelling practice, as 'Judentum'), is an essay by Richard Wagner which attacks Jews in general and the composers Giacomo Meyerbeer and Felix Mendelssohn in particular. It was published under a pseudonym in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (NZM) of Leipzig in September 1850 and was reissued in a greatly expanded version under Wagner's name in 1869. It is regarded by some as an important landmark in the history of German antisemitism.
Tags: Wagner, Antisemitism, Music, Ideology, Cultural Criticism, 19th Century, German Romanticism, Anti-Jewish
Blood Libels in Saratov and Russia
Date: 1853
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Blood libels in Saratov and throughout Russia.
Tags: Blood Libel, Russia, 19th Century, Antisemitism, Pogroms, Religious Persecution, Saratov
The Edgardo Mortara Affair
Date: 1858
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Edgardo Mortara, a six-year-old Jewish boy whom a maid had baptized during an illness, is taken from his parents in Bologna, an episode which aroused universal indignation in liberal circles.
Tags: Mortara, Kidnapping, Catholic Church, Italy, Religious Persecution, 19th Century, Forced Conversion, Papal States
Jews Punished for Mocking Ta'zieh Ceremonies in Hamadan
Date: 1860
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jews of Hamadan are accused of mocking the Ta'zieh ceremonies for Imam Husain, several of them are fined and some have their ears and noses cut off as punishment.
Tags: Hamadan, Iran, Religious Persecution, Ta'zieh, Shia Islam, 19th Century, Mob Violence
Blood Libel in Aleppo
Date: 1860
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Blood libel against jews of Alleppo raised by Christians
Tags: Blood Libel, Aleppo, Syria, 19th Century, Antisemitism, Religious Conflict, Christianity
Grant's General Order No. 11 and Polish Jews' Rights
Date: 1862
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
During the American Civil War General Grant issues General Order No. 11, ordering all Jews out of his military district, suspecting them of pro-Confederate sympathy. President Lincoln directs him to rescind the order. Polish Jews are given equal rights. Old privileges forbidding Jews to settle in some Polish cities are abolished.
Tags: American Civil War, Grant, General Order No. 11, United States, Poland, Jewish Rights, 19th Century, Lincoln
Lynch of Jew in Hamadan
Date: 1863
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A Jew in Hamadan is lynched by a Muslim mob, and many others are severely injured after being accused of insulting Muhammad.
Tags: Hamadan, Lynching, Iran, Mob Violence, Islamic Mob, 19th Century, Religious Conflict, Antisemitism
Massacre of Moroccan Jews
Date: 1864
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
At least 500 Moroccan Jews are massacred in Marrakech and Fez.
Tags: Morocco, Massacre, Fez, Marrakech, Pogrom, North Africa, 19th Century
Forced Conversion and Massacre of Jews in Barforush
Date: 1866
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jews of Barforush are forcibly converted to Islam. When they are allowed to revert to Judaism thanks to French and British ambassadors, a Muslim mob kills 18 Jews, burning two of them alive.
Tags: Barforush, Iran, Forced Conversion, Pogrom, 19th Century, Religious Persecution, Mob Violence, Antisemitism
Lynching of Samuel Bierfield
Date: 1868
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Samuel Bierfield (d. 15 August 1868) is believed to be the first Jew lynched in the United States. Bierfield and his African-American clerk, Lawrence Bowman, were apprehended in Bierfield's store in Franklin, Tennessee and fatally shot by a group of masked men believed to belong to the Ku Klux Klan, on 15 August 1868. No one was ever convicted of the crime, however.
Tags: Lynching, Ku Klux Klan, United States, 19th Century, Violence, Antisemitism, Bierfield, Tennessee
Pogrom on Jerba Island
Date: 1869
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
18 Tunisian Jews are killed in a pogrom and an Arab mob loots Jewish homes and stores, burns synagogues, on Jerba Island.
Tags: Pogrom, Jerba Island, Tunisia, 19th Century, Antisemitism, Mob Violence, North Africa
Crémieux Decree and Rise of Antisemitism in Algeria and the Middle East
Date: 1870
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The 35,000 Jews living in Algeria are granted French citizenship as a result of the Crémieux Decree. This leads to a rise of antisemitism in Algeria and across the Middle East.:
Tags: Crémieux Decree, Algeria, Citizenship, 19th Century, Antisemitism, French Colonialism, North Africa
Plot to murder jews found in Odesa
Date: 1871
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A telegram found in Odesa contains information of a Plot to murder jews. "The Russian citizens determined to get rid the Jews at one blow, and formed a plot to massacre them".
Tags: Odesa, Ukraine, Plot, 19th Century, Antisemitism, Pogrom, Violence, Anti-Jewish
Pope Pius IX's Antisemitic Remarks
Date: 1871
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Speech of Pope Pius IX in regard to Jews: "of these dogs, there are too many of them at present in Rome, and we hear them howling in the streets, and they are disturbing us in all places."
Tags: Pope Pius IX, Antisemitism, Catholic Church, Ideology, 19th Century, Religious Anti-Judaism, Rome
Southern Baptist Convention Resolution on Anti-Semitism
Date: 1873
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Southern Baptist Convention passed a "Resolution On Anti-Semitism" stating, "RESOLVED, That we do gratefully remember this day our unspeakable indebtedness to the seed of Abraham, and devoutly recognize their peculiar claims upon the sympathies and prayers of all Gentile Christians, and we hereby record our earnest desire to partake in the glorious work of hastening the day when the superscription of the Cross shall be the confession of all Israel 'Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews'."
Tags: Religious antisemitism, Christianity, Evangelicalism, Theology, Conversion, Southern Baptist Convention, 19th century
Muslim Mob Kills Jews in Demnat
Date: 1875
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Twenty Jews are killed by a Muslim mob in Demnat, Morocco.
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, Muslim, North Africa, 19th century, Persecution
Massacre of Jewish Families in Larache
Date: 1877
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Massacre of two Jewish families in Larache
Tags: Violence, Massacre, North Africa, 19th century, Persecution
Adolf Stoecker Founds Christian Social Party
Date: 1878
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Adolf Stoecker, German antisemitic preacher and politician, founds the Christian Social Party, which marks the beginning of the political antisemitic movement in Germany.
Tags: Political antisemitism, Christian Social Party, Adolf Stoecker, Germany, 19th century, Ideology, Antisemitism
Kutaisi Ritual Murder Accusation
Date: 1879
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Nine Jews in Kutaisi are accused of ritual murder, and eventually are tried and found not guilty.
Tags: Ritual murder, False accusation, Kutaisi, Trial, 19th century, Persecution
Heinrich von Treitschke Justifies Antisemitism
Date: 1879
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Heinrich von Treitschke, German historian and politician, justifies the antisemitic campaigns in Germany, bringing antisemitism into learned circles.
Tags: Ideology, Antisemitism, Heinrich von Treitschke, Germany, Academic antisemitism, 19th century
Wilhelm Marr Coins the Term Anti-Semitism
Date: 1879
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Wilhelm Marr coins the term Anti-Semitism to distinguish himself from religious Anti-Judaism.
Tags: Term, Antisemitism, Wilhelm Marr, Ideology, Germany, 19th century, Origin of the term
Pogrom in Tlemcen, Algeria
Date: 1881
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Pogrom against the Jews in Tlemcen, Algeria.
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, North Africa, 19th century, Persecution
Rejection of Petition for Jewish Removal from Public Life
Date: 1881
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The German Reichstag receives and rejects a petition with more than 250,000 signatures, and supported by the Kaiser's personal chaplain, Adolf Stoecker, calling for the removal of Jews from public life.
Tags: Political antisemitism, Petition, Adolf Stoecker, Reichstag, 19th century, Ideology
Georg Ritter von Schönerer Adopts the Title "Führer"
Date: 1881
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Georg Ritter von Schönerer, a pan-German Austrian leader and antisemite styles himself as "Führer" and he and his followers use the greeting "Heil!"
Tags: Führer, Pan-Germanism, Antisemitism, Georg Ritter von Schönerer, 19th century, Ideology, Austria
Pogroms in Southern Russia and Mass Emigration
Date: 1881
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Pogroms sweep southern Russia, propelling mass Jewish emigration from the Pale of Settlement: about 2 million Russian Jews emigrated in period 1880–1924, many of them to the United States (until the National Origins Quota of 1924 and Immigration Act of 1924 largely halted immigration to the U.S. from Eastern Europe and Russia). The Russian word "pogrom" becomes international.
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, Emigration, Russia, United States, 19th century, Mass Violence, Pale of Settlement
Muslim Mob Attacks Jews in Algiers
Date: 1882
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jewish population of Algiers is attacked by a Muslim mob.
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, North Africa, Muslim, 19th century
Tiszaeszlár Blood Libel
Date: 1882
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Tiszaeszlár blood libel in Hungary arouses public opinion throughout Europe.
Tags: Blood libel, Tiszaeszlár, Hungary, False accusation, 19th century, Antisemitism
International Anti-Jewish Congress in Dresden
Date: 1882
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The International Anti-Jewish Congress, led by Adolf Stoecker, convenes at Dresden, Germany; it appeals to "the Government and Peoples of Christian Nations Threatened by Judaism" to expel "the Semitic race of Jews" from Europe.
Tags: International Anti-Jewish Congress, Dresden, Adolf Stoecker, Expulsion, Ideology, 19th century
May Laws in Russia
Date: 1882
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
A series of "temporary laws" by Tsar Alexander III of Russia (the May Laws), which adopted a systematic policy of discrimination, with the object of removing the Jews from their economic and public positions, in order to "cause one-third of the Jews to emigrate, one-third to accept baptism and one-third to starve" (according to a remark attributed to Konstantin Pobedonostsev)
Tags: May Laws, Discrimination, Russia, Alexander III, Emigration, Persecution, 19th century
Arabs attack Jews in Petah Tikva
Date: 1886
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jews are attacked by Arabs in Petah Tikva
Tags: Arab-Jewish conflict, Pogrom, Ottoman Empire, Zionism, Petah Tikva, Violence, Settlement
Russia introduces educational quotas for Jews
Date: 1887
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Russia introduces measures to limit Jews access to education, known as the quota.
Tags: Anti-Jewish laws, Education, Quota, Russian Empire, Discrimination, Jewish rights, Assimilation
Blood libel in Xanten, Germany
Date: 1891
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Blood libel in Xanten, Germany.
Tags: Blood libel, Accusation, Religious persecution, Antisemitism, False accusation, Xanten, Hate speech, Medieval antisemitism
Expulsion of Jews from Moscow
Date: 1891
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Expulsion of 20,000 Jews from Moscow, Russia. The Congress of the United States eases immigration restrictions for Jews from the Russian Empire. (Webster-Campster report)
Tags: Expulsion, Pogroms, Russian Empire, Immigration, United States, Webster-Campster report, Discrimination, Emigration
Muslims in Jerusalem seek to restrict Jewish entry
Date: 1891
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Leading Muslims in Jerusalem asked the Ottoman authorities in Constantinople to prohibit the entry of Jews arriving from Russia.
Tags: Anti-Zionism, Jewish immigration, Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire, Religious tensions, Exclusion, Political activism
Blood libels and murders in Corfu and Zakynthos
Date: 1891
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Blood libels in Corfu and Zakynthos last several weeks; several Jews murdered.
Tags: Blood libel, Pogroms, Murder, Greece, Religious persecution, Antisemitism, Corfu, Zakynthos
Mulla Abdullah issues fatwa to kill Jews in Hamadan
Date: 1892
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Mulla Abdullah issues a fatwa to kill all the Jews of Hamadan if they refuse to abide by Jewish restrictions. The local Persian Jews were later ordered to become Muslims or face death.
Tags: Fatwa, Hamadan, Religious persecution, Forced conversion, Violence, Islamic antisemitism, Qajar Dynasty
Murder of Persian Jews in Savojbolagh County
Date: 1892
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Two Persian Jews go out to sell merchandise and end up killed with all of their property stolen. Their relatives went out to search for the bodies and when they found them, they were killed by the same villagers. Even after many attempts to plea for their lives, the governor of Savojbolagh County paid them no mind.
Tags: Murder, Violence, Savojbolagh County, Qajar Dynasty, Persecution, Anti-Jewish violence, Property seizure
Justinas Bonaventure Pranaitis writes 'The Talmud Unmasked'
Date: 1892
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Justinas Bonaventure Pranaitis writes The Talmud Unmasked an antisemitic and misleading inaccurate anti-Talmudic work.
Tags: Anti-Talmudic, Talmud, Antisemitic literature, Pranaitis, Hate speech, Ideology, Religious antisemitism
Karl Lueger establishes antisemitic Christian Social Party
Date: 1893
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Karl Lueger establishes antisemitic Christian Social Party and becomes the Mayor of Vienna in 1897.
Tags: Political antisemitism, Christian Social Party, Lueger, Mayor of Vienna, Vienna, Political movement, Right-wing politics, Antisemitism
The Dreyfus Affair begins with Émile Zola's J'accuse!
Date: 1894
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Dreyfus affair in France. In 1898 Émile Zola publishes open letter J'accuse!
Tags: Dreyfus Affair, France, Antisemitism, Zola, J'accuse, Anti-Jewish sentiment, Military, Political scandal, Public opinion
A. C. Cuza organizes the Alliance Anti-semitique Universelle
Date: 1895
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
A. C. Cuza organizes the Alliance Anti-semitique Universelle in Bucharest, Romania.
Tags: Anti-Semitic League, Alliance Anti-semitique Universelle, Cuza, Romania, Pan-European antisemitism, Organization, Antisemitism
Captain Alfred Dreyfus is dishonorably discharged
Date: 1895
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Captain Alfred Dreyfus being dishonorably discharged in France.
Tags: Dreyfus Affair, Military, Discrimination, France, Antisemitism, Injustice, Military trial
Synagogues and Jewish homes pillaged in Oran
Date: 1897
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Synagogues and Jewish homes are pillaged in Oran.
Tags: Pogroms, Oran, Violence, Pillage, French Algeria, Antisemitism
Synagogues are ransacked and Jews are murdered in Tripolitania
Date: 1897
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Synagogues are ransacked and Jews are murdered in Tripolitania.
Tags: Pogroms, Murder, Tripolitania, Violence, Jewish community, Antisemitism, North Africa
Violent Anti-Jewish Riots in Algiers
Date: 1898
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Violent anti-Jewish riots erupt in Algiers.
Tags: Pogrom, North Africa, Colonialism, Anti-Jewish Violence, Riots, 19th Century, French Algeria
Houston Stewart Chamberlain Publishes 'Die Grundlagen des 19 Jahrhunderts'
Date: 1899
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Houston Stewart Chamberlain, racist and antisemitic author, publishes his Die Grundlagen des 19 Jahrhunderts which later became a basis of National-Socialist ideology.
Tags: Antisemitism, Racism, Ideology, National Socialism, Influence, Proto-fascism, Racial Theory, 20th Century
Blood Libel in Bohemia (Hilsner Case)
Date: 1899
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Blood libel in Bohemia (the Hilsner case).
Tags: Blood Libel, Accusation, Religious Persecution, Bohemia, Hilsner Case, 19th Century, False Accusation
Harassment During Rabbi Jacob Joseph's Funeral
Date: 1902
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
During the funeral of New York's Chief Rabbi Jacob Joseph, employees of R. Hoe & Company, who had been harassing local Jews for some time, threw water, paper, wood, and iron from the upper floors of the factory at 504 Grand Street onto the mourning procession.
Tags: New York City, Harassment, Anti-Jewish Sentiment, Funeral, 1900s, Religious Hatred
Kishinev Pogrom: 49 Jews Murdered
Date: 1903
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Kishinev pogrom. 49 Jews murdered.
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, Murder, Kishinev, Russian Empire, Anti-Jewish Riots, Early 20th Century
First Publication of 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'
Date: 1903
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The first publication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion hoax in St. Petersburg, Russia (by Pavel Krushevan).
Tags: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, Hoax, Propaganda, Antisemitism, Conspiracy Theory, Lies, Influence, Early 20th Century
Limerick Boycott
Date: 1904
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Limerick boycott was an economic boycott waged against the small Jewish community in Limerick, Ireland. It was accompanied by a number of assaults, stone throwing and intimidation, which caused many Jews to leave the city.
Tags: Boycott, Economic Discrimination, Anti-Jewish Sentiment, Intimidation, Ireland, Early 20th Century
Pogrom in Yekaterinoslav
Date: 1905
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Pogrom in Yekaterinoslav. 66 Jews were killed and 125 wounded and Jewish homes and shops were looted.
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, Looting, Yekaterinoslav, Russian Empire, Anti-Jewish Riots, Early 20th Century
1905 Kiev Pogrom: Massacre of 100 Jews
Date: 1905
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The 1905 Kiev pogrom was a massacre of 100 Jews.
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, Massacre, Kiev, Russian Empire, Anti-Jewish Riots, Early 20th Century
Second Kishinev Pogrom
Date: 1905
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The second Kishinev pogrom. 19 Jews murdered and 56 wounded.
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, Kishinev, Russian Empire, Anti-Jewish Riots, Early 20th Century, Repetition
Alfred Dreyfus Exonerated
Date: 1906
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Alfred Dreyfus was exonerated and reinstated as a major in the French Army.
Tags: Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism, Justice, France, Innocence, Politics, Early 20th Century
Casablanca Pogrom
Date: 1907
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Over 60 Jews in the Mellah of Casablanca are killed in a pogrom by Kabyle Muslims. Many more were wounded, and a large number of women and children were carried off.
Tags: Pogrom, Violence, Morocco, North Africa, Early 20th Century, Intercommunal violence
Emergence of New Antisemitism
Date: 1909
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Salomon Reinach and Florence Simmonds refer to "this new antisemitism, masquerading as patriotism, which was first propagated at Berlin by the court chaplain Stöcker, with the connivance of Bismarck." Similarly, Peter N. Stearns comments that "the ideology behind the new anti-Semitism was more racist than religious."
Tags: Antisemitism, New Antisemitism, Racism, Ideology, Early 20th Century, Political Antisemitism, Bismarck
Shiraz Blood Libel and Pogrom
Date: 1910
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The 1910 Shiraz blood libel was a pogrom of the Jewish quarter in Shiraz, Iran. It was sparked by accusations that the Jews had ritually murdered a Muslim girl. By the end of the pogrom, 12 Jews were killed, 50 or so were wounded, and 6,000 were robbed of all their possessions.
Tags: Blood Libel, Pogrom, Iran, Shiraz, Violence, Early 20th Century, Anti-Jewish Violence
Fez Massacre
Date: 1912
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Tritl or the 1912 Fez massacre left 42 Moroccan Jews dead.
Tags: Massacre, Morocco, Fez, Anti-Jewish Violence, Early 20th Century, Violence
Menahem Mendel Beilis Blood Libel Trial in Kiev
Date: 1913
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Blood libel trial of Menahem Mendel Beilis in Kiev.
Tags: Blood Libel, Trial, Kiev, Anti-Semitism, Legal proceedings, False accusations, Eastern Europe, Russian Empire
Forced Removal of Jews from Kaunas
Date: 1915
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
In one 48-hour interval in May 1915, all 40,000 Jews living in Kaunas, Lithuania are forcibly removed from the city.
Tags: Expulsion, Kaunas, Forced relocation, World War I, Eastern Europe, Anti-Jewish violence, Displacement, Ethnic cleansing
Leo Frank Trial and Lynching Leads to ADL Founding
Date: 1915
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Leo Frank trial and lynching in Atlanta, Georgia turns the spotlight on antisemitism in the United States and leads to the founding of the Anti-Defamation League.
Tags: Anti-Semitism, Trial, Lynching, Leo Frank, Anti-Defamation League (ADL), United States, Civil Rights, Hate crime
Jaffa Deportation of Jewish Residents
Date: 1917
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
The 1917 Jaffa deportation was a forceful expulsion and confiscation of property of 10,000 Jews from Jaffa and Tel Aviv by Ottoman authorities.
Tags: Deportation, Jaffa, Tel Aviv, Ottoman Empire, Forced displacement, World War I, Zionism, Middle East
Pogroms During the Russian Civil War
Date: 1917
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Attacked for being revolutionaries or counter-revolutionaries, unpatriotic pacifists or warmongers, religious zealots or godless atheists, capitalist exploiters or bourgeois profiteers, masses of Jewish civilians were murdered in pogroms in the course of Russian Civil War (by various estimates 70,000 to 250,000, the number of orphans exceeded 300,000).
Tags: Pogroms, Russian Civil War, Mass murder, Anti-Semitism, Revolution, Eastern Europe, Violence, Displacement
Mountain Jews Massacre during March Days
Date: 1918
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
3,000–10,000 Mountain Jews are killed during March Days.
Tags: Massacre, Mountain Jews, Azerbaijan, March Days, Inter-ethnic conflict, Caucasus, Anti-Jewish violence, Civil unrest
Lwów Pogrom During Polish-Ukrainian War
Date: 1918
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Lwów pogrom of 1918 was an attack on the Jewish population of Lwów that took place on 21–23 November 1918 during the Polish–Ukrainian War. After the pogrom was over, an estimated 52–150 Jewish residents were killed and hundreds were injured.
Tags: Pogrom, Lwów, Polish-Ukrainian War, Anti-Semitism, Violence, Eastern Europe, Inter-ethnic conflict, War
Kiev Pogroms During the Russian Civil War
Date: 1919
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Kiev pogroms of 1919 were a series of pogroms in various places around Kiev carried out by White Volunteer Army troops. There were a total of 1,326 pogroms across Ukraine around that time, in which between 30,000 and 70,000 Jews were massacred. According to some estimates, the pogroms left half a million Jews homeless. The series of events occurred in the following districts:
Tags: Pogroms, Kiev, Russian Civil War, Anti-Semitism, Mass murder, White Army, Ukraine, Violence
Pinsk Massacre by the Polish Army
Date: 1919
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Pinsk massacre was the mass execution of thirty-five Jewish residents of Pinsk on 5 April 1919 by the Polish Army.
Tags: Massacre, Pinsk, Polish Army, Anti-Semitism, War crimes, Eastern Europe, Violence, Military
Proskurov Pogrom by UNR Troops
Date: 1919
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
In February 1919 a brigade of UNR troops killed 1500 Jews in Proskurov.
Tags: Pogrom, Proskurov, Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR), Anti-Semitism, Mass murder, Eastern Europe, Violence, Civil War
Tetiev Massacre by Cossack Troops
Date: 1919
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
In Tetiev on 25 March 1919, Cossack troops under the command of Colonels Cherkovsky, Kurovsky and Shliatoshenko murdered 4,000 Jews.
Tags: Massacre, Tetiev, Cossacks, Anti-Semitism, Russian Civil War, Ukraine, Violence, Atrocities
Pogroms in Uman During Russian Civil War
Date: 1919
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
During the Russian Civil War the Jews of Uman in eastern Podolia were subjected to two pogroms in 1919, as the town changed hands several times. The first pogrom, in spring, claimed 170 victims; the second one, in summer, more than 90. This time the Christian inhabitants helped to hide the Jews. The Council for Public Peace, with a Christian majority and a Jewish minority, saved the city from danger several times. In 1920, for example, it stopped the pogrom initiated by the troops of General Denikin.
Tags: Pogroms, Uman, Russian Civil War, Anti-Semitism, Eastern Europe, Violence, Community, Self-defense
Soviet Yevsektsiya Attacks on Bund and Zionists
Date: 1919
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Soviet Yevsektsiya (the Jewish section of the Communist Party) attacks Bund and Zionist parties for "Jewish cultural particularism". In April 1920, the All-Russian Zionist Congress is broken up by Cheka led by Bolsheviks, whose leadership and ranks included many anti-Jewish Jews. Thousands are arrested and sent to Gulag for "counter-revolutionary... collusion in the interests of Anglo-French bourgeoisie... to restore the Palestine state." Hebrew language is banned, Judaism is suppressed, along with other religions.
Tags: Yevsektsiya, Bund, Zionism, Bolsheviks, Soviet Union, Anti-Semitism, Repression, Ideology
Jerusalem Pogrom of Old Yishuv
Date: 1920
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Jerusalem pogrom of April 1920 of old Yishuv.
Tags: Pogrom, Jerusalem, Old Yishuv, Anti-Semitism, Middle East, Zionism, Violence, Arab-Jewish conflict
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion's Rise in Popularity
Date: 1920
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The idea that the Bolshevik revolution was a Jewish conspiracy for the world domination sparks worldwide interest in a fabricated text, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. In a single year, five editions are sold out in England alone. In the US Henry Ford prints 500,000 copies.
Tags: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, Anti-Semitism, Propaganda, Conspiracy theory, Ideology, Henry Ford, Disinformation, World Domination
Henry Ford's "The International Jew" Publication
Date: 1920
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In the spring of 1920, Henry Ford made his personal newspaper, The Dearborn Independent, chronicle what he considered the "Jewish menace". Every week for 91 issues, the paper exposed some sort of Jewish-inspired evil major story in a headline. The most popular and aggressive stories were then chosen to be reprinted into four volumes called The International Jew.
Tags: Antisemitism, Propaganda, Henry Ford, The Dearborn Independent, Jewish Menace, Print Media, American History, Early 20th Century, Conspiracy Theories
Expulsion of Jews from Mongolia
Date: 1921
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
All Jews in Mongolia are expelled by Russian anti-Bolshevik forces retreating after being defeated in Central Asia.
Tags: Expulsion, Mongolia, Anti-Bolshevism, Russian Civil War, Central Asia, Forced Migration
Jaffa Riots
Date: 1921
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jaffa riots in Palestine.
Tags: Riots, Palestine, Jaffa, Arab-Jewish Conflict, Zionism, Mandate Palestine, Early 20th Century
Rise of Antisemitism in the US led by the Ku Klux Klan
Date: 1921
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Outbreak of antisemitism in United States, led by Ku Klux Klan.
Tags: Antisemitism, Ku Klux Klan, Hate Groups, United States, Racism, White Supremacy, Early 20th Century, Nativism
Soviet Suppression of Jewish Cultural and Religious Life
Date: 1922
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Soviet Yevsektsiya (the Jewish section of the Communist Party) attacks Bund and Zionist parties for "Jewish cultural particularism". In April 1920, the All-Russian Zionist Congress is broken up by Cheka led by Bolsheviks, whose leadership and ranks included many anti-Jewish Jews. Thousands are arrested and sent to Gulag for "counter-revolutionary... collusion in the interests of Anglo-French bourgeoisie... to restore the Palestine state." Hebrew language is banned, Judaism is suppressed, along with other religions.
Tags: Soviet Union, Antisemitism, Yevsektsiya, Zionism, Bolsheviks, Religious Persecution, Gulag, Cultural Suppression
Yemen's "Orphans Decree"
Date: 1922
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The government of Yemen, under Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, re-introduced an Islamic law entitled the "orphans decree". The law dictated that if Jewish boys or girls under the age of 12 were orphaned, they were to be forcibly converted to Islam, their connections to their families and communities were to be severed, and they had to be handed over to Muslim foster families.
Tags: Yemen, Forced Conversion, Islamic Law, Orphans, Discrimination, Religious Persecution, Child Welfare
Julius Streicher's "Der Stürmer" Newspaper Established
Date: 1923
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Der Stürmer (pronounced , lit. "the Attacker") was a weekly tabloid-format Nazi newspaper published by Julius Streicher (a prominent official in the Nazi Party) from 1923 to the end of World War II, with brief suspensions in publication due to legal difficulties. It was a significant part of Nazi propaganda and was vehemently anti-Semitic.
Tags: Antisemitism, Nazi Propaganda, Der Stürmer, Julius Streicher, Germany, Nazi Party, Hate Speech, World War II, Propaganda
National Origins Quota Act of 1924
Date: 1924
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The National Origins Quota of 1924 and Immigration Act of 1924 largely halted immigration to the U.S. from Eastern Europe and Russia; this was meant to restrict Eastern European Jews among others, as a great many of these immigrants coming from Russia and Eastern Europe were Jews (the "outbreak of antisemitism" mentioned in the above entry may have also played a part in the passage of these acts).
Tags: Immigration, United States, Quota Act, Antisemitism, Eastern Europe, Discrimination, Nativism, Restriction
Pogrom in Oran
Date: 1925
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Pogrom against jews in Oran where 2 jews are killed and 50 injured by a Muslim mob.
Tags: Pogrom, Oran, Algeria, Muslim Mob, Violence, North Africa, Early 20th Century, Anti-Jewish Violence
Bishop Alma Bridwell White's "The Ku Klux Klan in Prophecy"
Date: 1925
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Ku Klux Klan in Prophecy is a 144-page book written by Bishop Alma Bridwell White in 1925 and illustrated by Reverend Branford Clarke. This book primarily espouses White's deep fear and hatred of the Roman Catholic Church while also promoting antisemitism, racism against African Americans, white supremacy, and women's equality.
Tags: Ku Klux Klan, Antisemitism, White Supremacy, Racism, Religious Extremism, United States, Propaganda, Early 20th Century
Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf
Date: 1925
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf.
Tags: Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler, Antisemitism, Nazism, Ideology, Germany, World War II, Propaganda, Racism
Schwartzbard Trial
Date: 1927
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
The Schwartzbard trial was a sensational 1927 French murder trial that resulted in a mistrial of international proportions. At the trial Sholom Schwartzbard was accused of murdering the Ukrainian immigrant and head of the Ukrainian government-in-exile Symon Petlura in Paris. While the defendant fully admitted to the crime the trial at the end turned in accusation of Petlura's responsibility for the massive 1919–1920 pogroms in Ukraine in which Schwartzbard had lost all 15 members of his family. Instead of Schwartzbard's murder case the trial was turned into a political case against the Ukrainian government. Schwartzbard was acquitted.
Tags: Schwartzbard Trial, Paris, Symon Petlura, Pogroms, Ukraine, Trial, Justice, Jewish History
Massena Blood Libel
Date: 1928
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Massena blood libel was an instance of blood libel against Jews in which the Jews of Massena, New York, were falsely accused of the kidnapping and ritual murder of a Christian girl in September 1928.
Tags: Blood Libel, Massena, New York, Conspiracy Theory, False Accusation, Antisemitism, Early 20th Century, Ritual Murder
Hebron Massacre
Date: 1929
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The ancient Jewish community of Hebron is massacred by local Muslims over rumors that the Jews were planning to seize control of the Temple Mount.
Tags: Hebron, Massacre, Palestine, Arab-Jewish Conflict, 1929 Riots, Temple Mount, Violence, Jewish Community
Safed Killings during 1929 Palestine Riots
Date: 1929
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
18–20 Jewish residents of Safed were brutally killed in the 1929 Palestine riots.
Tags: Safed, Palestine, 1929 Riots, Arab-Jewish Conflict, Violence, Jewish Community, Mandate Palestine
Pogrom in Bălți
Date: 1930
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Pogrom against the Jews of Bălți.
Tags: Pogrom, Antisemitism, Eastern Europe, Interwar period, Violence, Jewish community
Christie Pits Riot in Toronto
Date: 1933
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Christie Pits riot takes place in Toronto, Ontario.
Tags: Antisemitism, Riot, Canada, North America, Hooliganism, Sports
T.S. Eliot's Anti-Jewish Remarks in Lectures
Date: 1933
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In a series of lectures delivered at the University of Virginia in 1933, published under the title After Strange Gods: A Primer of Modern Heresy (1934), T.S. Eliot wrote of societal tradition and coherence, "What is still more important is unity of religious background, and reasons of race and religion combine to make any large number of free-thinking Jews undesirable." Eliot never re-published this book/lecture.:
Tags: Antisemitism, Ideology, Intellectuals, T.S. Eliot, Heresy, Cultural homogeneity, Modernism
Escalation of Antisemitism in Germany: 1933 Laws
Date: 1933
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Persecution of Jews in Germany rises until they are stripped of their rights not only as citizens, but also as human beings. During this time antisemitism reached its all-time high. Law against Overcrowding of German Schools and Universities Law for the Reestablishment of the Professional Civil Service (ban on professions) The Reich Flight Tax is used to expropriate funds from Jewish émigrés.
Tags: Antisemitism, Persecution, Germany, Nazi Germany, Legislation, Discrimination, Expropriation
Pogrom in Aden
Date: 1933
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Pogrom against the jews of Aden. Beatings outside the jewish quarter and looting of Jewish homes.
Tags: Pogrom, Antisemitism, Middle East, Violence, Jewish community, Looting
Expulsion of Afghan Jews
Date: 1934
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
2,000 Afghani Jews are expelled from their towns and forced to live in the wilderness.
Tags: Expulsion, Antisemitism, Afghanistan, Persecution, Forced displacement, Jewish community
Thrace Pogroms
Date: 1934
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The 1934 Thrace pogroms were a series of violent attacks that occurred in Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli, and Çanakkale. Over 15,000 Jews had to flee from the region.
Tags: Pogrom, Antisemitism, Turkey, Violence, Refugees, Jewish community, Eastern Thrace
Constantine Pogrom
Date: 1934
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
34 Algerian Jews were killed and hundreds were injured by Muslim mobs during the 1934 Constantine pogrom. 200 Jewish stores were raided, the total property damage was estimated at over 150 million Poincare francs. It also sent a quarter of Constantine's Jewish population into poverty.
Tags: Pogrom, Antisemitism, Algeria, Violence, Jewish community, Property damage, North Africa
The Franklin Prophecy's First Appearance
Date: 1934
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The first appearance of The Franklin Prophecy on the pages of William Dudley Pelley's pro-Nazi weekly magazine Liberation. According to the US Congress report:
Tags: Antisemitism, Ideology, Propaganda, Conspiracy theory, William Dudley Pelley, Pro-Nazi
T.S. Eliot's Caricature of Fascists in "The Rock"
Date: 1934
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In his 1934 pageant play The Rock, T.S. Eliot distances himself from Fascist movements of the thirties by caricaturing Oswald Mosley's Blackshirts, who 'firmly refuse/ To descend to palaver with anthropoid Jews'. The "new evangels" of totalitarianism are presented as antithetical to the spirit of Christianity.
Tags: Antisemitism, Ideology, T.S. Eliot, Fascism, Blackshirts, Literary criticism, Caricature
Introduction of the Nuremberg Laws
Date: 1935
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Nuremberg Laws introduced. Jewish rights rescinded. The Reich Citizenship Law strips them of citizenship. The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor: Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden. Sexual relations outside marriage between Jews and nationals of German or kindred blood are forbidden. Jews will not be permitted to employ female citizens of German or kindred blood as domestic servants. Jews are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors. On the other hand, they are permitted to display the Jewish colors.
Tags: Antisemitism, Legislation, Germany, Nazi Germany, Nuremberg Laws, Discrimination, Citizenship, Persecution
Bloody Day in Jaffa
Date: 1936
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Bloody Day in Jaffa refers to various violent attacks on Jews in Jaffa by mobs of Muslims.
Tags: Antisemitism, Violence, Jaffa, Jewish community, Arab-Jewish conflict, Mandate Palestine
Przytyk Pogrom
Date: 1936
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Przytyk pogrom was an altercation between Jewish and Polish peasants, ending with two Jews and one Pole dead.
Tags: Pogrom, Antisemitism, Poland, Interwar period, Violence, Rural violence, Jewish community
Cardinal Hlond's Pastoral Letter on the Jewish Problem
Date: 1936
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Cardinal August Hlond, as Primate of Poland issued a pastoral letter on Catholic moral principles. The long (5600-word) letter covered Catholic ethics policy, ethics principles and a section on "sins" (Z Naszych Grzechów) that addressed Christian shortcomings to love one's neighbours in accordance with God's law. The latter section included a brief discussion of the "Jewish problem" (Problem żydowski): "So long as Jews remain Jews, a Jewish problem exists and will continue to exist (...) It is a fact that Jews are waging war against the Catholic church, that they are steeped in free-thinking, and constitute the vanguard of atheism, the Bolshevik movement, and revolutionary activity. It is a fact that Jews have a corruptive influence on morals and that their publishing houses are spreading pornography. It is true that Jews are perpetrating fraud, practicing usury, and dealing in prostitution. It is true that, from a religious and ethical point of view, Jewish youth are having a negative influence on the Catholic youth in our schools." Hlond tempered these remarks with an admission that "not all Jews are this way" and forbade assaults on Jews or attacks on their property. Yet, despite a warning to Catholics not to take an anti-Jewish moral stance, interspersed in the letter's words of friendship was an explicit condemnation of Jewish culture and also Judaism for its rejection of Jesus Christ: "It is good to prefer your own kind when shopping, to avoid Jewish stores and Jewish stalls in the marketplace (...) One should stay away from the harmful moral influence of Jews, keep away from their anti-Christian culture, and especially boycott the Jewish press and demoralizing Jewish publications. (...) We do not honor the indescribable tragedy of that nation, which was the guardian of the idea of the Messiah and from which was born the Savior. When divine mercy enlightens a Jew to sincerely accept his and our Messiah, let us greet him into our Christian ranks with joy." Hlond's letter was criticized by Polish Jewish groups who saw it as offering support and a rationalization for antisemitism. What also caught the attention of historians was the remark about not hating anyone, "not even Jews", implying "not even enemies". Were Jews to be loved as neighbors or enemies? However, while Hlond promoted the expulsion of German civilians after World War II, he had always consistently condemned the Nazi persecution of the Jews.
Tags: Antisemitism, Ideology, Catholic Church, Poland, Cardinal Hlond, Religious antisemitism, Moral condemnation, Polish Jews
"The Eternal Jew" Exhibition
Date: 1937
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
"The Eternal Jew" was the title of an exhibition of degenerate art (entartete Kunst) displayed at the Library of the German Museum in Munich from 8 November 1937 to 31 January 1938. The exhibition attracted 412,300 visitors, over 5,000 per day.
Tags: Antisemitism, Propaganda, Germany, Nazi Germany, Exhibition, Degenerate art, Cultural antisemitism, Visual propaganda
Ecuador Orders Non-Agricultural Jews to Leave
Date: 1938
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Ecuador issues an order that states all Ecuadorian Jewish residents not working in agriculture need to leave the country.
Tags: Expulsion, Latin America, Immigration Restrictions, Discrimination, Jewish Refugees, 1930s, Nazi influence, Economic Discrimination
Anti-Jewish Legislation and Pogroms in Austria Following the Anschluss
Date: 1938
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Anschluss, pogroms in Vienna, anti-Jewish legislation, deportations to Nazi concentration camps. Decree authorizing local authorities to bar Jews from the streets on certain days Decree empowering the justice Ministry to void wills offending the "sound judgment of the people" Decree providing for the compulsory sale of Jewish real estate Decree providing for the liquidation of Jewish real estate agencies, brokerage agencies, and marriage agencies catering to non-Jews Directive providing for the concentration of Jews in houses
Tags: Anschluss, Pogroms, Legislation, Anti-Jewish Laws, Vienna, Deportation, Concentration Camps, Nazi Germany, Discrimination
Evian Conference: Nations Refuse Jewish Refugees
Date: 1938
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Evian Conference: 31 countries refuse to accept Jews trying to escape Nazi Germany (with the exception of Dominican Republic). Most find temporary refuge in Poland. See also Bermuda Conference.
Tags: Evian Conference, Refugees, Immigration, Nazi Germany, International Response, Jewish Refugees, Bermuda Conference, World War II
Tiberias Massacre: Arab Riots Kill Jews
Date: 1938
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Arab rioters rush into the Jewish Kiryat Shmuel neighborhood, killing 19 Jews, 11 of whom were children in the 1938 Tiberias massacre.
Tags: Tiberias, Massacre, Arab-Jewish Conflict, Violence, Pogrom, 1930s, Mandate Palestine
Father Coughlin Begins Anti-Semitic Radio Broadcasts
Date: 1938
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Father Charles E. Coughlin, a Roman Catholic priest, starts antisemitic weekly radio broadcasts in the United States.
Tags: Antisemitism, Radio Propaganda, Father Coughlin, United States, 1930s, Hate Speech, Religious Antisemitism, Propaganda
Kristallnacht: The Night of Broken Glass
Date: 1938
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Kristallnacht (Night of The Broken Glass). In one night most German synagogues and hundreds of Jewish-owned German businesses are destroyed. Almost 100 Jews are killed, and 10,000 are sent to concentration camps.
Tags: Kristallnacht, Pogrom, Violence, Synagogue Destruction, Nazi Germany, Concentration Camps, Persecution, World War II, Anti-Jewish Violence
Racial Legislation Introduced in Italy and Hungary
Date: 1938
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Racial legislation introduced in Italy. Anti Jewish economic legislation introduced in Hungary.
Tags: Racial Legislation, Italy, Hungary, Anti-Jewish Laws, Economic Discrimination, 1930s, Fascism, Nazi Germany, Discrimination
Publication of *Der Giftpilz* (The Poisonous Mushroom)
Date: 1938
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Der Giftpilz is a children's book published by Julius Streicher in 1938. The title is German for "the toadstool" or "the poisonous mushroom". The book was intended as anti-Semitic propaganda. The text is by Ernst Hiemer, with illustrations by Philipp Rupprecht (also known as Fips).
Tags: Propaganda, Antisemitism, Children's Literature, Nazi Germany, Julius Streicher, Hate Speech, Ideology, The Poisonous Mushroom
Voyage of the Damned: S.S. St. Louis Turned Away
Date: 1939
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The "Voyage of the damned": S.S. St. Louis, carrying 907 Jewish refugees from Germany, is turned back by Canada, Cuba and the US. After they were denied entry to those places, the refugees were finally accepted in various European countries, including Belgium, the Netherlands, the UK, and France. Historians have estimated that approximately a quarter of them were murdered in death camps during World War II.
Tags: S.S. St. Louis, Refugees, Immigration, World War II, Jewish Refugees, Nazi Germany, International Response, Holocaust, Anti-Refugee Sentiment
Ezra Pound Returns to Italy and Writes Antisemitic Material
Date: 1939
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In this year Ezra Pound returned to Italy from the States and began writing antisemitic material for Italian newspapers. He wrote to James Laughlin that Roosevelt represented Jewry, and signed the letter with "Heil Hitler".
Tags: Antisemitism, Ezra Pound, Propaganda, Italy, Fascism, World War II, Ideology, Collaboration
Linen from Ireland: German Anti-Semitic Film
Date: 1939
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Linen from Ireland is a 1939 German drama film that was part of an ongoing campaign of antisemitism in German cinema of the era, and it also attacked Britain with whom Germany was at war by the time of the film's release.
Tags: Propaganda, Film, Antisemitism, Nazi Germany, Cinema, World War II, Ideology, Anti-British Sentiment
Robert and Bertram: Anti-Semitic Musical Comedy
Date: 1939
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Robert and Bertram is a 1939 German musical comedy film; it was the only anti-semitic musical comedy released during the Nazi era.
Tags: Musical Comedy, Antisemitism, Nazi Germany, Propaganda, Film, Ideology, Entertainment
United States Rejects Wagner-Rogers Bill
Date: 1939
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Congress of the United States rejects the Wagner-Rogers Bill, an effort to admit 20,000 Jewish refugee children under the age of 14 from Nazi Germany.
Tags: Wagner-Rogers Bill, Refugees, Immigration, Nazi Germany, United States, Jewish Refugees, World War II, Legislative Action
The Holocaust Begins
Date: 1939
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Holocaust. About 6 million Jews, including about 1 million children, systematically killed by Nazi Germany and other Axis powers. See also Holocaust denial.
Tags: Holocaust, Genocide, Nazi Germany, World War II, Mass Murder, Concentration Camps, Anti-Semitism, Axis Powers, Six Million, Jewish History
Confiscation of Radios from Jews in Norway and Segregation
Date: 1940
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
On 16 May 1940 the Administrasjonsrådet asked Rikskommisariatet why radio receivers had been confiscated from Jews in Norway. That Administrasjonsrådet thereafter "quietly" accepted racial segregation between Norwegian citizens, has been claimed by Tor Bomann-Larsen. Furthermore, he claimed that this segregation "created a precedent." Two years later (with NS-styret in the ministries of Norway) Norwegian police arrested citizens at the addresses where radios had previously been confiscated from Jews.
Tags: Norway, Occupation, Radio Confiscation, Racial Segregation, Nazi Germany, Persecution, Discrimination, World War II
Vichy Regime Enacts Anti-Jewish Laws
Date: 1940
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
In the Vichy regime: 10 July 1940 – Pierre Laval induces Parliament to vote complete powers (constituent, legislative, executive and judicial) to Marshal Philippe Pétain who becomes Head of state of the French State (État français). 21 July 1940 – Minister of Justice Raphaël Alibert creates a board to review 500,000 naturalizations accorded since 1927. Withdrawal of nationality for 15,000 people, 40% of whom were Jews. July 1940 – The Germans expel more than 20,000 Alsace-Lorraine Jews to the southern zone. 27 September 1940 – Ordinance on the status of Jews in the Occupied Zone. A census of Jews ("the Tulard file") and obligatory sign indicating "Jew" on shops owned by Jews. 27 September 1940 – A Vichy law allows any foreigner "redundant to the French economy" to be interned among "groups of foreign workers". 3 October 1940 – first law on the status of Jews. French Jewish citizens are excluded from civil service, army, education, the press, radio and film. "Surplus" Jews are excluded from the professions. Article 9: This law is applicable to Algeria, to the colonies, protectorates and mandated territories. 4 October 1940 – prefects can detain foreigners of Jewish extraction in special camps or to assign residence. 7 October 1940 – repeal of the 18.71 billionémieux Decree; French nationality is removed from Jews from Algeria. 7 October 1940 – Aryanization of businesses in the Occupied Zone.
Tags: Vichy France, Anti-Jewish Laws, French State, Philippe Pétain, Occupation, Aryanization, Naturalization, Exclusion, Colonialism
Nazi Propaganda Film 'Jud Süß' Released
Date: 1940
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Jud Süß is a 1940 Nazi propaganda film produced by Terra Filmkunst at the behest of Joseph Goebbels, and considered one of the most antisemitic films of all time. The film has been characterized as "one of the most notorious and successful pieces of antisemitic film propaganda produced in Nazi Germany." It was a great success in Germany, with some 20 million viewers. Although the film's budget of 2 million Reichsmarks was considered high for films of that era, the box office receipts of 6.5 million Reichsmarks made it a financial success. Heinrich Himmler urged members of the SS and police to watch the movie.
Tags: Nazi Propaganda, Antisemitism, Film, Joseph Goebbels, Terra Filmkunst, Propaganda, Holocaust, Indoctrination, Culture, Goebbels
Nazi Film 'The Rothschilds' Released
Date: 1940
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Rothschilds is a 1940 German film directed by Erich Waschneck. It portrays the role of the Rothschild family in the Napoleonic Wars. The Jewish Rothschilds are depicted in a negative manner, consistent with the anti-Semitic policy of Nazi Germany.
Tags: Nazi Propaganda, Antisemitism, Film, Rothschild Family, Napoleonic Wars, German Cinema, Propaganda, Stereotypes
Anti-Semitic Propaganda Cartoon 'Vom Bäumlein' Released
Date: 1940
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Vom Bäumlein, das andere Blätter hat gewollt is a short anti-Semitic propaganda cartoon produced in 1940 in the Nazi movie studio Zeichenfilm GmbH.
Tags: Nazi Propaganda, Antisemitism, Cartoon, Animation, Propaganda, Stereotypes, Zeichenfilm GmbH
Nazi Propaganda Film 'The Eternal Jew' Released
Date: 1940
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Eternal Jew (1940) is an antisemitic German Nazi propaganda film, presented as a documentary.
Tags: Nazi Propaganda, Antisemitism, Film, Propaganda, Holocaust, Documentary, Stereotypes, Extermination
Farhud Pogrom in Baghdad
Date: 1941
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Farhud pogrom in Baghdad results in 780 Jews dead, over 1,000 wounded.
Tags: Pogrom, Antisemitism, Farhud, Baghdad, World War II, Massacre, Jewish Community, Violence
Gabès Pogrom in French Tunisia
Date: 1941
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Gabès pogrom in French Tunisia leaves 8 Jews dead and at least 20 wounded.
Tags: Pogrom, Antisemitism, French Tunisia, Violence, World War II, Jewish Community, North Africa
Iași Pogrom in Romania
Date: 1941
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Iași pogrom in Iași city was the incident where more than 13,266 Jews were killed by angry mobs of locals, and together with military personnel they exterminated about 1/3 of Jewish population in Romania.
Tags: Pogrom, Antisemitism, Iași, World War II, Massacre, Holocaust, Romanian Jews, Violence
Lviv Pogroms by Ukrainian Militias
Date: 1941
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Encouraged by the Nazis, Ukrainian militias and local mobs perpetrated the Lviv pogroms, killing around 6,000 Polish Jews.
Tags: Pogrom, Antisemitism, Lviv, Ukraine, Holocaust, World War II, Ukrainian Militias, Violence
Massacre in Jedwabne, Poland
Date: 1941
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Some villagers in Jedwabne, Poland burned at least 340 local Jews alive.
Tags: Massacre, Antisemitism, Jedwabne, Poland, World War II, Holocaust, Collaboration, Violence, Local Population
Babi Yar Massacre
Date: 1941
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Nazis and their collaborators shot to death 33,771 Jews at Babi Yar over the course of two days.
Tags: Massacre, Antisemitism, Babi Yar, Ukraine, Holocaust, World War II, Nazis, Collaboration, Violence, Mass Shooting
Liepāja Massacres in Latvia
Date: 1941
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
German forces and Latvian collaborators killed around 5,000 Jews in the Liepāja massacres.
Tags: Massacre, Antisemitism, Liepāja, Latvia, World War II, Holocaust, Nazis, Collaboration, Violence, Mass Shooting
Charles Lindbergh's Antisemitic Speech
Date: 1941
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In a speech at an America First rally at the Des Moines Coliseum on 11 September 1941, Charles Lindbergh accused American Jews of exercising "large ownership and influence in our motion pictures, our press, our radio, and our government" and of conspiring to make the United States join World War II.
Tags: Antisemitism, Charles Lindbergh, America First, Speech, World War II, Conspiracy Theory, Politics, Influence
Vichy Regime Collaborates with the Holocaust
Date: 1941
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Collaboration of the Vichy regime with the Holocaust: 29 March 1941: creation of the Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs (CGQJ), with Xavier Vallat as the first commissioner. 11 May 1941 – Creation of the French Institute for Jewish Affairs, an anti-Semitic propaganda agency, financed by the nazis (Theodor Dannecker) and directed by French antisemitic agitators Paul Sézille (fr), René Gérard (fr) and others. 14 May 1941 – the Billet Vert roundup (fr) organized by the Prefecture of Police with the agreement of the general delegation of the French government in the occupied zone and upon demand by the occupying authorities: 3,747 Jewish foreigners, (out of 6,494 summoned by the prefecture) were crammed into the Pithiviers and Beaune-la-Rolande internment camps under French administration. 2 June 1941 – second law concerning Jews. Compared to the first one, an increasingly stringent definition of who is a Jew, additional professional work restrictions, quotas in University (3%) and the liberal professions (2%). Jews were obligated to take part in a census in the Zone libre. Article 11 of the Statute: "This law is applicable to Algeria, the colonies, protectorates and territories under mandate. This law authorizes prefects to perform administrative detention of Jews of French nationality." 21 July 1941 – Aryanization of Jewish companies in the Zone libre. August 1941: Occupied zone: internment of 3,200 foreign and 1,000 French Jews in various camps including Drancy. December 1941 – Occupied zone: 740 French Jews, members of the liberal and intellectual professions, interned in Compiègne.
Tags: Vichy France, Collaboration, Holocaust, Anti-Jewish Laws, CGQJ, Aryanization, Internment Camps, World War II, Persecution
Wannsee Conference Defines the 'Final Solution'
Date: 1942
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In January the Wannsee Conference takes place in Berlin. Nazi officials define the practical arrangements for the "Final Solution", that is to say, the complete extermination of European Jewry, including children.
Tags: Wannsee Conference, Final Solution, Holocaust, Extermination, Nazi Germany, World War II, Genocide, Planning, Eichmann
Antisemitic Exhibition in Zagreb
Date: 1942
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Antisemitic Exhibition in Zagreb took place in the Art Pavilion in Zagreb, the capital city of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), in May 1942. According to its organizers, the exhibition sought to expose the "destructive and exploitative work of Croatia's Jews prior to 1941."
Tags: World War II, Propaganda, Collaboration, NDH, Ustaše, Antisemitism, Exhibition, Independent State of Croatia
Deportation of Jews from Benghazi
Date: 1942
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Jews of Benghazi are attacked. German and Italian troops fighting the Allies in North Africa occupied the Jewish quarter of Benghazi, plundered shops and deported jews to concentration camps.
Tags: World War II, North Africa, Deportation, Concentration Camps, German Occupation, Italian Occupation, Benghazi, Holocaust
Execution of Jews and Serbians in Uzice
Date: 1942
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
"In the concentration camp at Uzice, in Serbia, 280 Jewish internees and 100 Serbians were executed, the Yugoslav sources disclose. Among the Jews who were shot were many women and children and two aged men, Dr. Guttman and M. Levy.":
Tags: World War II, Serbia, Execution, Concentration Camp, Holocaust, Yugoslavia, War Crimes, Uzice
Execution of Jewish Supervisors in Croatia
Date: 1942
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
"In a concentration camp in Croatia eight Jewish supervisors were executed on charges of aiding the guerillas (Yugoslav partisans), when 340 Jewish prisoners, including 42 young girls, escaped from the camp and succeeded in reaching the mountain stronghold of the Serbian force."
Tags: World War II, Croatia, Execution, Concentration Camp, Holocaust, Partisans, Collaboration, Ustaše
Vichy Regime Collaboration with the Holocaust in France
Date: 1942
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Collaboration of the Vichy regime with the Holocaust: 27 March 1942 – The first convoy of Jewish deportees leaves Compiègne (Frontstalag 122) towards an extermination camp. 20 May 1942 – Occupied zone: Compulsory wearing of yellow Jewish star badge. (effective 7 June). 2 July 1942 – Oberg-Bousquet agreement for collaboration between French and German police, in the presence of Reinhard Heydrich, Heinrich Himmler's deputy. 16–17 July 1942 – Roundup of the Vel d'Hiv: arrest of 13,152 "stateless" Jews (3,031 men, 5,802 women and 4,051 children). 19 July 1942 – failed Roundup of Nancy (fr), after Jews were warned overnight to flee by Nancy Police Commissioner for Foreign Affairs Édouard Vigneron. 26–28 August 1942 Zone libre – series of roundups resulting in the deportation of 7,000 people.
Tags: World War II, France, Holocaust, Vichy Regime, Deportation, Vel d'Hiv, Collaboration, Roundups, Heydrich, Himmler
Banning of the Antisemitic Film Vienna 1910
Date: 1943
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Vienna 1910 is a 1943 German biographical film directed by Emerich Walter Emo and starring Rudolf Forster, Heinrich George and Lil Dagover. It is based on the life of Mayor of Vienna Karl Lueger. Its antisemitic content led to it being banned by the Allied Occupation forces following World War II.
Tags: World War II, Film, Propaganda, Antisemitism, Karl Lueger, Nazi Germany, Allied Occupation, Vienna
Antisemitic Propaganda Film Forces occultes
Date: 1943
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Forces occultes is a French film of 1943 that virulently denounces Jews, Freemasonry, and parliamentarianism as part of the Vichy regime's drive against them and seeks to prove a Jewish-Masonic plot.
Tags: World War II, Film, Propaganda, Antisemitism, Vichy Regime, Freemasonry, Conspiracy Theory, Forces occultes
Roundups and Deportations in Vichy France
Date: 1943
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Collaboration of the Vichy regime with the Holocaust: January 1943 – Roundup of Marseille: destruction of the Old Port and roundups by French authorities. Nearly 2,000 Marseilles Jews arrested and deported. Le Petit Marseillais of 30 January 1943 wrote: "Note that the evacuation operations in the Northern district of the Old Port were carried out exclusively by French police and that no incidents were reported. The Opera district, where many Sephardic families lived, is emptied of its inhabitants. February 1943 – Lyon raid on the premises of the Union générale des israélites de France (UGIF, General Organization of Jews in France). September 8, 1943 – surrender of Italy leading to the Allied occupation of Italian-occupied France hitherto spared the roundups. April 1943 – Nîmes and Avignon roundups. September 1943 – roundups of Nice and surrounding area."
Tags: World War II, France, Holocaust, Vichy Regime, Deportation, Roundups, Marseille, Lyon, Nice
Bermuda Conference on Jewish Refugees
Date: 1943
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Bermuda Conference was an international conference between the United Kingdom and the United States held from 19 April 1943, through 30 April 1943, at Hamilton, Bermuda. The topic of discussion was the question of Jewish refugees who had been liberated by Allied forces and those who still remained in Nazi-occupied Europe. The only agreement made was that the war must be won against the Nazis. US immigration quotas were not raised nor was the British prohibition on Jewish refugees seeking refuge in the British Mandate of Palestine lifted.
Tags: World War II, Refugees, Holocaust, Bermuda Conference, Immigration, Jewish Refugees, Allies, Palestine
Roundups and Deportations in Vichy France
Date: 1944
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Collaboration of the Vichy regime with the Holocaust: February 1944 – roundups of Grenoble and Isère. 15 August 1944 – last deportation convoy from Clermont-Ferrand.
Tags: World War II, France, Holocaust, Vichy Regime, Deportation, Grenoble, Isère, Clermont-Ferrand
Tripoli Pogrom
Date: 1945
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The 1945 Tripoli pogrom was a violent massacre of the Jewish population of Tripoli by Muslim rioters. After days of violence 140+ Jews were dead and hundreds were injured. In the aftermath 4,000 Jews were left homeless and thousands were reduced to poverty. 9 Synagogues were destroyed, along with thousands of Jewish homes and businesses.
Tags: World War II, Pogrom, Tripoli, Libya, Post-War, Anti-Jewish Riots, Muslim, Violence
Anti-Jewish Riots in Egypt
Date: 1945
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The 1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Egypt started as an anti-Zionist demonstration, but it ended with the killing of 5 Egyptian jews by a Muslim mob and over 300 other Jews were injured.
Tags: Post-War, Riots, Egypt, Anti-Zionism, Anti-Jewish, Violence, Arab-Israeli Conflict
Bess Myerson and the Miss America Pageant
Date: 1945
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Bess Myerson was the first Jewish-American and the first Miss New York (competing as Miss New York City, a competition organized by a local radio station) to win the Miss America Pageant as Miss America 1945. As the only Jewish contestant, Myerson was encouraged by the pageant directors to change her name to "Bess Meredith" or "Beth Merrick" but she refused. After winning the title (and as a Jewish Miss America), Myerson received few endorsements and later recalled that "I couldn't even stay in certain hotels there would be signs that read no coloreds, no Jews, no dogs. I felt so rejected. Here I was chosen to represent American womanhood and then America treated me like this." She thus cut short her Miss America tour and instead traveled with the Anti-Defamation League. In this capacity, she spoke against discrimination in a talk entitled, "You Can't Be Beautiful and Hate."
Tags: Post-War, United States, Discrimination, Antisemitism, Miss America, Bess Myerson, Civil Rights, Jewish American
Kraków Pogrom: Death of Róża Berger
Date: 1945
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
The Kraków pogrom was a post-WW2 pogrom, resulting in the death of Auschwitz survivor Róża Berger.
Tags: Post-War, Pogrom, Kraków, Poland, Violence, Holocaust Survivor, Róża Berger
Kielce Pogrom
Date: 1946
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Kielce pogrom. 40 Jews were massacred and 80 other Jews were wounded out of about 200 who had returned home after World War II had ended. 2 non-Jewish Poles were also killed. Controversy was caused by August Hlond's reaction to the Kielce pogrom. While condemning murders, Hlond denied the racist nature of this crime. He saw the pogrom as a reaction against Jewish bureaucrats serving the Communist regime. This position was echoed by Cardinal Sapieha, who was reported to have said that the Jews brought it on themselves.
Tags: Post-War, Pogrom, Kielce, Poland, Violence, Holocaust Survivors, Anti-Semitism, Catholic Church
Khrushchev Closes Synagogues in Ukraine
Date: 1946
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Nikita Khrushchev, then the first secretary of the Communist party of Ukraine, closes many synagogues (the number declines from 450 to 60) and prevents Jewish refugees from returning to their homes.
Tags: Soviet Union, Ukraine, Khrushchev, Religious Persecution, Communism, Jewish Refugees, Post-War, Eastern Europe
Kunmadaras Pogrom in Hungary
Date: 1946
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The post-WW2 Kunmadaras pogrom was the killing of 6 Jewish Holocaust survivors in Kunmadaras, Hungary.
Tags: Hungary, Pogrom, Post-War, Holocaust Survivors, Anti-Semitism, Eastern Europe, Violence, WWII Aftermath
Miskolc Pogrom
Date: 1946
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Miskolc pogrom
Tags: Hungary, Pogrom, Post-War, Anti-Semitism, Eastern Europe, Violence, WWII Aftermath
Aleppo Riots
Date: 1947
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Anti-Jewish riots erupt in Aleppo, resulting in some 75 Jews murdered and several hundred wounded.
Tags: Syria, Riots, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Anti-Semitism, Middle East, Violence, Jewish Exodus, Post-War
Manama Riots
Date: 1947
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A mob of Muslim sailors looted Jewish homes and shops in the Manama riots. In the end one Jewish woman was dead and a Synagogue was destroyed.
Tags: Bahrain, Riots, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Anti-Semitism, Middle East, Violence, Jewish Exodus, Post-War
Aden Riots
Date: 1947
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
A three-day riot broke out between the Jews of Aden and the local Muslim population. When it was over, 82 Jews were killed and 76 Jews were injured.
Tags: Yemen, Riots, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Anti-Semitism, Middle East, Violence, Jewish Exodus, Post-War, Aden
Austrian Verbotsgesetz
Date: 1947
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
In Austria, the Verbotsgesetz 1947 provided the legal framework for the process of denazification in Austria and the suppression of any potential revival of Nazism. In 1992, it was amended to prohibit the denial or gross minimisation of the Holocaust.
Tags: Austria, Denazification, Legislation, Holocaust Denial, Post-War, Nazism, Anti-Semitism, Europe
Aden Riots of December 2–4
Date: 1947
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Aden riots of December 2–4, 1947 targeted the Jewish community in the British Colony of Aden. At least 76 Jews were killed. Shortly after the riots, Aden's Jewish community almost entirely left, together with most of the Yemeni Jewish community.
Tags: Yemen, Riots, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Anti-Semitism, Middle East, Violence, Jewish Exodus, Post-War, Aden
1947 Manama riots
Date: 1947
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
1947 Manama riots.
Tags: Bahrain, Riots, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Anti-Semitism, Middle East, Violence, Jewish Exodus, Post-War
Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands
Date: 1948
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Antisemitism played a central role in the Jewish exodus from Arab lands. The Jewish population in the Arab Middle East and North Africa has decreased from 900,000 in 1948 to less than 8,000 in 2001.
Tags: Arab-Israeli Conflict, Jewish Exodus, Middle East, North Africa, Anti-Semitism, Expulsion, Post-War, Zionism
Jerada Pogrom
Date: 1948
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Djereda was a pogrom against the tiny Jewish population of Jerada at the hands of the local Muslims. It ended with 43 Jews dead and around 150 Jews injured.
Tags: Morocco, Pogrom, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Anti-Semitism, Africa, Violence, Jewish Exodus, Post-War
Tripoli Riots
Date: 1948
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The 1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania was a riot between the Jewish and Arab populations of Tripoli. Unlike the previous Tripoli pogrom, the Jewish community of Tripoli fought back against the Muslim rioters. When it was over, 14 Jews and 4 Muslims were dead and many on both sides were injured.
Tags: Libya, Riots, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Anti-Semitism, Africa, Violence, Jewish Exodus, Post-War
Cairo Bombings
Date: 1948
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The 1948 Cairo bombings were several bombings which targeted the Jewish population of Cairo. The bombings claimed the lives of 70 Jews and 200 other Jews were wounded.
Tags: Egypt, Bombings, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Anti-Semitism, Middle East, Violence, Jewish Exodus, Post-War
Southern Baptist Convention Resolution on Anti-Semitism
Date: 1948
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Southern Baptist Convention passed a resolution stating in part, "RESOLVED, That communism, fascism, political ecclesiasticism, and anti-Semitism are utterly contrary to the genius of our Baptist concept of freedom and spiritual values."
Tags: United States, Religious Anti-Semitism, Baptists, Anti-Communism, Post-War, Ideology, Political Affiliations
Solomon Mikhoels' Death and Suppression of Jewish Culture
Date: 1948
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Solomon Mikhoels, actor-director of the Moscow State Jewish Theater and chairman of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee is killed in a suspicious car accident (see MGB). Mass arrests of prominent Jewish intellectuals and suppression of Jewish culture follow under the banners of campaign on rootless cosmopolitanism and anti-Zionism.
Tags: Russia, Soviet Union, Mikhoels, Jewish Culture, Anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism, Post-War, Violence, Rootless Cosmopolitanism
Expulsion of Jews from the Old City of Jerusalem
Date: 1948
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
During the Siege of Jerusalem of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Arab armies were able to conquer the part of the West Bank and Jerusalem; they expelled all Jews (about 2,000) from the Old City (the Jewish Quarter) and destroyed the ancient synagogues that were in the Old City as well.
Tags: 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jerusalem, West Bank, Jewish Quarter, Expulsion, Religious persecution, Arab-Israeli conflict, Synagogue destruction
Menarsha Synagogue Grenade Attack
Date: 1949
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Menarsha synagogue attack was a grenade attack in the Jewish quarter of Damascus that took 12 lives.
Tags: Synagogue attack, Damascus, Violence, Antisemitism, Jewish community, 1940s, Middle East
Execution of Soviet Yiddish Writers
Date: 1952
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Night of the Murdered Poets. The thirteen most prominent Soviet Yiddish writers, poets, actors and other intellectuals were executed, among them Peretz Markish, Leib Kwitko, David Hofstein, Itzik Feffer, David Bergelson. In 1955 UN General Assembly's session a high Soviet official still denied the "rumors" about their disappearance.
Tags: Soviet Union, Stalinism, Yiddish culture, Jewish intellectuals, The Night of the Murdered Poets, Persecution, Anti-Semitism, Cold War
Prague Trials
Date: 1952
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Prague Trials in Czechoslovakia.
Tags: Prague Trials, Show trials, Communism, Anti-Semitism, Cold War, Czechoslovakia, Zionism
Doctors' Plot False Accusation
Date: 1953
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Doctors' plot false accusation in the USSR. Scores of Soviet Jews dismissed from their jobs, arrested, some executed. The USSR was accused of pursuing a "new antisemitism." Stalinist opposition to "rootless cosmopolitans" – a euphemism for Jews – was rooted in the belief, as expressed by Klement Gottwald, that "treason and espionage infiltrate the ranks of the Communist Party. This channel is Zionism." This newer antisemitism was, in effect, a species of anti-Zionism.
Tags: Doctors' plot, Soviet Union, Anti-Semitism, Stalinism, False accusations, Anti-Zionism, Cold War, Persecution
Inauguration of Holocaust Remembrance Day in Israel
Date: 1953
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Holocaust Remembrance Day in Israel is inaugurated.
Tags: Holocaust Remembrance Day, Israel, Memory, Jewish history, World War II, Remembrance, Nazi Germany, Jewish identity
Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act Controversy
Date: 1956
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act of 1956 (Public Law 84-830) was an Act of Congress passed to improve mental health care in the United States territory of Alaska. It became the focus of a major political controversy after opponents nicknamed it the "Siberia Bill" and denounced it as being part of a communist plot to hospitalize and brainwash Americans. Campaigners asserted that it was part of an international Jewish, Roman Catholic or psychiatric conspiracy intended to establish United Nations-run concentration camps in the United States.
Tags: Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act, Conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism, Cold War, Communism, Psychiatry, United States, Political controversy
Anti-Semitism in Poland
Date: 1956
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Antisemitism swept across Poland as part of a purge of Stalinists.
Tags: Poland, Anti-Semitism, Stalinism, Purge, Post-war, Eastern Europe, Communism, Jewish community
Bombing Attempt at Temple Beth-El
Date: 1958
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
On 28 April 1958, Birmingham, Alabama, 54 sticks of dynamite were placed outside Temple Beth-El in a bombing attempt. According to police reports, the burning fuses were doused by heavy rainfall, preventing the dynamite from exploding. Although the crime was never solved, police considered Bobby Frank Cherry, later convicted of bombing the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, to be a suspect.
Tags: Temple Beth-El, Bombing attempt, Birmingham, Alabama, Civil Rights Movement, Anti-Semitism, White Supremacy, Unsolved crime
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple Bombing
Date: 1958
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
The Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing occurred on 12 October 1958. The Temple, on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia, housed a Reform Jewish congregation. The building was damaged extensively by the dynamite-fueled explosion, although no one was injured. Five suspects were arrested almost immediately after the bombing. One of them, George Bright, was tried twice. His first trial ended with a hung jury and his second with an acquittal. As a result of Bright's acquittal the other suspects were not tried, and no one was ever convicted of the bombing.
Tags: Hebrew Benevolent Congregation, Temple bombing, Atlanta, Georgia, Anti-Semitism, Civil Rights Movement, Unsolved crime, Dynamite
Savitri Devi's Publication of 'Impeachment of Man'
Date: 1959
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Impeachment of Man is a book by Savitri Devi, first published in 1959, in which she recounts a history of the general indifference toward the suffering of non-human life. She puts forth a pro-vegetarian, anti-vivisectionist, biocentric, and misanthropic conservationist point of view. However, she does so within the context of her pro-Hitler and pro-Nazi political views, and devotes space to antisemitism and denouncing Jewish dietary practices.
Tags: Savitri Devi, Impeachment of Man, Anti-Semitism, Nazism, Ideology, Holocaust denial, Pro-Nazi, Vegetarianism
Pope John XXIII Orders Removal of 'Faithless' from the Prayer
Date: 1959
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
On 21 March 1959, Pope John XXIII ordered that the word "faithless" (Latin: perfidis) be removed from the prayer for the conversion of the Jews, actually interrupting the Service and asking the prayer to be repeated without that word.: 40 This word had caused much trouble in recent times because of misconceptions that the Latin perfidis was equivalent to "perfidious", giving birth to the view that the prayer accused the Jews of treachery (perfidy), though the word is more correctly translated as "faithless" or "unbelieving". Accordingly, the prayer was revised to read:
Tags: Pope John XXIII, Catholic Church, Prayer for the Jews, Anti-Semitism, Ecumenism, Religious relations, Good Friday, Faith
Pope John XXIII Revises Prayer for the Jews
Date: 1959
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Let us pray also for the Jews: that almighty God may remove the veil from their hearts; so that they too may acknowledge Jesus Christ our Lord. Let us pray. Let us kneel. Arise. Almighty and eternal God, who dost also not exclude from thy mercy the Jews: hear our prayers, which we offer for the blindness of that people; that acknowledging the light of thy Truth, which is Christ, they may be delivered from their darkness. Through the same our Lord Jesus Christ, who liveth and reigneth with thee in the unity of the Holy Spirit, God, for ever and ever. Amen. On Good Friday of 1963, by mistake the old text of the prayer was given to the deacon, who read "perfidis". Pope John XXIII interrupted the liturgy again, and ordered that the prayer be repeated with the word omitted.
Tags: Pope John XXIII, Catholic Church, Prayer for the Jews, Religious reform, Ecumenism, Interfaith dialogue, Vatican II, Anti-Semitism
Bobby Fischer's Anti-Jewish Statements
Date: 1960
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Chess player Bobby Fischer made numerous anti-Jewish statements and professed a general hatred for Jews since at least the early 1960s. Although Fischer described his mother as Jewish in a 1962 interview, he later denied his Jewish ancestry.
Tags: Bobby Fischer, Chess, Anti-Semitism, Hate speech, Jewish identity, Controversy, Ideology, Sports
The Badges Act
Date: 1960
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Badges Act 1960 (Abzeichengesetz 1960) prohibits the public display of Nazi symbols in Austria, and violations are punishable by up to €4000.- fine and up to 1 month imprisonment.
Tags: Badges Act, Nazi symbols, Austria, Legislation, Post-war, Holocaust remembrance, Neo-Nazism, Anti-Semitism
Synagogue Firebombing and Shooting in Mississippi
Date: 1960
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
On 25 March, 1960, the synagogue Congregation Beth Israel and its members were subject to an antisemitic attack. About 180 members were attending a Friday evening service to dedicate the new Zemurray Social Hall, and led by then-rabbi Saul Rubin and Rev. John Speaks and Dr. Franklin Denson of First Methodist Church, when windows were smashed and the synagogue fire-bombed. Two members—Alvin Lowi and Alan Cohn—who rushed out to see what was happening were met by Jerry Hunt, a 16-year-old Nazi sympathizer, who wounded them both with a shotgun, then fled. Lowi was just shot in the hand, but one of Cohn's aortas was nicked, and he almost died, requiring 22 US pints (10 L) of blood. Earlier that week Hunt had attended a rally for antisemitic and white supremacist politician John G. Crommelin, and had had a fight with a Jewish boy over a chess game at the Gadsden Community Centre.
Tags: Antisemitism, Violence, Synagogue, Hate Crime, White Supremacy, 1960s, Civil Rights Movement, Southern United States
Rise of Anti-Zionist Campaign in the Soviet Union
Date: 1960
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The rise of Zionology in the Soviet Union. In 1983, the Department of Propaganda and the KGB's Anti-Zionist committee of the Soviet public orchestrates formally "anti-Zionist" campaign.
Tags: Antizionism, Soviet Union, Propaganda, Cold War, Ideology, KGB, Anti-Jewish, Eastern Europe
David Hoggan Publishes Book Downplaying Nazi Antisemitism
Date: 1961
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In 1961, a protégé of Harry Elmer Barnes, David Hoggan published Der Erzwungene Krieg (The Forced War) in West Germany, which claimed that Germany had been the victim of an Anglo-Polish conspiracy in 1939. Though Der Erzwungene Krieg was primarily concerned with the origins of World War II, it also down-played or justified the effects of Nazi antisemitic measures in the pre-1939 period. For example, Hoggan justified the huge one billion Reich-mark fine imposed on the entire Jewish community in Germany after the 1938 Kristallnacht as a reasonable measure to prevent what he called "Jewish profiteering" at the expense of German insurance companies and alleged that no Jews were killed in the Kristallnacht (in fact, 91 German Jews were killed in the Kristallnacht).
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Revisionism, World War II, Nazi Germany, Antisemitism, Hoggan, David, Historical Revisionism, Post-War Era
Harry Elmer Barnes Claims Allied Atrocities Exceeded Nazi Atrocities
Date: 1962
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In his 1962 pamphlet, Revisionism and Brainwashing, Harry Elmer Barnes claimed that there was a "lack of any serious opposition or concerted challenge to the atrocity stories and other modes of defamation of German national character and conduct". Barnes argued that there was "a failure to point out the atrocities of the Allies were more brutal, painful, mortal and numerous than the most extreme allegations made against the Germans". He claimed that in order to justify the "horrors and evils of the Second World War", the Allies made the Nazis the "scapegoat" for their own misdeeds.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Barnes, Harry Elmer, Historical Revisionism, Antisemitism, World War II, Propaganda, Ideology, United States
Publication of 'Judaism Without Embellishments'
Date: 1963
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
"Judaism Without Embellishments" published by the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in 1963.
Tags: Antisemitism, Soviet Union, Propaganda, Ukrainian SSR, Ideology, Anti-Jewish, Eastern Europe
Harry Elmer Barnes Denies Holocaust in American Mercury
Date: 1964
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In a 1964 article, "Zionist Fraud", published in the American Mercury, Harry Elmer Barnes wrote: "The courageous author lays the chief blame for misrepresentation on those whom we must call the swindlers of the crematoria, the Israeli politicians who derive billions of marks from nonexistent, mythical and imaginary cadavers, whose numbers have been reckoned in an unusually distorted and dishonest manner." Using Rassinier as his source, Barnes claimed that Germany was the victim of aggression in both 1914 and 1939, and that reports of the Holocaust were propaganda to justify a war of aggression against Germany.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Barnes, Harry Elmer, Rassinier, Paul, Antisemitism, Propaganda, American Mercury, Ideology
Gamal Abdel Nasser Denies the Holocaust
Date: 1964
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Nasser told a German newspaper in 1964 that "no person, not even the most simple one, takes seriously the lie of the six million Jews that were murdered ."
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Nasser, Gamal Abdel, Middle East, Antisemitism, Politics, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Ideology, Egypt
Vatican II Document: Nostra Aetate
Date: 1964
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Roman Catholic Church under Pope Paul VI issues the document Nostra aetate as part of Vatican II, repudiating the doctrine of Jewish guilt for the Crucifixion.
Tags: Catholic Church, Vatican II, Nostra Aetate, Interfaith Dialogue, Antisemitism, Christianity, Theology, Holocaust
Paul Rassinier Publishes 'The Drama of the European Jews'
Date: 1964
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In 1964, French historian Paul Rassinier published The Drama of the European Jews. Rassinier was himself a concentration camp survivor (he was held in Buchenwald for having helped French Jews escape the Nazis), and modern-day holocaust deniers continue to cite his works as scholarly research that questions the accepted facts of the Holocaust. Critics argued that Rassinier did not cite evidence for his claims and ignored information that contradicted his assertions; he nevertheless remains influential in Holocaust denial circles for being one of the first deniers to propose that a vast Zionist/Allied/Soviet conspiracy faked the Holocaust, a theme that would be picked up in later years by other authors.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Rassinier, Paul, Revisionism, Antisemitism, World War II, Ideology, France, Holocaust
US Civil Rights Act of 1964
Date: 1964
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub. L. 88–352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on religion, race, color, sex, or national origin.
Tags: Civil Rights, Legislation, Discrimination, United States, Race, Religion, Equality, 1960s
Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials Begin
Date: 1965
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Frankfurt Auschwitz trials, known in German as der Auschwitz-Prozess, or der zweite Auschwitz-Prozess, (the "second Auschwitz trial") was a series of trials running from 20 December 1963 to 19 August 1965, charging 22 defendants under German criminal law for their roles in the Holocaust as mid- to lower-level officials in the Auschwitz-Birkenau death and concentration camp complex. Hans Hofmeyer led as Chief Judge the "criminal case against Mulka and others" (reference number 4 Ks 2/63).
Tags: Holocaust, Auschwitz, Trials, Justice, Nazi Germany, World War II, Germany, Crimes Against Humanity
Limited Number of Auschwitz SS Personnel Tried
Date: 1965
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Overall, only 789 individuals of the approximately 6,500 surviving SS personnel who served at Auschwitz and its sub-camps were ever tried, of which 750 received sentences. Unlike the first trial in Poland held almost two decades earlier, the trials in Frankfurt were not based on the legal definition of crimes against humanity as recognized by international law, but according to the state laws of the Federal Republic.
Tags: Auschwitz, SS, Trials, Holocaust, Justice, Nazi Germany, War Crimes, Post-War
Ezra Pound's Self-Deprecating Remarks
Date: 1967
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Allen Ginsberg stated that, in a private conversation in 1967, Ezra Pound told the young poet, "my poems don't make sense." He went on to supposedly call himself a "moron", to characterize his writing as "stupid and ignorant", "a mess". Ginsberg reassured Pound that he "had shown us the way", but Pound refused to be mollified:
Tags: Pound, Ezra, Poetry, Antisemitism, Modernism, Literary Criticism, Ginsberg, Allen, Literature
Dynamite Bombing of Congregation Beth Israel
Date: 1967
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
In 1967, Congregation Beth Israel moved to its current location, a building on Old Canton Road described by Jack Nelson as "an octagonal structure dominated by a massive roof". On 18 September 1967 the new building was wrecked by a dynamite bomb placed by Klan members in a recessed doorway. According to Nelson, the explosion had "ripped through administrative offices and a conference room, torn a hole in the ceiling, blown out windows, ruptured a water pipe and buckled a wall." The perpetrators were not discovered. In November of that year the same group planted a bomb that blew out the front of the house of Dr. Perry Nussbaum (Beth Israel's rabbi from 1954 to 1973), while he and his wife were sleeping there.
Tags: Antisemitism, Violence, Synagogue, Hate Crime, Ku Klux Klan, 1960s, Civil Rights Movement, Southern United States
Jewish Men in Egypt Interned During Six-Day War
Date: 1967
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
All Jewish men in Egypt were placed in camps in 1967 during the Six-Day War, and they were kept there for more than two years; Karaite Jews were the last to leave.
Tags: Six-Day War, Egypt, Antisemitism, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Persecution, Jewish Community, Middle East
Polish Anti-Semitic Campaign Drives Jewish Emigration
Date: 1968
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
State-supported anti-Semitism swept across Poland in 1968, not subsiding until 1971, by which time half of Poland's Jews had fled Poland.
Tags: Anti-Zionism, Emigration, Poland, Eastern Europe, Cold War, State-sponsored antisemitism, Jewish exodus, 1960s
Ku Klux Klan Bombing of Beth Israel Synagogue
Date: 1968
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
During the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, the leadership of Beth Israel spoke out against the Ku Klux Klan's attacks on black churches. In response, Thomas Tarrants of Mobile, Alabama, who had helped bomb the synagogue building of a different synagogue, Beth Israel Congregation, and its rabbi's house there (see previous entry in this timeline) bombed Beth Israel's education building on 28 May 1968. The force of the blast knocked down several walls of the education building and caved in part of the roof while also destroying a door at the opposite end of the synagogue building. A hole approximately 24 inches (61 cm) in diameter was left in the concrete floor, and damages were estimated to be around $50,000 (equivalent to $452,000 today). According to Sammy Feltenstein, past president of Congregation Beth Israel, pieces of stained glass that survived the bombing were salvaged and adorn the front window of the synagogue today. Later that year, on 30 June, Tarrants returned to Meridian to bomb the home of Meyer Davidson, an outspoken leader of the Jewish community, on 29th Avenue. But the FBI and police chief Roy Gunn convinced Raymond and Alton Wayne Roberts, local Klan members, to gather information about the Klan's operations, and leaders of the Jewish communities in Jackson and in Meridian had raised money to pay the two informants, who tipped off the FBI about the attack before it happened.
Tags: Ku Klux Klan, Bombing, Synagogue, Civil Rights Movement, United States, 1960s, White Supremacy, Antisemitism, Hate Crime
Polish State-Organized Anti-Semitic Campaign
Date: 1968
Category: Expulsions
Subcategory: Expulsions
Polish 1968 political crisis. The state-organized antisemitic campaign in the People's Republic of Poland under guise of "anti-Zionism" drives out most of remaining Jewish population.
Tags: Anti-Zionism, Poland, Eastern Europe, Cold War, Jewish emigration, 1960s, Persecution, State-sponsored antisemitism, Political Crisis
Revival of Jewish Community in Hebron
Date: 1968
Category: Other
Subcategory: Other
The ancient Jewish community of Hebron, which had been destroyed in the 1929 Hebron massacre, is revived at Kiryat Arba. The community, in 1979 and afterwards, moves into Hebron proper and rebuilds the demolished Abraham Avinu Synagogue, the site of which had been used by Jordan as a cattle-pen.
Tags: Hebron, Israel, Jewish settlement, Kiryat Arba, 1960s, Middle East, Zionism, Abraham Avinu Synagogue
Revocation of the Alhambra Decree
Date: 1968
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Alhambra Decree was formally revoked on 16 December 1968.
Tags: Alhambra Decree, Spain, Sephardic Jews, History, Diaspora, 1960s, Jewish history, Legal History
Fair Housing Act Introduced
Date: 1968
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
The Fair Housing Act (Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968) in the United States introduced meaningful federal enforcement mechanisms. It outlawed:
Tags: Fair Housing Act, United States, Civil Rights, 1960s, Discrimination, Legislation, Racial discrimination, Housing, Social Justice
David Hoggan's Holocaust Denial Publication
Date: 1969
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
David Hoggan explicitly denied the Holocaust in 1969 in a book entitled The Myth of the Six Million, which was published by the Noontide Press, a small Los Angeles publisher specializing in antisemitic literature.
Tags: Holocaust denial, David Hoggan, Noontide Press, Ideology, Antisemitism, Propaganda, United States, Revisionism, World War II
Attempted Bombing of Berlin Jewish Community Center
Date: 1969
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Tupamaros West-Berlin attempted to bomb of West Berlin's Jewish Community Centre. The bomb, supplied by the undercover government agent Peter Urbach, failed to explode.
Tags: Bombing, Jewish Community Center, Germany, West Berlin, Left-wing Terrorism, 1960s, Terrorism, Antisemitism
Lyndon LaRouche's Accusations of Antisemitism
Date: 1970
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Lyndon LaRouche and his ideas have been called antisemitic since at least the mid-1970s by dozens of individuals and organizations in countries across Europe and North America. LaRouche and his followers have responded to these allegations by claiming that LaRouche has Jewish supporters and by denying the accusations.
Tags: Lyndon LaRouche, Antisemitism, Conspiracy theories, Politics, Ideology, 1970s, Controversy
Canadian Legislation Regarding Nazi Flags
Date: 1970
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Canada has no legislation specifically restricting the ownership, display, purchase, import or export of Nazi flags. However, sections 318–320 of the Criminal Code, adopted by Canada's parliament in 1970 and based in large part on the 1965 Cohen Committee recommendations, provide law enforcement agencies with broad scope to intervene if such flags are used to communicate hatred in a public place (particularly sections 319(1), 319(2), and 319(7).
Tags: Canada, Nazi flags, Criminal Code, Hate speech, Legislation, 1970s, Freedom of speech, Symbolism
Revised Good Friday Prayer for Jews
Date: 1970
Category: Other
Subcategory: Other
After the Second Vatican Council, the Good Friday prayer for the Jews was completely revised for the 1970 edition of the Roman Missal. Because of the possibility of a misinterpretation similar to that of the word "perfidis" (see above in 1959), the reference to the veil on the hearts of the Jews, which was based on 2 Corinthians 3:14, was removed. The 1973 ICEL English translation of the revised prayer is as follows:
Tags: Catholic Church, Good Friday prayer, Interfaith relations, Vatican II, 1970s, Religious History, Christianity, Jewish relations
Revised Good Friday Prayer - Continued
Date: 1970
Category: Other
Subcategory: Other
Let us pray for the Jewish people, the first to hear the word of God, that they may continue to grow in the love of his name and in faithfulness to his covenant. (Prayer in silence. Then the priest says:) Almighty and eternal God, long ago you gave your promise to Abraham and his posterity. Listen to your Church as we pray that the people you first made your own may arrive at the fullness of redemption. We ask this through Christ our Lord. Amen.
Tags: Catholic Church, Good Friday prayer, Interfaith relations, Vatican II, 1970s, Religious History, Christianity, Jewish relations
Soviet Union Lifts Ban on Jewish Emigration to Israel
Date: 1971
Category: Other
Subcategory: Other
The ban on Jewish immigration to Israel from the Soviet Union was lifted in 1971 leading to the 1970s Soviet Union aliyah.
Tags: Soviet Union, Aliyah, Jewish emigration, Israel, 1970s, Cold War, Zionism, Human rights
Southern Baptist Convention Addresses Antisemitism
Date: 1971
Category: Other
Subcategory: Other
The Southern Baptist Convention passed a resolution stating in part, "we point out particularly one area of concern known as anti-Semitism, which some think erroneously is inherent in Christianity, and which we disavow."
Tags: Southern Baptist Convention, Antisemitism, Christianity, Religious tolerance, United States, 1970s, Interfaith relations
Catholic-Jewish Liaison Committees Formed
Date: 1971
Category: Other
Subcategory: Other
To further the goal of reconciliation, the Catholic Church established an internal International Catholic-Jewish Liaison Committee and the International Jewish Committee for Interreligious Consultations. (This Committee is not a part of the Church's Magisterium.)
Tags: Catholic Church, Jewish relations, Interfaith dialogue, Vatican, 1970s, Religious history, International relations, Christianity
Southern Baptist Convention Passes Resolution on Anti-Semitism
Date: 1972
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
The Southern Baptist Convention passed a "Resolution on Anti-Semitism" stating in part:
Tags: Religious Anti-Semitism, Southern Baptist Convention, Christianity, Interfaith Relations, 1970s, Anti-Semitism, Denominational Politics
Southern Baptist Convention Condemns Anti-Semitism
Date: 1972
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
"Therefore, be it RESOLVED, That this Convention go on record as opposed to any and all forms of anti-Semitism; that it declare anti-Semitism unchristian; that we messengers to this Convention pledge ourselves to combat anti-Semitism in every honorable, Christian way."
Tags: Religious Anti-Semitism, Southern Baptist Convention, Christianity, Interfaith Relations, 1970s, Anti-Semitism, Denominational Politics
Southern Baptists Vow to Combat Anti-Semitic Bias
Date: 1972
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
"Be it further RESOLVED, That Southern Baptists covenant to work positively to replace all anti-Semitic bias with the Christian attitude and practice of love for Jews, who along with all other men, are equally beloved of God."
Tags: Religious Anti-Semitism, Southern Baptist Convention, Christianity, Interfaith Relations, 1970s, Anti-Semitism, Denominational Politics
Munich Massacre at the Olympic Games
Date: 1972
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
11 Israeli Olympic athletes are taken hostage and eventually tortured and killed in the Munich massacre.
Tags: Terrorism, Olympic Games, Black September, Palestinian Nationalism, 1970s, Israel, Anti-Zionism, Sports
Massacre of Jewish Girls and Boys in Zabdani Mountains
Date: 1974
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Four Jewish girls were raped, murdered and mutilated after attempting to flee to Israel. Their bodies were discovered by border police in a cave in the Zabdani Mountains northwest of Damascus along with the remains of two Jewish boys, Natan Shaya 18 and Kassem Abadi 20, victims of an earlier massacre. Syrian authorities deposited the bodies of all six in sacks before the homes of their parents in the Jewish ghetto in Damascus.
Tags: Syria, Massacre, Anti-Semitism, Jewish Communities, 1970s, Damascus, Border violence
Publication of 'Did Six Million Really Die?'
Date: 1974
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Did Six Million Really Die? The Truth at Last is a Holocaust denial pamphlet allegedly written by British National Front member Richard Verrall under the pseudonym Richard E. Harwood and published by Ernst Zündel in 1974.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism, Revisionism, Ernst Zündel, Richard Verrall, 1970s, Propaganda
United Nations Resolution Declares Zionism as Racism
Date: 1975
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The United Nations passed a resolution determining that "Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination." (It was revoked in 1991, as mentioned below.)
Tags: Anti-Zionism, United Nations, Racism, Israel, 1970s, International Politics, Political Discourse
Publication of 'The Hoax of the Twentieth Century'
Date: 1976
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Arthur Butz's The Hoax of the Twentieth Century: The case against the presumed extermination of European Jewry was published.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Arthur Butz, Anti-Semitism, Revisionism, 1970s, Academic Fraud, The Hoax of the Twentieth Century
Publication of David Irving's 'Hitler's War'
Date: 1977
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
David Irving's Holocaust denying book Hitler's War was published.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, David Irving, Hitler, 1970s, Revisionism, World War II, Anti-Semitism
1977 Washington, D.C. attack and hostage taking
Date: 1977
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
1977 Washington, D.C. attack and hostage taking.
Tags: Terrorism, Hostage Taking, 1970s, Washington D.C., Anti-Semitism
Joseph Paul Franklin's Synagogue Shooting in St. Louis
Date: 1977
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
In suburban St. Louis, Missouri, Joseph Paul Franklin hid in the bushes near a Shaare Zedek Synagogue (University City, Missouri) and fired on a group attending services. In this incident, Franklin killed forty-two-year-old Gerald Gordon and wounded Steven Goldman and William Ash.
Tags: Joseph Paul Franklin, Neo-Nazism, White Supremacy, Synagogue Shooting, 1970s, Hate Crime, Violence
Pat Buchanan's Remarks on Hitler in John Toland biography review
Date: 1977
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In a 1977 Globe-Democrat column discussing John Toland's biography of Adolf Hitler, Pat Buchanan wrote: Though Hitler was indeed racist and anti-Semitic to the core, a man who without compunction could commit murder and genocide, he was also an individual of great courage, a soldier's soldier in the Great War, a political organizer of the first rank, a leader steeped in the history of Europe, who possessed oratorical powers that could awe even those who despised him... Hitler's success was not based on his extraordinary gifts alone. His genius was an intuitive sense of the mushiness, the character flaws, the weakness masquerading as morality that was in the hearts of the statesmen who stood in his path.
Tags: Pat Buchanan, Hitler, Historical Analysis, Journalism, 1970s, Controversial Views, Anti-Semitism
Buchanan Supporters Defend Remarks on Hitler
Date: 1977
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Buchanan supporters say the paragraph is taken out of context. They point out that in the same review Buchanan praised Winston Churchill for seeing that "Hitler was marching along the road toward a New Order where Western civilization would not survive" and concluded that modern-day statesmen were not following that example.
Tags: Pat Buchanan, Hitler, Journalism, 1970s, Debate, Context, Anti-Semitism
Skokie Affair: Nazi Party's Right to March
Date: 1977
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie, 432 U.S. 43 (1977) (also known as Smith v. Collin; sometimes referred to as the Skokie Affair), was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with freedom of assembly. The outcome was that the Illinois Supreme Court ruled that the use of the swastika is a symbolic form of free speech entitled to First Amendment protections and determined that the swastika itself did not constitute "fighting words." Its ruling allowed the National Socialist Party of America to march.
Tags: National Socialist Party of America, Skokie, Freedom of Speech, First Amendment, Hate Speech, 1970s, Swastika
Willis Carto Founds the Institute for Historical Review
Date: 1978
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In 1978 Willis Carto founded the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), an organization dedicated to publicly challenging the commonly accepted history of the Holocaust.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Institute for Historical Review, Willis Carto, Revisionism, 1970s, Propaganda, Anti-Semitism
Robert Faurisson's Holocaust Denial Letters
Date: 1978
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In December 1978 and January 1979, Robert Faurisson, a French professor of literature at the University of Lyon, wrote two letters to Le Monde claiming that the gas chambers used by the Nazis to exterminate the Jews did not exist.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Historical Revisionism, Anti-Semitism, Intellectual Discourse, Propaganda, Academic Controversy, Post-War, Faurisson, Gas Chambers
US Congress Designates Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust
Date: 1979
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
A House Joint resolution 1014 designated 28 and 29 April 1979 as "The Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (DRVH)." After that the Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (DRVH) has been an annual 8-day period designated by the United States Congress for civic commemorations and special educational programs that help citizens remember and draw lessons from the Holocaust.
Tags: Holocaust Remembrance, Legislation, Memorialization, Education, United States Congress, Holocaust, Civic Commemoration, Anti-Semitism
Anti-Defamation League Accusation and LaRouche Libel Suit
Date: 1979
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
When the Anti-Defamation League accused Lyndon LaRouche of antisemitism in 1979, he filed a $26-million libel suit; however, the case failed when Justice Michael Dontzin of the New York Supreme Court ruled that it was fair comment, and that the facts "reasonably give rise" to that description.
Tags: Anti-Defamation League, Lyndon LaRouche, Libel Suit, Anti-Semitism, Legal Battle, Political Activism, Fair Comment, Criticism
Frank Zappa's 'Jewish Princess' Song and Controversy
Date: 1979
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
"Jewish Princess" is a song by Frank Zappa released on his album Sheik Yerbouti in 1979. The song is a humorous look at the Jewish-American princess stereotype which attracted attention from the Anti-Defamation League, to which Zappa denied an apology, arguing: "Unlike the unicorn, such creatures do exist – and deserve to be 'commemorated' with their own special opus". In an interview with Spin magazine he was almost offended saying, "...as if to say there is no such thing as a Jewish Princess. Like I invented this?" Biographer Barry Miles claimed in his book, Frank Zappa (Atlantic Books of London, 2005), that the ADL asked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to ban the record from being played on the air – a symbolic effort given that the song was not being played anyway.
Tags: Stereotypes, Anti-Semitism, Frank Zappa, Jewish Princess, Music, Pop Culture, ADL, Humor
Antwerp Synagogue Attack
Date: 1980
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
1980 Antwerp attack.
Tags: Terrorism, Anti-Semitism, Synagogue Attack, Violence, Antwerp, Jewish Community, Neo-Nazism, Religious Violence
Paris Synagogue Bombing
Date: 1980
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
1980 Paris synagogue bombing.
Tags: Terrorism, Anti-Semitism, Synagogue Bombing, Paris, Jewish Community, Violence, 1980s, Middle East
Institute for Historical Review's Auschwitz Reward Challenge and Lawsuit
Date: 1980
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In 1980, the Institute for Historical Review promised a $50,000 reward to anyone who could prove that Jews were gassed at Auschwitz. Mel Mermelstein wrote a letter to the editors of the LA Times and others including The Jerusalem Post. The IHR wrote back, offering him $50,000 for proof that Jews were, in fact, gassed in the gas chambers at Auschwitz. Mermelstein, in turn, submitted a notarized account of his internment at Auschwitz and how he witnessed Nazi guards ushering his mother and two sisters and others towards (as he learned later) gas chamber number five. Despite this, the IHR refused to pay the reward. Represented by public interest attorney William John Cox, Mermelstein subsequently sued the IHR in the Superior Court of Los Angeles Countyℳ for breach of contract, anticipatory repudiation, libel, injurious denial of established fact, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and declaratory relief (see case no. C 356 542). On 9 October 1981, both parties in the Mermelstein case filed motions for summary judgment in consideration of which Judge Thomas T. Johnson of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County took "judicial notice of the fact that Jews were gassed to death at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp in Poland during the summer of 1944," judicial notice meaning that the court treated the gas chambers as common knowledge, and therefore did not require evidence that the gas chambers existed. On 5 August 1985, Judge Robert A. Wenke entered a judgment based upon the Stipulation for Entry of Judgment agreed upon by the parties on 22 July 1985. The judgment required IHR and other defendants to pay $90,000 to Mermelstein and to issue a letter of apology to "Mr. Mel Mermelstein, a survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau and Buchenwald, and all other survivors of Auschwitz" for "pain, anguish and suffering" caused to them.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Institute for Historical Review, Mel Mermelstein, Auschwitz, Legal Battle, Holocaust, Gas Chambers, Historical Revisionism
Jesse Jackson's 'Hymietown' Remarks
Date: 1980
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Jesse Jackson was criticized in the early 1980s for remarks made to a reporter where he referred to New York City as "Hymietown". (Hymie is a pejorative term for Jews.) Jackson ultimately acknowledged he had used the term, and said he had been wrong; however, he also said that he had considered the conversation with the reporter to be off-the-record at the time he made the remarks. Jackson apologized during a speech before national Jewish leaders in a Manchester, New Hampshire synagogue, but an enduring split between Jackson and many in the Jewish community continued at least through the 1990s.
Tags: Anti-Semitism, Jesse Jackson, Hymietown, Racial Slur, Political Controversy, Jewish Community, 1980s, Apology
Vienna Synagogue Attack
Date: 1981
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
1981 Vienna synagogue attack.
Tags: Terrorism, Anti-Semitism, Synagogue Attack, Vienna, Jewish Community, Violence, 1980s, Religious Violence
Antwerp Synagogue Bombing (1981)
Date: 1981
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
1981 Antwerp synagogue bombing.
Tags: Terrorism, Anti-Semitism, Synagogue Attack, Violence, Antwerp, Jewish Community, Neo-Nazism, Religious Violence
Southern Baptist Convention's Resolution on Anti-Semitism
Date: 1981
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Southern Baptist Convention passed a "Resolution On Anti-Semitism" stating in part, "Be it therefore RESOLVED, That the messengers at the 1981 Southern Baptist Convention meeting in Los Angeles, June 9–11, 1981, commend our Southern Baptist Convention leaders as they seek sincere friendship and meaningful dialogue with our Jewish neighbors."
Tags: Anti-Semitism, Southern Baptist Convention, Religious Dialogue, Interfaith Relations, Jewish Community, 1980s, Friendship, Christianity
Steven Steinberg's Murder of Elana Steinberg
Date: 1981
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Elana Steinberg was killed by her husband Steven Steinberg, who claimed that she was a "spoiled, over-indulged brat – the stereotypical Jewish American Princess," and that she made him insane by spending and insisting that he become more successful; he was found not guilty.
Tags: Violence, Murder, Anti-Semitism, Jewish American Princess, Stereotypes, Legal Case, 1980s, Domestic Violence
Ernst Zündel's Canadian Mailing Ban
Date: 1981
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
From 1981 to 1982, Holocaust denier Ernst Zündel had his mailing privileges suspended by the Canadian government on the grounds that he had been using the mail to send hate propaganda, a criminal offence in Canada. Zündel then began shipping from a post office box in Niagara Falls, New York, until the ban on his mailing in Canada was lifted in January 1983.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Ernst Zündel, Hate Speech, Mailing Ban, Canada, Propaganda, Freedom of Speech, Anti-Semitism
Bombing of Simon Wiesenthal's House
Date: 1982
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
A bomb placed by neo-Nazis exploded outside the Jewish hunter of Nazis Simon Wiesenthal's house in Vienna on 11 June 1982, after which police guards were stationed outside his home 24 hours a day.
Tags: Neo-Nazism, Terrorism, Simon Wiesenthal, Anti-Semitism, Violence, Holocaust Survivor, 1980s, Targeted Attack
Great Synagogue of Rome Attack
Date: 1982
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Great Synagogue of Rome attack takes place.
Tags: Terrorism, Anti-Semitism, Synagogue Attack, Rome, Jewish Community, Violence, 1980s, Religious Violence
Mahmoud Abbas's Holocaust Denial Thesis and Book
Date: 1982
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The thesis of the 1982 doctoral dissertation of Mahmoud Abbas, a co-founder of Fatah and president of the Palestinian National Authority, was "The Secret Connection between the Nazis and the Leaders of the Zionist Movement". In his 1983 book The Other Side: the Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism based on the dissertation, Abbas denied that six million Jews had been murdered in the Holocaust; dismissing it as a "myth" and a "fantastic lie". At most, he wrote, 890,000 Jews were killed by the Germans. Abbas claimed that the number of deaths has been exaggerated for political purposes. "It seems that the interest of the Zionist movement, however, is to inflate this figure so that their gains will be greater. This led them to emphasize this figure in order to gain the solidarity of international public opinion with Zionism. Many scholars have debated the figure of six million and reached stunning conclusions—fixing the number of Jewish victims at only a few hundred thousand." In his March 2006 interview with Haaretz, Abbas stated, "I wrote in detail about the Holocaust and said I did not want to discuss numbers. I quoted an argument between historians in which various numbers of casualties were mentioned. One wrote there were 12 million victims and another wrote there were 800,000. I have no desire to argue with the figures. The Holocaust was a terrible, unforgivable crime against the Jewish nation, a crime against humanity that cannot be accepted by humankind. The Holocaust was a terrible thing and nobody can claim I denied it." While acknowledging the existence of the Holocaust in 2006 and 2014, Abbas has defended the position that Zionists collaborated with the Nazis to perpetrate it. In 2012, Abbas told Al Mayadeen, a Beirut TV station affiliated with Iran and Hezbollah, that he "challenges anyone who can deny that the Zionist movement had ties with the Nazis before World War II".
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Antisemitism, Palestinian Nationalism, Zionism, Nazi Collaboration, Historical Revisionism, Mahmoud Abbas, Fatah, Post-War Antisemitism
Attack on the Great Synagogue of Europe
Date: 1982
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Great Synagogue of Europe attacked by a man with a submachine gun, seriously wounding four people. The attack has been attributed to the Abu Nidal Organization.
Tags: Terrorism, Antisemitic Violence, Abu Nidal Organization, Synagogue, Brussels, 1980s, Jewish Community, Violence
Criticism of Nazi Imagery in BDSM
Date: 1982
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In the book Against Sadomasochism, Susan Leigh Star criticizes the use of swastikas and other Nazi imagery by some BDSM practitioners as anti-Semitic and racist.
Tags: Antisemitism, Nazism, BDSM, Cultural Criticism, Susan Leigh Star, Sexuality, Symbolism
Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod Disavows Luther's Remarks
Date: 1983
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod officially disassociates itself from "intemperate remarks about Jews" in Luther's works. Since then, many Lutheran church bodies and organizations have issued similar statements. (See Martin Luther and the Jews)
Tags: Martin Luther, Antisemitism, Christianity, Lutheranism, Religious Reconciliation, Theology, Church History, Religious Tolerance
Murder of Alan Berg by The Order
Date: 1984
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
On the evening of 18 June 1984, Alan Berg was fatally shot in the driveway of his Denver home by members of the white nationalist group The Order. His provocative talk show sought to flush out "the anti-Semitism latent in the area's conservative population". He succeeded in provoking members of The Order to engage him in conversations on this talk show and his "often-abrasive on-air persona" ignited the anger of The Order. Subsequently, members of The Order involved in the killing were identified as being part of a group planning to kill prominent Jews. Ultimately, two members of The Order, David Lane and Bruce Pierce, were convicted for their involvement in the case, though neither of homicide.
Tags: White Supremacy, Antisemitic Violence, Neo-Nazism, The Order, Hate Crime, Alan Berg, Extremism, 1980s
James Keegstra's Antisemitic Teachings
Date: 1984
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In 1984, James Keegstra, a Canadian high-school teacher, was charged under the Canadian Criminal Code for "promoting hatred against an identifiable group by communicating anti-Semitic statements to his students". During class, he would describe Jews as a people of profound evil who had "created the Holocaust to gain sympathy." He also tested his students in exams on his theories and opinion of Jews.
Tags: Antisemitism, Holocaust Denial, Hate Speech, Education, James Keegstra, Freedom of Speech, Canadian Law, 1980s
Supreme Court of Canada Upholds Keegstra's Conviction
Date: 1984
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
Keegstra was charged under s 281.2(2) of the Criminal Code (now s 319(2), which provides that "Every one who, by communicating statements, other than in private conversation, wilfully promotes hatred against any identifiable group" commits a criminal offence. He was convicted at trial before the Alberta Court of Queen's Bench. The court rejected the argument, advanced by Keegstra and his lawyer, Doug Christie, that promoting hatred is a constitutionally protected freedom of expression as per s 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Keegstra appealed to the Alberta Court of Appeal. That court agreed with Keegstra, and he was acquitted. The Crown then appealed the case to the Supreme Court of Canada, which rule by a 4–3 majority that promoting hatred could be justifiably restricted under s 1 of the Charter. The Supreme Court restored Keegstra's conviction. He was fired from his teaching position shortly afterwards.
Tags: Hate Speech, Canadian Law, Freedom of Speech, Antisemitism, Supreme Court of Canada, James Keegstra, Legal Case, Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Legislation
1985 Copenhagen Bombings
Date: 1985
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
1985 Copenhagen bombings.
Tags: Terrorism, Antisemitic Violence, Copenhagen, 1980s, Bombing, Jewish Community, Political Violence
Louis Farrakhan's Ovens Remark
Date: 1985
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
At a meeting of the Nation of Islam at Madison Square Garden in 1985, Louis Farrakhan said of the Jews: "And don't you forget, when it's God who puts you in the ovens, it's forever!"
Tags: Antisemitism, Nation of Islam, Louis Farrakhan, Holocaust, Hate Speech, Black Nationalism, 1980s, Rhetoric
The Goldmark Murders
Date: 1985
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
On 24 December 1985, David Lewis Rice, a follower of the right-wing extremist group the Duck Club, gained entry to the Seattle home of civil litigation attorney Charles Goldmark using a toy gun and pretending to be a deliveryman. He tied the family up, chloroformed them into unconsciousness, beat them with a steam iron, and stabbed them. Rice mistakenly believed the family to be Jewish and Communist. In 1998, he pleaded guilty to the crimes in exchange for avoiding the death penalty. The Goldmark Murders remain one of the most notorious antisemitic hate crimes as well as politically motivated killings in recent memory in the United States, even though the victims were not actually Jewish and Communist as the killer mistakenly believed.
Tags: Hate Crime, Antisemitic Violence, Political Violence, White Supremacy, The Goldmark Murders, David Lewis Rice, 1980s, Extremism, Washington State
Reagan's Bitburg Cemetery Visit and Controversy
Date: 1985
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Ronald Reagan visited a German military cemetery in Bitburg to lay a wreath with West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. It was determined that the cemetery held the graves of forty-nine members of the Waffen-SS. Reagan issued a statement that called the Nazi soldiers buried in that cemetery as themselves "victims," a designation which ignited a stir over whether Reagan had equated the SS men to victims of the Holocaust; Pat Buchanan, Reagan's Director of Communications, argued that the president did not equate the SS members with the actual Holocaust. Now strongly urged to cancel the visit, the president responded that it would be wrong to back down on a promise he had made to Chancellor Kohl. He ultimately attended the ceremony where two military generals laid a wreath.
Tags: Holocaust Memory, Bitburg, Ronald Reagan, Waffen-SS, Nazi Germany, Historical Memory, Political Controversy, World War II
Leo Frank Posthumously Pardoned
Date: 1986
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Leo Frank was posthumously pardoned by the Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles.
Tags: Leo Frank, Antisemitism, Lynching, Pardon, Georgia, Justice, Trial, Historical Injustice
Holocaust Denial Criminalized in Israel
Date: 1986
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
In Israel, a law to criminalize Holocaust denial was passed by the Knesset on 8 July 1986.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Legislation, Antisemitism, Israel, Knesset, Historical Revisionism, Memory, Holocaust
Neve Shalom Synagogue Attack
Date: 1986
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Gunmen opened fire during a Shabbat service in Neve Shalom Synagogue in Istanbul, Turkey which resulted in the death of 22 people. This attack is attributed to the Palestinian militant Abu Nidal.
Tags: Terrorism, Antisemitic Violence, Abu Nidal, Synagogue, Istanbul, 1980s, Jewish Community, Massacre
Jean-Marie Le Pen's Holocaust Denial Statement
Date: 1987
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
On 13 September 1987 Jean-Marie Le Pen said, "I ask myself several questions. I'm not saying the gas chambers didn't exist. I haven't seen them myself. I haven't particularly studied the question. But I believe it's just a detail in the history of World War II." He was condemned under the Gayssot Act and ordered to pay 1.2 million francs (183,200 euros).
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Antisemitism, Jean-Marie Le Pen, French Politics, Far Right, Gayssot Act, 1980s, Political Discourse
Pat Buchanan calls for ending prosecution of Nazi camp guards
Date: 1987
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Pat Buchanan called for ending prosecution of Nazi camp guards, saying it was "running down 70-year-old camp guards."
Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust
Date: 1987
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In 1987, Bradley R. Smith, a former media director of the Institute for Historical Review, founded the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust (CODOH).
John Koehler works for Reagan
Date: 1987
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
John Koehler was the communications director for five working days under President Ronald Reagan; Koehler, who was an immigrant from Germany, had been in Hitler Youth.
Pamyat in USSR
Date: 1987
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Activities of Pamyat and other "nonformal" ultra-nationalist organizations in the Soviet Union.
Holocaust Denying book published
Date: 1988
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In 1988, the American historian Arno J. Mayer published a book entitled Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?, which did not explicitly deny the Holocaust, but lent support to Holocaust denial by stating that most people who died at Auschwitz were the victims of "natural causes" such as disease, not gassing. Mayer also cited the works of Holocaust deniers Arthur Butz and Paul Rassinier in his book's bibliography. Critics such as Lucy Dawidowicz criticized Mayer's citation of deniers, and argued that his statements about Auschwitz were factually incorrect. Holocaust expert Robert Jan van Pelt has noted that Mayer's book is as close as a mainstream historian has ever come to supporting Holocaust denial. Holocaust deniers such as David Irving have often cited Mayer's book as one reason for embracing Holocaust denial. Though Mayer has been often condemned for his statement about the reasons for the Auschwitz death toll, his book does not deny the use of gas chambers at Auschwitz, as Holocaust deniers often claim.
Miami synagogue vandalism
Date: 1988
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
In February 1988, an improperly drawn swastika and anti-Semitic slogans and "Jesus Lives; You Can't Kill Him" and "Accept Hitler, Respect Christ" were plastered across the synagogue Bet Shira Congregation, and 30 windows were smashed. In response, a neighboring church put a Star of David on its lawn, and its parish donated $1,000 towards repairing the windows. Miami Sunset High School students painted over the anti-Semitic slurs spray-painted by the vandals. Four teenagers, three of whom were football players at Miami Palmetto High School, were sentenced for having vandalized the synagogue to 200 hours of community service and ordered to pay the $14,800 ($39,300 today) in damages.
Gayssot Act
Date: 1990
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In France, the Gayssot Act, voted for on 13 July 1990, makes it illegal to question the existence of crimes that fall in the category of crimes against humanity as defined in the London Charter of 1945, on the basis of which Nazi leaders were convicted by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg in 1945–46. When the act was challenged by Robert Faurisson, the Human Rights Committee upheld it as a necessary means to counter possible antisemitism.
Robert Faurisson Convicted for Holocaust Denial
Date: 1990
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
French literature professor Robert Faurisson was convicted and punished for Holocaust denial under the Gayssot Act in 1990.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Gayssot Act, Antisemitism, Academic Freedom, Legal System
Publication of 'The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews'
Date: 1991
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, published in 1991, is a book that asserts that Jews dominated the Atlantic slave trade. The book has been labeled an Antisemitic canard by historians including Saul S. Friedman, who writes that Jews had a minimal role in New World slave trade. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., head of the department of Afro-American studies at Harvard University, called the book "the Bible of new anti-Semitism" and added that "the book massively misinterprets the historical record, largely through a process of cunningly selective quotations of often reputable sources".
Tags: Antisemitism, Slave Trade, Black-Jewish Relations, Canard, Historical Revisionism
Criticism of 'The Secret Relationship' for Antisemitism and Exaggeration
Date: 1991
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The book was criticized for being antisemitic, and for failing to provide an objective analysis of the role of Jews in the slave trade. Common criticisms were that the book used selective quotes, made "crude use of statistics," and was purposefully trying to exaggerate the role of Jews.
Tags: Antisemitism, Slave Trade, Book Review, Historical Analysis, Selective Quotations
Austen's Criticism of 'The Secret Relationship' Focuses on Selective Citation
Date: 1991
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Historian Ralph A. Austen criticized the book, saying that the "distortions are produced almost entirely by selective citation rather than explicit falsehood.... more frequently there are innuendos imbedded in the accounts of Jewish involvement in the slave trade," and "hile we should not ignore the anti-Semitism of The Secret Relationship..., we must recognize the legitimacy of the stated aim of examining fully and directly even the most uncomfortable elements in our common past." Austen acknowledges that the book was the first book on the subject aimed at a non-scholarly audience.
Tags: Antisemitism, Slave Trade, Historical Distortion, Black-Jewish Relations, Academic Debate
American Historical Association Condemns Disproportionate Role Claim
Date: 1991
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In 1995, the American Historical Association (AHA) issued a statement condemning "any statement alleging that Jews played a disproportionate role in the Atlantic slave trade."
Tags: Antisemitism, Slave Trade, American Historical Association, Historical Accuracy, Academic Standards
Retorts Published to Refute 'The Secret Relationship'
Date: 1991
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The publication of The Secret Relationship spurred retorts published specifically to refute the thesis of The Secret Relationship:
Tags: Antisemitism, Slave Trade, Counter-Narrative, Historical Debate, Academic Discourse
Scholar Concludes Jewish Role in Slave Trade Was Minimal
Date: 1991
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
A post-1991 scholar who analyzed the role of Jews in the overall Atlantic slave trade concluded that it was "minimal," and only identified certain regions (such as Brazil and the Caribbean) where the participation was "significant."
Tags: Antisemitism, Slave Trade, Historical Research, Jewish History, Regional Analysis
Klooster on Jewish Involvement in Slave Trade
Date: 1991
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Wim Klooster wrote: "In no period did Jews play a leading role as financiers, shipowners, or factors in the Transatlantic or Caribbean slave trades. They possessed far fewer slaves than non-Jews in every British territory in North America and the Caribbean. Even when Jews in a handful of places owned slaves in proportions slightly above their representation among a town's families, such cases do not come close to corroborating the assertions of The Secret Relationship."
Tags: Antisemitism, Slave Trade, Historical Research, Jewish History, Financial Role
ADL Statement on 'The Secret Relationship' - Volume Two
Date: 1991
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Anti-Defamation League states that Volume Two of The Secret Relationship blames Jews for "promoting a myth of black racial inferiority and makes a range of conspiratorial accusations about Jewish involvement in the slave trade and in the cotton, textiles, and banking industries".
Tags: Antisemitism, Slave Trade, ADL, Conspiracy Theories, Economic Involvement
Crown Heights Riot Erupts
Date: 1991
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
The Crown Heights riot was a three-day racial riot that occurred from 19–21 August 1991 in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York City. It turned black residents and Orthodox Jewish residents against each other, causing deteriorated racial relations. The riots began on 19 August 1991, after two children of Guyanese immigrants were unintentionally struck by an automobile in the motorcade of Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the leader of a Jewish religious sect. One child died and the second was severely injured. This event was said to cause tensions between Jewish and black residents to erupt.
Tags: Antisemitism, Race Riots, Crown Heights, Black-Jewish Relations, Religious Conflict
Aftermath of Crown Heights Riot
Date: 1991
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
In its wake, several Jews were seriously injured; one Orthodox Jewish man was killed; and a non-Jewish man, apparently mistaken by rioters for a Jew, was killed by a group of black men. The riots were a major issue in the 1993 mayoral race, contributing to the defeat of Mayor David Dinkins, an African American, who was blamed for an ineffective police response. Ultimately, black and Jewish leaders developed an outreach program between their communities to help calm and possibly improve racial relations in Crown Heights over the next decade.
Tags: Antisemitism, Crown Heights, Race Riots, Black-Jewish Relations, Political Impact
American Historical Association Issues Statement on Holocaust Denial
Date: 1991
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In December 1991 the American Historical Association issued the following statement: The American Historical Association Council strongly deplores the publicly reported attempts to deny the fact of the Holocaust. No serious historian questions that the Holocaust took place. This followed a strong reaction by many of its members and commentary in the press against a near-unanimous decision that the AHA had made in May 1991 that studying the significance of the Holocaust should be encouraged. The association's May 1991 statement was in response to an incident where certain of its members had questioned the reality of the Holocaust. The December 1991 declaration is a reversal of the AHA's earlier stance that the association should not set a precedent by certifying historical facts.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, AHA, Historical Fact, Academic Integrity, Public Statement
Bomb Attack on Neve Shalom Synagogue in Istanbul
Date: 1992
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
A bomb attack was carried out by two men at Neve Shalom Synagogue in Istanbul, Turkey causing no damage or casualties.
Tags: Antisemitism, Terrorism, Synagogue, Istanbul, Jewish Community
State Farm's 'Jewish Lawyers List' Discrimination
Date: 1993
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
In 1993, Todd Hindin filed a lawsuit against State Farm for allegedly keeping a list of prominent Jewish lawyers referred to within State Farm as the "Jewish Lawyers List". Any claims made by clients of these attorneys were automatically forwarded to State Farm's fraud unit, purely on the basis of the religion and national origin of the lawyers. These claims would then be neither settled nor paid. State Farm initially claimed that this was not a matter of discrimination, but of coincidence. However, Dr. Frank Taylor (an experienced economist on retainer for the Appellants) discovered that despite the fact that the population of the states involved had Jewish populations between 2–5% of the total population, the list was composed of nearly 80% religiously or ethnically Jewish lawyers. Individuals who had worked for State Farm, including former Divisional Claim Superintendent Ron Middler, testified that the list was indeed used to discriminate against ethnic minorities. State Farm paid out $30 million to Todd Hindin and his clients for discrimination on the basis of religion and national origin.
Tags: Discrimination, Legal, Business, United States, Antisemitism, Financial, Fraud, 1990s
Second Hebron Massacre
Date: 1994
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Second Hebron massacre. Baruch Goldstein, a Jew, kills several Muslim worshippers; this leads to riots that kill both Muslims and Jews.
Tags: Violence, Massacre, Hebron, Israel, Palestinians, Religious Conflict, 1990s, Middle East Conflict
Brooklyn Bridge Shooting of Chabad-Lubavitch Students
Date: 1994
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
On 1 March 1994, on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City, Lebanese-born immigrant Rashid Baz shot at a van of 15 Chabad-Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish students that was traveling on the Brooklyn Bridge, killing one and injuring three others. See 1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting.
Tags: Violence, Shooting, Brooklyn Bridge, Chabad, Antisemitism, 1990s, Hate Crime
Volksfront Attack on Temple Beth Israel
Date: 1994
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Chris Lord, an individual associated with the Volksfront and American Front, fired ten rounds with an assault rifle into Temple Beth Israel (Eugene, Oregon), damaging the interior.
Tags: Violence, Hate Crime, Temple, Eugene, White Supremacy, Volksfront, Antisemitism, 1990s
AMIA Bombing in Buenos Aires
Date: 1994
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
AMIA bombing against the Jewish community of Buenos Aires.
Tags: Terrorism, Bombing, Buenos Aires, AMIA, Argentina, Jewish Community, 1990s
Marco Polo Magazine's Holocaust Denial Article
Date: 1995
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In February 1995 a Japanese magazine named Marco Polo, a 250,000-circulation monthly published by Bungei Shunju, ran a Holocaust denial article by physician Masanori Nishioka which stated:
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Media, Japan, Marco Polo, Antisemitism, 1990s, Denialism
Boycott of Marco Polo Advertisers
Date: 1995
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The Los Angeles-based Simon Wiesenthal Center instigated a boycott of Bungei Shunju advertisers, including Volkswagen, Mitsubishi, and Cartier. Within days, Bungei Shunju shut down Marco Polo and its editor, Kazuyoshi Hanada, quit, as did the president of Bungei Shunju, Kengo Tanaka.
Tags: Boycott, Holocaust Denial, Simon Wiesenthal Center, Advertisers, Media, Japan, 1990s
Belgium Makes Holocaust Denial Illegal
Date: 1995
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
In Belgium, Holocaust denial was made illegal in 1995.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Legislation, Belgium, Law, 1990s, Antisemitism, Memory
Harun Yahya's 'Holocaust Lie' Distribution
Date: 1996
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In Turkey, in 1996, the Islamic preacher Harun Yahya distributed thousands of copies of a book which was originally published the previous year, entitled Soykırım Yalanı ("The Holocaust Lie") and mailed unsolicited texts to American and European schools and colleges. The publication of Soykırım Yalanı sparked much public debate. This book claims, "what is presented as Holocaust is the death of some Jews due to the typhus plague during the war and the famine towards the end of the war caused by the defeat of the Germans." In March 1996, a Turkish painter and intellectual, Bedri Baykam, published a strongly worded critique of the book in the Ankara daily newspaper Siyah-Beyaz ("Black and White"). A legal suit for slander was brought against him. During the trial in September, Baykam exposed the real author of the book as Adnan Oktar. The suit was withdrawn in March 1997.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Turkey, Adnan Oktar, Antisemitism, Ideology, 1990s, Islamic Antisemitism
T.S. Eliot Accused of Antisemitism
Date: 1996
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
The depiction of Jews in some of T.S. Eliot's poems has led several critics to accuse him of anti-Semitism. This case has been presented most forcefully in a study by Anthony Julius: T. S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form (1996). In "Gerontion", Eliot writes, in the voice of the poem's elderly narrator, "And the jew squats on the window sill, the owner / Spawned in some estaminet of Antwerp." Another well-known example appears in the poem, "Burbank with a Baedeker: Bleistein with a Cigar". In this poem, Eliot wrote, "The rats are underneath the piles. / The jew is underneath the lot. / Money in furs." Interpreting the line as an indirect comparison of Jews to rats, Julius writes, "The anti-Semitism is unmistakable. It reaches out like a clear signal to the reader." Julius's viewpoint has been supported by literary critics such as Harold Bloom, Christopher Ricks, George Steiner, Tom Paulin and James Fenton.
Tags: Literature, T.S. Eliot, Antisemitism, Literary Criticism, Ideology, 20th Century, Poetry
Jean-Marie Le Pen's Holocaust Minimization
Date: 1997
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
This year the European Parliament, of which Jean-Marie Le Pen was then a member, removed his parliamentary immunity so that Le Pen could be tried by a German court for comments he made at a December 1996 press conference before the German Republikaner party. Echoing his 1987 remarks in France (see above), Le Pen stated: "If you take a 1,000-page book on World War II, the concentration camps take up only two pages and the gas chambers 10 to 15 lines. This is what one calls a detail." In June 1999, a Munich court found this statement to be "minimizing the Holocaust, which caused the deaths of six million Jews," and convicted and fined Le Pen for his remarks. Le Pen retorted ironically: "I understand now that it's the Second World War which is a detail of the history of the gas chambers."
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Jean-Marie Le Pen, France, Germany, Far-Right, Politics, Antisemitism, 1990s
Jean-Marie Le Pen Accuses Jacques Chirac
Date: 1997
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Jean-Marie Le Pen accused Jacques Chirac of being "on the payroll of Jewish organizations, and particularly of the B'nai B'rith."
Tags: Jean-Marie Le Pen, Jacques Chirac, Politics, B'nai B'rith, Antisemitism, France, 1990s
Luxembourg Outlaws Holocaust Denial
Date: 1997
Category: Legislation
Subcategory: Legislation
In Luxembourg, Article 457–3 of the Criminal Code, Act of 19 July 1997 outlaws Holocaust denial and denial of other genocides. The punishment is imprisonment for between 8 days and 6 months and/or a fine.
Tags: Holocaust Denial, Legislation, Luxembourg, Law, 1990s, Antisemitism, Memory
Osama bin Laden's 'Greater Israel' Conspiracy
Date: 1998
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In a May 1998 interview with ABC's John Miller, Osama bin Laden stated that the Israeli state's ultimate goal was to annex the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East into its territory and enslave its peoples, as part of what he called a "Greater Israel". He stated that Jews and Muslims could never get along and that war was "inevitable" between them, and further accused the U.S. of stirring up anti-Islamic sentiment. He claimed that the U.S. State Department and U.S. Department of Defense were controlled by Jews, for the sole purpose of serving the Israeli state's goals.
Tags: Osama bin Laden, Conspiracy Theory, Greater Israel, Antisemitism, Middle East, Terrorism, 1990s, United States
Osama bin Laden's Claims on US/UK Control by Jews
Date: 1998
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
In a December 1998 interview with Pakistani journalist Rahimullah Yusufzai, Osama bin Laden stated that Operation Desert Fox was proof that Israeli Jews controlled the governments of the United States and United Kingdom, directing them to kill as many Muslims as they could.
Tags: Osama bin Laden, Conspiracy Theory, Jewish Control, Antisemitism, United States, United Kingdom, Terrorism, 1990s, Pakistan
Sweden Commemorates Holocaust Remembrance Day
Date: 1999
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Holocaust Remembrance Day has been commemorated as a national remembrance day in Sweden every year since 1999.
Tags: Holocaust Remembrance, Sweden, Memorialization, National Day, Post-War Era, Historical Memory
Iranian Government Arrests and Imprisons Jews on Spying Charges
Date: 1999
Category: Persecution
Subcategory: Persecution
Intelligence Ministry of Iran arrested 13 Iranian Jews, accusing them of spying for Israel. Arrestees were five merchants, a rabbi, two university professors, three teachers in private Hebrew schools, a kosher butcher and a 16-year-old boy. Ten of them were sentenced to 4–13 years in prison. As a result of the pressure campaigns and secret negotiations, the prisoners were gradually freed in small groups. All of them emigrated to Israel with their families.
Tags: Iran, Israel, Spies, Jewish Community, Imprisonment, Emigration, Espionage, Religious Persecution, Intelligence
Anti-Defamation League Disputes Pat Buchanan's Defense of Charles Lindbergh
Date: 1999
Category: Ideology
Subcategory: Ideology
Abraham Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League, in an 11 October 1999, letter to The Washington Post claimed that A Republic, Not an Empire by Pat Buchanan "defends Charles Lindbergh against charges of anti-Semitism, not mentioning the infamous 1940 speech in which he accused the Jews of warmongering." Pat Buchanan denies this and points out Foxman's error, saying that he mentioned the 1941 speech to say it "ignited a national firestorm," which lingered after the aviator's death, and shows "the explosiveness of mixing ethnic politics and foreign policy."
Tags: Anti-Defamation League, Pat Buchanan, Charles Lindbergh, Anti-Semitism, Historical Revisionism, American Politics, World War II, Public Discourse
Richard Baumhammers Assaults Woman in Paris, Claiming She is Jewish
Date: 1999
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
Richard Baumhammers was arrested in Paris, France for striking a 50-year-old female bartender named Vivianne Le Garrac because he "believed she was Jewish". Baumhammers then told both Le Garrac and the arresting officers that he was "mentally ill." The police took Baumhammers to the psychiatric ward of the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris for evaluation, then detained him at a police station. By week's end, he left on a flight for Spain.
Tags: Hate Crime, Paris, Assault, Anti-Semitism, Violence, Mental Health, France, Individual Violence
Arson Attacks on Synagogues and an Abortion Clinic in Sacramento
Date: 1999
Category: Individual Violence
Subcategory: Individual Violence
There were arson attacks in Sacramento, California – Congregation B'nai Israel, Congregation Beth Shalom, and Knesset Israel Torah Center. The fires caused over $1 million in damage. On 17 March 2000, brothers Benjamin Matthew Williams and James Tyler Williams were charged with setting the three synagogue fires and a 2 July fire at the Country Club Medical center, which housed an abortion clinic. The charges carried up to 235 years in prison. Matthew Williams later admitted to reporters that he was one of eight or nine men who set fire to the synagogues and the clinic; he also claimed that his brother Tyler had not been involved.
Tags: Arson, Synagogue, Hate Crime, California, Neo-Nazism, Domestic Terrorism, Violence, Religious Violence
Buford O. Furrow Jr. Commits Los Angeles Jewish Community Center Shooting
Date: 1999
Category: Mass Violence
Subcategory: Mass Violence
Buford O. Furrow, Jr. kills mail carrier Joseph Santos Ileto and shoots five people in the August 1999 Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting.
Tags: Los Angeles, Jewish Community Center Shooting, Hate Crime, Neo-Nazi, Violence, Mass Shooting, Anti-Semitism, Domestic Terrorism

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